Estradiol cypionate

Estradiol cypionate (EC), sold under the brand name Depo-Estradiol among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women, in hormone therapy for transgender women, and in hormonal birth control for women.[12][7][13][14] It is given by injection into muscle once every 1 to 4 weeks.[12][15]

Estradiol cypionate
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌɛstrəˈdaɪoʊl sɪˈpaɪoʊneɪt/
ES-trə-DY-ohl sip-EYE-oh-nate[1]
Trade namesDepo-Estradiol, Depofemin, Estradep, many others
Other namesEC; E2C; Estradiol cipionate; Estradiol cyclopentylpropionate; ECP; Estradiol 17β-cyclopentylpropionate; Estradiol 17β-cyclopentanepropionate
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection[2]
Drug classEstrogen; Estrogen ester
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityIM: High[3]
Protein bindingEstradiol: ~98% (to albumin and SHBG)[4][5]
MetabolismCleavage via esterases in the liver, blood, and tissues[6][7]
MetabolitesEstradiol, cypionic acid, and metabolites of estradiol[6][7]
Elimination half-lifeIM (aqueous suspension): 8–10 days[8]
Duration of actionIM (oil): 5 mg ≈ 11–14 days[9]
IM (aqueous suspension): 5 mg ≈ 14–24 days[8][10][11]
ExcretionUrine
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.005.672
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC26H36O3
Molar mass396.562 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Side effects of estradiol cypionate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention.[12][7] Estradiol cypionate is a synthetic estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol.[7][6] Estradiol cypionate is an estrogen ester and a long-lasting prodrug of estradiol in the body.[12][7][6] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.[6][16][10]

Estradiol cypionate was first described as well as introduced for medical use in 1952.[17][18] Along with estradiol valerate, it is one of the most commonly used esters of estradiol.[19] Estradiol cypionate has mostly been used in the United States, but is also marketed in a few other countries.[20][21][22] The medication is not available in Europe.[23] It is not currently available as a generic medication in the United States.[24]

Medical uses
Main articles: Estradiol (medication) § Medical uses, and High-dose estrogen

The medical uses of estradiol cypionate are the same as those of estradiol and other estrogens. Examples of indications for the drug include hormone therapy and hormonal contraception. In regard to the latter, estradiol cypionate has been used in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate as a combined injectable contraceptive.[13][14][25] Along with estradiol valerate, estradiol undecylate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate is used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.[26][15][27][28] The medication has been used to induce puberty in girls with delayed puberty due to hypogonadism.[29][23]

Estradiol cypionate is usually used at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg by intramuscular injection every 3 to 4 weeks in the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy, at a dosage of 1.5 to 2 mg by intramuscular injection once a month in the treatment of female hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, and at a dosage of 2 to 10 mg by intramuscular injection once every 1 or 2 weeks for hormone therapy in transgender women.[12][15][27][26][30] The doses used to induce puberty in girls are 0.2 to 2.5 mg per month, gradually increased over a period of 4 years.[29][23]

Estrogen dosages for menopausal hormone therapy
Route/formEstrogenLowStandardHigh
OralEstradiol0.5–1 mg/day1–2 mg/day2–4 mg/day
Estradiol valerate0.5–1 mg/day1–2 mg/day2–4 mg/day
Estradiol acetate0.45–0.9 mg/day0.9–1.8 mg/day1.8–3.6 mg/day
Conjugated estrogens0.3–0.45 mg/day0.625 mg/day0.9–1.25 mg/day
Esterified estrogens0.3–0.45 mg/day0.625 mg/day0.9–1.25 mg/day
Estropipate0.75 mg/day1.5 mg/day3 mg/day
Estriol1–2 mg/day2–4 mg/day4–8 mg/day
Ethinylestradiola–5–15 μg/day–
Nasal sprayEstradiol150 μg/day300 μg/day600 μg/day
Transdermal patchEstradiol25 μg/dayb50 μg/dayb100 μg/dayb
Transdermal gelEstradiol0.5 mg/day1–1.5 mg/day2–3 mg/day
VaginalEstradiol25 μg/day––
Estriol30 μg/day0.5 mg 2x/week0.5 mg/day
IM or SC injectionEstradiol valerate––4 mg 1x/4 weeks
Estradiol cypionate1 mg 1x/3–4 weeks3 mg 1x/3–4 weeks5 mg 1x/3–4 weeks
Estradiol benzoate0.5 mg 1x/week1 mg 1x/week1.5 mg 1x/week
SC implantEstradiol25 mg 1x/6 months50 mg 1x/6 months100 mg 1x/6 months
Footnotes: a = No longer used or recommended, due to health concerns. b = As a single patch applied once or twice per week (worn for 3–4 days or 7 days), depending on the formulation. Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template.

