Estradiol-containing birth control pill
Combined birth control pills that contain natural estradiol or an estradiol ester (e.g., estradiol valerate) include:[1][2][3]
- Estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate (brand name Femilar) – introduced in Finland (only) in 1993[3]
- Estradiol valerate and dienogest (brand names Qlaira, Natazia) – introduced in Europe in 2009 and the U.S. in 2010[4]
- Estradiol and nomegestrol acetate (brand name Zoely) – introduced in Europe in 2011[5]
Estradiol-containing oral contraceptive | |
---|---|
Background | |
Type | Hormonal |
First use | 1993 (Finland) |
Pregnancy rates (first year) | |
Perfect use | ? |
Typical use | ? |
Usage | |
Reversibility | Yes |
User reminders | ? |
Advantages and disadvantages | |
STI protection | No |
It is hypothesized that these contraceptives may pose less of a risk of blood clots than contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol, which is the conventional estrogen that is used in oral contraceptives, but this has yet to be proven.[6] However, incidence of irregular vaginal bleeding may be higher with estradiol-containing contraceptives in relation to the fact that estradiol is a weaker estrogen than ethinylestradiol in the endometrium.[3]
Estradiol, mainly as esters including estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, and estradiol enanthate, is the exclusive estrogen used in combined injectable contraceptives.[7]
Birth control pills containing estradiol valerate/dienogest (Qlaira, Natazia) are associated with a significantly increased risk of venous thromboembolism.[8] However, they are associated with a significantly lower risk of venous thromboembolism than birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin.[8]
See also
References
- De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, Piomboni P, Morgante G (2016). "Hormonal contraceptives: pharmacology tailored to women's health". Human Reproduction Update. 22 (5): 634–46. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw016. PMID 27307386.
- Stanczyk FZ, Archer DF, Bhavnani BR (2013). "Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment". Contraception. 87 (6): 706–27. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.011. PMID 23375353.
- Fruzzetti F, Bitzer J (2010). "Review of clinical experience with estradiol in combined oral contraceptives". Contraception. 81 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.08.010. PMID 20004267.
- Guida M, Bifulco G, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Scala M, Fernandez LM, Nappi C (2010). "Review of the safety, efficacy and patient acceptability of the combined dienogest/estradiol valerate contraceptive pill". International Journal of Women's Health. 2: 279–90. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S6954. PMC 2990895. PMID 21151673.
- Burke A (2013). "Nomegestrol acetate-17b-estradiol for oral contraception". Patient Preference and Adherence. 7: 607–19. doi:10.2147/PPA.S39371. PMC 3702550. PMID 23836965.
- Nelson AL (2015). "An update on new orally administered contraceptives for women". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 16 (18): 2759–72. doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1100173. PMID 26512437.
- http://www.wjpps.com/download/article/1412071798.pdf
- Fruzzetti F, Cagnacci A (2018). "Venous thrombosis and hormonal contraception: what's new with estradiol-based hormonal contraceptives?". Open Access J Contracept. 9: 75–79. doi:10.2147/OAJC.S179673. PMC 6239102. PMID 30519125.