Metandienone

Metandienone, also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is mostly no longer used.[3][4][1][5] It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes.[1] It is often taken by mouth.[1]

Metandienone
Clinical data
Trade namesDianabol, others
Other namesMethandienone; Methandrostenolone; Methandrolone; Dehydromethyltestosterone; Methylboldenone; Perabol; Ciba-17309-Ba; TMV-17; NSC-51180; NSC-42722; 17α-Methyl-δ1-testosterone; 17α-Methylandrost-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one
Pregnancy
category
  • US: X (Contraindicated)
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth, intramuscular injection (veterinary)[1]
    Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • CA: Schedule IV
    • US: Schedule III
    Pharmacokinetic data
    BioavailabilityHigh
    MetabolismHepatic
    Elimination half-life3–6 hours[1][2]
    ExcretionUrine
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.000.716
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC20H28O2
    Molar mass300.441 g/mol g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
      (verify)

    Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire, estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement, and liver damage.[1] The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects.[1] It also has moderate estrogenic effects.[1]

    Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States.[1][6][3][7][8] As the CIBA product Dianabol, metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes, and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use.[9][7][10][11] It is currently a controlled substance in the United States[12] and United Kingdom[13] and remains popular among bodybuilders. Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico, and is also manufactured in some Asian countries.[5]

    Medical uses

    Metandienone was formerly approved and marketed as a form of androgen replacement therapy for the treatment of hypogonadism in men, but has since been discontinued and withdrawn in most countries, including in the United States.[14][3][5]

    It was given at a dosage of 5 to 10 mg/day in men and 2.5 mg/day in women.[15][16][1]

    Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men
    RouteMedicationMajor brand namesFormDosage
    OralTestosteronea–Tablet400–800 mg/day (in divided doses)
    Testosterone undecanoateAndriol, JatenzoCapsule40–80 mg/2–4x day (with meals)
    MethyltestosteronebAndroid, Metandren, TestredTablet10–50 mg/day
    FluoxymesteronebHalotestin, Ora-Testryl, UltandrenTablet5–20 mg/day
    MetandienonebDianabolTablet5–15 mg/day
    MesterolonebProvironTablet25–150 mg/day
    BuccalTestosteroneStriantTablet30 mg 2x/day
    MethyltestosteronebMetandren, Oreton MethylTablet5–25 mg/day
    SublingualTestosteronebTestoralTablet5–10 mg 1–4x/day
    MethyltestosteronebMetandren, Oreton MethylTablet10–30 mg/day
    IntranasalTestosteroneNatestoNasal spray11 mg 3x/day
    TransdermalTestosteroneAndroGel, Testim, TestoGelGel25–125 mg/day
    Androderm, AndroPatch, TestoPatchNon-scrotal patch2.5–15 mg/day
    TestodermScrotal patch4–6 mg/day
    AxironAxillary solution30–120 mg/day
    Androstanolone (DHT)AndractimGel100–250 mg/day
    RectalTestosteroneRektandron, TestosteronbSuppository40 mg 2–3x/day
    Injection (IM or SC)TestosteroneAndronaq, Sterotate, VirosteroneAqueous suspension10–50 mg 2–3x/week
    Testosterone propionatebTestovironOil solution10–50 mg 2–3x/week
    Testosterone enanthateDelatestrylOil solution50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks
    XyostedAuto-injector50–100 mg 1x/week
    Testosterone cypionateDepo-TestosteroneOil solution50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks
    Testosterone isobutyrateAgovirin DepotAqueous suspension50–100 mg 1x/1–2 weeks
    Mixed testosterone estersSustanon 100, Sustanon 250Oil solution50–250 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
    Testosterone undecanoateAveed, NebidoOil solution750–1,000 mg 1x/10–14 weeks
    Testosterone buciclatea–Aqueous suspension600–1,000 mg 1x/12–20 weeks
    ImplantTestosteroneTestopelPellet150–1,200 mg/3–6 months
    Notes: Men produce about 3 to 11 mg testosterone per day (mean 7 mg/day in young men). Footnotes: a = Never marketed. b = No longer used and/or no longer marketed. Sources: See template.

    Available forms

    Metandienone was provided in the form of 2.5 and 5 mg oral tablets.[17][18][19][1]

    Non-medical uses

    Metandienone is used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.[1] It is said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes both today and historically.[1]

    Side effects
    See also: Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects

    Androgenic side effects such as oily skin, acne, seborrhea, increased facial/body hair growth, scalp hair loss, and virilization may occur.[1] Estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention can also occur.[1] Case reports of gynecomastia exist.[20][21] As with other 17α-alkylated steroids, metandienone poses a risk of hepatotoxicity and use over extended periods of time can result in liver damage without appropriate precautions.[1]

    Pharmacology

    Pharmacodynamics
    Androgenic vs. anabolic activity
    of androgens/anabolic steroids
    MedicationRatioa
    Testosterone~1:1
    Androstanolone (DHT)~1:1
    Methyltestosterone~1:1
    Methandriol~1:1
    Fluoxymesterone1:1–1:15
    Metandienone1:1–1:8
    Drostanolone1:3–1:4
    Metenolone1:2–1:30
    Oxymetholone1:2–1:9
    Oxandrolone1:3–1:13
    Stanozolol1:1–1:30
    Nandrolone1:3–1:16
    Ethylestrenol1:2–1:19
    Norethandrolone1:1–1:20
    Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