Available forms
See also: Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate and Estradiol cypionate/testosterone cypionate

Estradiol cypionate is and has been available as an oil solution for intramuscular injection provided in vials and ampoules at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mg/mL (and containing 5, 10, 15, 25, or 50 mg estradiol cypionate total).[24][31][32] The 1 and 3 mg/mL concentrations (containing 5 and 15 mg estradiol cypionate total) have been discontinued in the United States, but the 5 mg/mL concentration (containing 25 mg estradiol cypionate total) remains available.[24][33] Aside from estradiol cypionate, the only other injectable estrogen formulations that remain available in the United States are estradiol valerate (10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 40 mg/mL in oil) and conjugated estrogens (25 mg/vial in solution).[24]

In addition to single-drug formulations, estradiol cypionate has been marketed in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension (brand name Lunelle) and in combination with testosterone cypionate as an oil solution (brand name Depo-Testadiol).[24]

Available forms of estradiol
RouteIngredientFormDoseMajor brand names
OralEstradiolTablet0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg per tabletEstrace, Ovocyclin
Estradiol acetateaTablet0.45, 0.9, or 1.8 mg per tabletFemtrace
Estradiol valerateTablet0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg per tabletProgynova
SublingualEstradiolaTablet0.125, 0.25, or 1 mg per tabletDiogynets, Estradiol Membrettes
IntranasalEstradiolaNasal spray150 µg per spray (60 sprays per bottle)Aerodiol
TransdermalEstradiolPatch14, 25, 37.5, 50, 60, 75, or 100 µg E2 per day for 3–4 or 7 daysClimara, Estraderm, Vivelle
Gel dispenser0.06% (0.87 or 1.25 g gel or 0.52 or 0.75 mg E2 per activation)Elestrin, EstroGel
Gel packet0.1% (0.25, 0.5, or 1 g gel or 2.5, 5, or 10 mg E2 per packet)DiviGel, Sandrena
Emulsion0.14% (1.74 g emulsion or 4.35 mg E2 per pouch; 50 µg/day E2)Estrasorb
Spray1.53 mg per sprayEvamist
VaginalEstradiolTablet10 or 25 µg per tabletVagifem
Cream0.01% (0.1 mg E2 per 1 g cream)Estrace
Suppositorya4 or 40 μg per suppositoryOvocyclin
Insert4 or 10 µg per insert (daily for 2 weeks then twice weekly)Imvexxy
Ring2 mg per ring (7.5 µg/day E2 for 3 months)Estring
Estradiol acetateRing12.4 or 24.8 mg per ring (50 or 100 µg/day E2 for 3 months)Femring
Injection (IM or SC)EstradiolMicrospheres1 mg/mLJuvenum E
Estradiol benzoateOil solution0.167, 0.2, 0.333, 1, 1.67, 2, 5, 10, 20, or 25 mg/mLProgynon-B
Aqueous suspensiona5 mg/mLAgofollin Depot
Estradiol cypionateOil solution1, 3, or 5 mg/mLDepo-Estradiol
Aqueous suspension5 mg/0.5 mL (available only with a progestin)Cyclofem, Lunelle
Estradiol dipropionateaOil solution0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/mLDi-Ovocylin, Progynon-DP
Estradiol enantateOil solution5 or 10 mg/mL (available only with a progestin)Perlutal, Topasel
Estradiol undecylateaOil solution100 mg/mLDelestrec, Progynon Depot 100
Estradiol valerateOil solution5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/mLDelestrogen, Progynon Depot
Polyestradiol phosphateaAqueous solution40 or 80 mg per vial/ampouleEstradurin
ImplantEstradiolaPellet20, 25, 50, or 100 mg per pellet (usually every 6 months)Estradiol Implants, Meno-Implant
Abbreviations: E2 = Estradiol. Footnotes: a = Discontinued or mostly discontinued. Notes: (1): This table mostly does not include combination products, for instance estradiol formulated in combination with a progestogen or androgen. (2): This table does not include compounded estradiol products; only approved pharmaceutical preparations are included. (3): The availability of pharmaceutical estradiol products differs by country (see Estradiol (medication) § Availability). (4): Some of these formulations and doses have been marketed previously but may no longer be available. Sources: See template.

