Demegestone

Demegestone, sold under the brand name Lutionex, is a progestin medication which was previously used to treat luteal insufficiency but is now no longer marketed.[3][4][5][6][7] It is taken by mouth.[2][1]

Demegestone
Clinical data
Trade namesLutionex
Other namesDimegestone; R-2453; RU-2453; 17α-Methyl-δ9-19-norprogesterone; 17α-Methyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione
Routes of
administration		By mouth[1]
Drug classProgestogen; Progestin
ATC code
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityGood[2]
MetabolismHydroxylation, others[2]
Metabolites• 21-Hydroxydemegestone[2]
• Others[2]
ExcretionUrine[2]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard100.030.278
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H28O2
Molar mass312.446 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Demegestone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone.[6][2][8] It has no androgenic activity.[2]

Demegestone was first described in 1966 and was introduced for medical use in France in 1974.[3][4] It has only been marketed in France, and has since been discontinued in this country.[5][4]

Medical uses

Demegestone has been used to treat luteal insufficiency.[7] It has also been studied in combination with estrogens, such as moxestrol, as an oral contraceptive and treatment for infertility.[1][9][10]

Side effects
See also: Progestin § Side effects

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Demegestone is a progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR).[6][8][2] It is a highly potent progestogen, showing 50 times the potency of progesterone in the Clauberg test.[2] The ovulation-inbhiting dosage of demegestone is 2.5 mg/day, while the endometrial transformation dosage is 100 mg per cycle.[11] The medication is devoid of androgenic activity,[2] and instead has some antiandrogenic activity.[12] Demegestone has low affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor.[13] In a particular bioassay, both demegestone and progesterone showed antiglucocorticoid rather than glucocorticoid activity.[14] The major metabolite of demegestone, a 21-hydroxylated metabolite, is a moderately potent progestogen (4 times the potency of progesterone) and a weak mineralocorticoid (2% of the potency of deoxycorticosterone).[2]

Relative affinities (%) of demegestone
CompoundPRARERGRMRSHBGCBG
Demegestone2301051–2??
Notes: Values are percentages (%). Reference ligands (100%) were progesterone for the PR, testosterone for the AR, E2 for the ER, DEXA for the GR, aldosterone for the MR, DHT for SHBG, and cortisol for CBG. Sources: [13][15][16][17]

Pharmacokinetics

Demegestone has good bioavailability.[2] The initial volume of distribution of demegestone is 31 L.[2] Demegestone is metabolized by hydroxylation at the C21, C1, C2, and C11 positions, which is eventually followed by A-ring aromatization after 1,2-dehydration.[2] The major metabolite of demegestone is a 21-hydroxy derivative.[2] The metabolic clearance rate of demegestone is 20 L/h.[2] Its biological half-lives are 2.39 and 0.24 hours with intravenous injection.[2] Demegestone and/or its metabolites are excreted, at least in part, in urine.[2]

Chemistry
See also: List of progestogens

Demegestone, also known as 17α-methyl-δ9-19-norprogesterone or as 17α-methyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic norpregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone.[3][4][6] It is specifically a combined derivative of 17α-methylprogesterone and 19-norprogesterone, or of 17α-methyl-19-norprogesterone.[3][4][6] Related derivatives of 17α-methyl-19-norprogesterone include promegestone and trimegestone.[3][6]

History

Demegestone was first described in the literature in 1964 and was introduced for medical use in 1974 in France.[3][4] It was developed by Roussel Uclaf.[4]

Society and culture

Generic names

Demegestone is the generic name of the drug and its INN.[3] It is also known by its developmental code name R-2453 or RU-2453.[3]

Brand names

Demegestone was marketed under the brand name Lutionex.[3][4]

Availability

Demegestone is no longer marketed and hence is no longer available in any country.[5] It was previously available in France.[5][4]

References
  1. Iizuka R, Hayashi M, Kamouchi Y, Yamanaka K (1971). "Evaluation of a low-dose progestagen as a contraceptive". Nihon Funin Gakkai Zasshi. 16 (1): 68–82. PMID 12158578.
  2. Raynaud, J.P.; Cousty, C.; Salmon, J. (1974). "121. Metabolic studies of R2453, a highly potent progestin". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 5 (4): 324. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(74)90266-0. ISSN 0022-4731.
  3. J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 356–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  4. William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1215–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
  5. http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/%5B%5D
  6. Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration" (PDF). Climacteric. 8 Suppl 1: 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947.
  7. Pugeat M, Lejeune H, Dechaud H, Brébant C, Mallein R, Tourniaire J (1988). "[Luteal insufficiency and elevation of sex-binding proteins by demegestone]". Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet (in French). 83 (7–9): 495–8. PMID 3194612.
  8. Lee DL, Kollman PA, Marsh FJ, Wolff ME (September 1977). "Quantitative relationships between steroid structure and binding to putative progesterone receptors". J. Med. Chem. 20 (9): 1139–46. doi:10.1021/jm00219a006. PMID 926114.
  9. Hamada H, Nagao H, Toyoda H, Hayashi H, Akihiro L, & Kotaki S (1970). [Clinical observation on oral contraceptive effect by R-2453 (Abstracts of Papers Presented at Showa 44 in the field of gynecology]). Japanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica, 22 (7), 753. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002126113/
  10. Levrier, M. (1979, January). Treatment of Ovarian Sterility with Combined Moxestrol-Demegestone Preparation. In Journal De Gynecologie Obstetrique Et Biologie De La Reproduction (Vol. 8, No. 1, Pp. 89–89). 120 Blvd Saint-Germain, 75280 Paris 06, France: Masson Editeur.
  11. Rabe, T., Goeckenjan, M., Ahrendt, H. J., Crosignani, P. G., Dinger, J. C., Mueck, A. O., ... & Strowitzki, T. (2011). Oral Contraceptive Pills: Combinations, Dosages and the Rationale behind 50 Years or Oral Hormonal Contraceptive Development. Journal für Reproduktionsmedizin und Endokrinologie-Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology, 8(1), 58-129. http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/10166.pdf
  12. Raynaud, J. P.; Ojasoo, T.; Labrie, F. (1981). "Steroid hormones—agonists and antagonists": 145–158. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81345-2_11. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. Delettré J, Mornon JP, Lepicard G, Ojasoo T, Raynaud JP (January 1980). "Steroid flexibility and receptor specificity". J. Steroid Biochem. 13 (1): 45–59. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(80)90112-0. PMID 7382482.
  14. Dausse JP, Duval D, Meyer P, Gaignault JC, Marchandeau C, Raynaud JP (September 1977). "The relationship between glucocorticoid structure and effects upon thymocytes". Mol. Pharmacol. 13 (5): 948–55. PMID 895725.
  15. Raynaud JP, Bouton MM, Moguilewsky M, Ojasoo T, Philibert D, Beck G, Labrie F, Mornon JP (January 1980). "Steroid hormone receptors and pharmacology". J. Steroid Biochem. 12: 143–57. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(80)90264-2. PMID 7421203.
  16. Ojasoo T, Raynaud JP, Doé JC (January 1994). "Affiliations among steroid receptors as revealed by multivariate analysis of steroid binding data". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(94)90248-8. PMID 8136304.
  17. Ojasoo T, Raynaud JP (November 1978). "Unique steroid congeners for receptor studies". Cancer Res. 38 (11 Pt 2): 4186–98. PMID 359134.


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