    Metandienone binds to and activates the androgen receptor (AR) in order to exert its effects.[22] These include dramatic increases in protein synthesis, glycogenolysis, and muscle strength over a short space of time. While it can be metabolized by 5α-reductase into methyl-1-testosterone (17α-methyl-δ1-DHT), a more potent AAS, the drug has extremely low affinity for this enzyme and methyl-1-testosterone is thus produced in only trace amounts.[1][23] As such, 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride do not reduce the androgenic effects of metandienone.[1] Nonetheless, while the ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity of metandienone is improved relative to that of testosterone, the drug does still possess moderate androgenic activity and is capable of producing severe virilization in women and children.[1] As such, it is only really commonly used in men.[1]

    Metandienone is a substrate for aromatase and can be metabolized into the estrogen methylestradiol (17α-methylestradiol).[1] While the rate of aromatization is reduced relative to that for testosterone or methyltestosterone, the estrogen produced is metabolism-resistant and hence metandienone retains moderate estrogenic activity.[1] As such, it can cause side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention.[1] The co-administration of an antiestrogen such as an aromatase inhibitor like anastrozole or a selective estrogen receptor modulator like tamoxifen can reduce or prevent such estrogenic side effects.[1] Metandienone has no progestogenic activity.[1]

    As with other 17α-alkylated AAS, metandienone is hepatotoxic.[1]

    Pharmacokinetics

    Metandienone has high oral bioavailability.[1] It has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 10% of that of testosterone and 2% of that of DHT.[24] The drug is metabolized in the liver by 6β-hydroxylation, 3α- and 3β-oxidation, 5β-reduction, 17-epimerization, and conjugation among other reactions.[23] Unlike methyltestosterone, owing to the presence of its C1(2) double bond, metandienone does not produce 5α-reduced metabolites.[23][1][25] The elimination half-life of metandienone is about 3 to 6 hours.[1][2] It is eliminated in the urine.[23]

    Chemistry
    See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids

    Metandienone, also known as 17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone.[6] It is a modification of testosterone with a methyl group at the C17α position and an additional double bond between the C1 and C2 positions.[6] The drug is also the 17α-methylated derivative of boldenone (δ1-testosterone) and the δ1 analogue of methyltestosterone (17α-methyltestosterone).[6]

    Detection in body fluids

    Metandienone is subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary urinary metabolites are detectable for up to 3 days, and a recently discovered hydroxymethyl metabolite is found in urine for up to 19 days after a single 5 mg oral dose.[26] Several of the metabolites are unique to metandienone. Methods for detection in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[27][28]

    History

    Metandienone was first described in 1955.[1] It was synthesized by researchers at the CIBA laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. CIBA filed for a U.S. patent in 1957,[29] and began marketing the drug as Dianabol in 1958 in the U.S.[1][30] It was initially prescribed to burn victims and the elderly. It was also prescribed off-label as a pharmaceutical performance enhancement to weight lifters and other athletes.[31] Early adopters included players for Oklahoma University and San Diego Chargers head coach Sid Gillman, who administered Dianabol to his team starting in 1963.[32]

    After the Kefauver Harris Amendment was passed in 1962, the U.S. FDA began the DESI review process to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs approved under the more lenient pre-1962 standards, including Dianabol.[33] In 1965, the FDA pressured CIBA to further document its legitimate medical uses, and re-approved the drug for treating post-menopausal osteoporosis and pituitary-deficient dwarfism.[34] After CIBA's patent exclusivity period lapsed, other manufacturers began to market generic metandienone in the U.S.

    Following further FDA pressure, CIBA withdrew Dianabol from the U.S. market in 1983.[1] Generic production shut down two years later, when the FDA revoked metandienone's approval entirely in 1985.[1][34][35] Non-medical use was outlawed in the U.S. under the Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990.[36] While metandienone is controlled and no longer medically available in the U.S., it continues to be produced and used medically in some other countries.[1]

    Society and culture
    Metandienone confiscated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 2008.

    Generic names

    Metandienone is the generic name of the drug and its INN, while methandienone is its BAN and métandiénone is its DCF.[6][3][4][5] It is also referred to as methandrostenolone and as dehydromethyltestosterone.[6][3][4][1][5] The former synonym should not be confused with methylandrostenolone, which is another name for a different AAS known as metenolone.[3]

    Brand names

    Metandienone was introduced and formerly sold primarily under the brand name Dianabol.[6][3][4][5][1] It has also been marketed under a variety of other brand names including Anabol, Averbol, Chinlipan, Danabol, Dronabol, Metanabol, Methandon, Naposim, Reforvit-B, and Vetanabol among others.[6][3][4][5][1]

    Metandienone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.[37]

    Doping in sports

    There are many known cases of doping in sports with metandienone by professional athletes.

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