Contraindications
See also: Estradiol (medication) § Contraindications

Contraindications of estrogens include coagulation problems, cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer, among others.[34][35][36][37]

Side effects
Main article: Estradiol (medication) § Side effects

The side effects of estradiol cypionate are the same as those of estradiol. Examples of such side effects include breast tenderness and enlargement, nausea, vomiting, bloating, edema, headache, migraine, and melasma.[38][39] High-dose estrogen therapy with estradiol cypionate injections may also cause an increased risk of thromboembolism, changes in blood lipid profile, increased insulin resistance, and increased levels of prolactin.[39]

Overdose
See also: Estradiol (medication) § Overdose

Symptoms of estrogen overdosage may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, increased weight, water retention, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, heavy legs, and leg cramps.[34] These side effects can be diminished by reducing the estrogen dosage.[34]

Interactions
See also: Estradiol (medication) § Interactions

Inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 may influence the metabolism of estradiol and by extension circulating estradiol levels.[40]

Pharmacology
Estradiol, the active form of estradiol cypionate.

Pharmacodynamics
See also: Pharmacodynamics of estradiol

Estradiol cypionate is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol.[7][6] As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors.[7][6] The affinity of estradiol valerate for the estrogen receptor has been reported to be 50 times less than that of estradiol,[3] and estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate have been found to possess similar affinity for the estrogen receptor.[41] Both estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate are rapidly cleaved into estradiol in the body,[7] and estradiol valerate has been found to be unable to reach target tissues in any concentration of significance.[3] As such, estradiol valerate is regarded as essentially inactive in terms of estrogenic effect itself, acting solely as a prodrug to estradiol,[3] and estradiol cypionate is described as a prodrug of estradiol similarly.[6] Estradiol cypionate is of about 46% higher molecular weight than estradiol due to the presence of its C17β cypionate ester, and contains about 69% of the amount of estradiol by weight.[42][20][23] Because estradiol cypionate is a prodrug of estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.[6][16][10]

A study compared the combination of 5 mg estradiol cypionate and 25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate as a combined injectable contraceptive (which has been associated with peak estradiol levels of around 300 pg/mL) with an ethinylestradiol-containing combined birth control pill and found that whereas the birth control pill produced significant changes in coagulation parameters, there were no significant prothrombotic effects of the combined injectable contraceptive on levels of fibrinogen, factors VII and X, plasminogen, or the activated prothrombin time.[43] As such, it appears that similarly to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, combined injectable contraceptives with 5 mg estradiol cypionate and 25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate have less or no procoagulant effect relative to combined birth control pills.[43]

Parenteral potencies and durations of steroidal estrogens
EstrogenFormMajor brand name(s)EPD (14 days)CIC-D (month)Duration
EstradiolOil solution–40–60 mg–1–10 mg ≈ 1–2 days
Aqueous suspensionaMego-E?3.5 mg3.5 mg ≈ >5 days
MicrospheresJuvenum-E, Juvenum?–1 mg ≈ 30 days
Estradiol benzoateOil solutionProgynon-B25–35 mg–5 mg ≈ 3–6 days
Aqueous suspensionAgofollin-Depot20 mg–10 mg ≈ 16–21 days
Estradiol dipropionateOil solutionAgofollin, Di-Ovocyclin, Progynon DP25–30 mg–5 mg ≈ 5–8 days
Estradiol valerateOil solutionDelestrogen, Progynon Depot, Mesigyna20–30 mg5 mg5 mg ≈ 7–8 days; 10 mg ≈ 10–14 days;
40 mg ≈ 14–21 days; 100 mg ≈ 21–28 days
Estradiol cypionateOil solutionDepo-Estradiol, Depofemin20–30 mg–5 mg ≈ 11–14 days
Aqueous suspensionaCyclofem, Lunelle?5 mg5 mg ≈ 14–24 days
Estradiol benzoate butyrateaOil solutionRedimen, Soluna, Unijab?10 mg10 mg ≈ 21 days
Estradiol enanthateaOil solutionPerlutal, Topasel, Yectames?5–10 mg10 mg ≈ 20–30 days
Estradiol undecylateOil solutionDelestrec, Progynon Depot 100?–10–20 mg ≈ 40–60 days; 25–50 mg ≈ 60–120 days
Polyestradiol phosphateAqueous solutionEstradurin40–60 mg–40 mg ≈ 30 days; 80 mg ≈ 60 days;
160 mg ≈ 120 days
EstroneOil solutionKestrin, Theelin?–1–2 mg ≈ 2–3 days
Aqueous suspensionEstrone Aqueous Suspension?–?
EstriolOil solution–?–1–2 mg ≈ 1–4 days
Polyestriol phosphateAqueous solutionGynäsan, Klimadurin, Triodurin?–50 mg ≈ 30 days; 80 mg ≈ 60 days
Notes: All by intramuscular injection. All aqueous suspensions are of microcrystalline particle size. Estradiol production during the menstrual cycle is 30–640 µg/day (6.4–8.6 mg total per month or cycle). The vaginal epithelium maturation dosage of estradiol benzoate or estradiol valerate is 5 to 7 mg/week. An effective ovulation-inhibiting dose of estradiol undecylate is 20–30 mg/month. Footnotes: a = Available only in combined injectable contraceptives (i.e., not available alone). Sources: See template.

Pharmacokinetics
See also: Pharmacokinetics of estradiol

Intramuscular injection

In contrast to oral administration, which is associated with very low bioavailability (<10%), the bioavailability of both estradiol and estradiol esters like estradiol valerate is complete (i.e., 100%) via intramuscular injection.[3][7] In addition, estradiol esters like estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate when given as an injection of oil solution or microcrystalline aqueous suspension have a relatively long duration due to the formation of an intramuscular depot from which they are slowly released and absorbed.[3][44][45] Upon intramuscular injection of estradiol cypionate in an oil solution, the solvent (i.e., oil) is absorbed, and a primary microcrystalline depot is formed within the muscle at the site of injection.[7] In addition, a secondary depot may be formed in adipose tissue.[7] The slow release of estradiol cypionate from the tissue depot is caused by the high lipophilicity of the estradiol ester, which in turn is due to its long fatty acid cypionic acid ester moiety.[3] Estradiol cypionate is formulated for use alone and in combination with testosterone cypionate as an oil solution, and for use in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension.[24][31][32][33] Aqueous suspensions of steroid esters generally have longer durations by intramuscular injection than oil solutions.[45]

A single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol cypionate has been found to result in peak circulating concentrations of 338 pg/mL estradiol and 145 pg/mL estrone, which occurred at about 4 and 5 days post-injection, respectively (see right table).[9] Compared to two other commonly used estradiol esters (which were also assessed in the study), estradiol cypionate had the longest duration, at approximately 11 days, whereas estradiol benzoate and estradiol valerate were found to last for 4 to 5 days and 7 to 8 days, respectively.[9] This is because estradiol cypionate has a more extensive fatty acid chain and in relation to this is comparatively more lipophilic.[7] For a given estradiol ester, the longer or more extensive the fatty acid chain is, the more lipophilic, longer-lasting, and more uniform/plateau-like the resultant levels of estradiol are as well as the lower the peak/maximal levels are (and hence less spike-like).[7]

Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (brand names Lunelle, Cyclofem) is a combined injectable contraceptive containing 5 mg estradiol cypionate and 25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension for once-monthly intramuscular administration.[10][11] With this formulations, estradiol levels peak 2 to 3 days post-injection with average maximal circulating levels of about 250 pg/mL.[8][10][11] The elimination half-life of estradiol with these formulations is 8.4 to 10.1 days, and circulating estradiol levels return to a baseline of about 50 pg/mL approximately 14 to 24 days post-injection.[8][10][11]

Pharmacokinetics of three estradiol esters by intramuscular injection
EstrogenDosePeak levelsTime to peakDuration
Estradiol benzoate5 mgE2: 940 pg/mL
E1: 343 pg/mL		E2: 1.8 days
E1: 2.4 days		4–5 days
Estradiol valerate5 mgE2: 667 pg/mL
E1: 324 pg/mL		E2: 2.2 days
E1: 2.7 days		7–8 days
Estradiol cypionate5 mgE2: 338 pg/mL
E1: 145 pg/mL		E2: 3.9 days
E1: 5.1 days		11 days
Notes: All via i.m. injection of oil solution. Determinations via radioimmunoassay with chromatographic separation. Sources: See template.
Hormone levels with intramuscular estradiol cypionate
  • Estradiol levels after subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 5 mg estradiol cypionate in aqueous suspension.[2] Assays were performed using enzyme immunoassay.[2] Source was Sierra-Ramírez et al. (2011).[2]
  • Estradiol levels at steady state (after the 3rd injection) with intramuscular injections of aqueous suspensions of 5 mg estradiol cypionate per month in premenopausal women.[46][8] Assays were performed using enzyme immunoassay and LC-MS/MS.[46][8] Sources were Rahimy et al. (1999) and Thurman et al. (2013).[46][8]
  • Estradiol levels after a single intramuscular injection of 1.0 to 1.5 mg of estradiol cypionate in oil in hypogonadal girls.[47] Assays were performed using radioimmunoassay with chromatographic separation.[47] Source was Rosenfield et al. (1973).[47]
  • Estradiol levels after single intramuscular injections of 5 mg of different estradiol esters in oil in premenopausal women.[9] Assays were performed using radioimmunoassay with chromatographic separation.[9] Source was Oriowo et al. (1980).[9]
  • Idealized curves of estradiol levels after injection of different estradiol esters in oil solution in women.[48] Source was Garza-Flores (1994).[48]
  • Estradiol cypionate levels after a single injection of 5 mg microcrystalline estradiol cypionate in aqueous suspension in women.[49] Assays were performed using LC-MS/MS. Source was Martins et al. (2019).[49]
  • Vaginal cornification with a single intramuscular injection of different estradiol esters in oil solution in women.[50] Source was Schwartz & Soule (1955).[50]

Subcutaneous injection

Estradiol cypionate in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension has been found to have equivalent effectiveness and virtually identical pharmacokinetics when administered by subcutaneous injection versus intramuscular injection.[2] However, subcutaneous injection is considered to be easier and less painful relative to intramuscular injection, and for these reasons, may result in comparatively greater satisfaction and compliance.[2]

Chemistry
See also: Estrogen ester and List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters

Estradiol cypionate is a synthetic estrane steroid and the C17β cyclopentylpropionate (cypionate) fatty acid ester of estradiol.[42][20] It is also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 17β-cyclopentylpropionate.[42][20] Other common esters of estradiol in use include estradiol valerate, estradiol enantate, and estradiol acetate, the former two of which are C17β esters of estradiol similarly to estradiol cypionate and the latter of which is the C3 acetate ester of estradiol.

Structural properties of selected estradiol esters
EstrogenStructureEster(s)Relative
mol. weight		Relative
E2 contentb		logPc
Position(s)Moiet(ies)TypeLengtha
Estradiol
––––1.001.004.0
Estradiol acetate
C3Ethanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid21.150.872.8–3.9
Estradiol benzoate
C3Benzenecarboxylic acidAromatic fatty acid– (~4–5)1.380.724.5–5.7
Estradiol dipropionate
C3, C17βPropanoic acid (×2)Straight-chain fatty acid3 (×2)1.410.714.3
Estradiol valerate
C17βPentanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid51.310.765.8–6.0
Estradiol cypionate
C17βCyclopentylpropanoic acidAromatic fatty acid– (~6)1.460.696.5–7.1
Estradiol benzoate butyrate
C3, C17βBenzoic acid, butyric acidMixed fatty acid– (~6, 2)1.640.615.9
Estradiol enantate
C17βHeptanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid71.410.717.0
Estradiol dienantate
C3, C17βHeptanoic acid (×2)Straight-chain fatty acid7 (×2)1.820.558.1–9.1
Estradiol undecylate
C17βUndecanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid111.620.629.2
Estradiol stearate
C17βOctadecanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid181.980.5112.2
Estradiol distearate
C3, C17βOctadecanoic acid (×2)Straight-chain fatty acid18 (×2)2.960.3420.2
Estradiol sulfate
C3Sulfuric acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.290.770.3–3.8
Estradiol glucuronide
C17βGlucuronic acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.650.612.1–2.7
Estramustine phosphated
C3, C17βNormustine, phosphoric acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.910.522.9–5.0
Polyestradiol phosphatee
C3–C17βPhosphoric acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.23f0.81f2.9g
Footnotes: a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic fatty acids. b = Relative estradiol content by weight (i.e., relative estrogenic potency). c = Experimental or predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (i.e., lipophilicity/hydrophobicity). Retrieved from PubChem and DrugBank. d = Also known as estradiol normustine phosphate. e = Polymer of estradiol phosphate (~13 repeat units). f = Relative molecular weight or estradiol content per repeat unit. g = logP of repeat unit (i.e., estradiol phosphate). Sources: See individual articles.

History

Estradiol cypionate was patented by Upjohn in 1952, with a priority date of 1951.[31] It was first introduced for medical use by Upjohn in 1952 under the brand name Depo-Estradiol in the United States.[17][18][51] Subsequently, it was also marketed in other countries such as European countries and Japan.[31][18][20] The first clinical reports of estradiol cypionate were published in 1952 and thereafter.[52][53][54][55][50] It was initially known as estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP), and did not become known as estradiol cypionate until over a decade later in the mid-to-late 1960s.[53][54][56] Along with estradiol valerate (1954)[18][57] and estradiol benzoate (1933),[58][59][60] estradiol cypionate has become one of the most commonly used esters of estradiol.[19]

When estradiol cypionate was to be combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate as a once-a-month injectable contraceptive, there was a problem in that estradiol cypionate was prepared as an oil solution while medroxyprogesterone acetate was used as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension.[61] This issue was resolved by switching to a microcrystalline aqueous suspension in the case of estradiol cypionate, allowing it to be combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate in a single suspension.[61] As a result, single-drug preparations of estradiol cypionate are oil solutions, while the combination of estradiol cypionate and medroxyprogesterone acetate are microcrystalline aqueous suspensions.[61]

Society and culture

Generic names

Estradiol cypionate is the generic name of the drug and its INN and USAN.[42][20][21] It is also known as estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP).[53][54]

Brand names

Estradiol cypionate has been marketed under the brand names Cicloestradiolo, D-Est, depGynogen, Depo-Estradiol, Depoestra, Depofemin, Depogen, Dura-Estrin, E-Cypionate, E-Ionate, Estradep, Estro-Cyp, Estrofem, Estroject, Estromed-PA, Estronol, Femovirin, Neoginon Depositum, Oestradiol-Retard, Pertradiol, Spendepiol, and T-E Cypionate, among others.[42][20][18][21]

Availability
See also: List of estrogens available in the United States

Estradiol cypionate is available in the United States.[24][21][23] It was previously marketed in Spain and Italy, but was discontinued in these countries and is no longer available in Europe.[20][23] Estradiol cypionate has mostly been used in the United States similarly to testosterone cypionate, with both of these medications having been developed by Upjohn, an American pharmaceutical company.[20][22] Besides the United States, estradiol cypionate has been marketed in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan, among other countries.[31][18][20] It is available in Taiwan in combination with testosterone cypionate.[21] It is also available as a combined injectable contraceptive in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate in at least 18 countries, mostly in Latin America and Southeast Asia.[62][63][64][14][65][66][67]

See also

References
  1. "Estradiol Injection: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings".
  2. Sierra-Ramírez JA, Lara-Ricalde R, Lujan M, Velázquez-Ramírez N, Godínez-Victoria M, Hernádez-Munguía IA, Padilla A, Garza-Flores J (2011). "Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (25 mg) and estradiol cypionate (5 mg)". Contraception. 84 (6): 565–70. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.014. PMID 22078184.
  3. Düsterberg B, Nishino Y (December 1982). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological features of oestradiol valerate". Maturitas. 4 (4): 315–24. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(82)90064-0. PMID 7169965.
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