بانیان مذاہب

قدیم (500 قبل مسیحی سے بیشتر)
دیکھیں culture hero for legendary founders of doubtful historicity.
نام مذہب قومیت بانی کی زندگی
زرتشتزرتشتیتاوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہc. 10th to 6ویں صدی BC[1][n 1]
ParshvanathaThe penultimate (23rd) تیرتھنکر in جین متبھارتی شہری877 ق م – 777 BC[2][3][4][5][6]
بخت نصرbuilt the Etemenanki، established Marduk as the patron deity of بابلآموری6ویں صدی BC[حوالہ درکار]
مہاویرThe final (24th) تیرتھنکر in جین متہندوستانی599 ق م – 527 BC[7][8][9]
گوتم بدھبدھ متIndian/Nepali563 ق م – 483 BC[حوالہ درکار]
کنفیوشسکنفیوشس متچینی551 ق م – 479 BC[حوالہ درکار]
فیثاغورثفیثاغورثیتساموسfl. 520 BC
Moziمؤیتچینی470 ق م – 390 BC
عزراہیکل دوم کی یہودیت[10]Levite یہودیہ،
کاہن		fl. 459 BC[n 2]
EpicurusEpicureanismساموسfl. 307 BC
Zeno of CitiumStoicismpossibly فونیقیn,[11]
albeit a Greek national		333 ق م – 264 BC
Pharnavaz I of IberiaArmaziGeorgian326 ق م – 234 BC
PatanjaliRāja yogaہندوستانی2nd century BC
یسوع مسیح اور حواریمسیحیتGalilean/Judeanc. 4 ق م – c. 30 AD
پولسPauline ChristianityJudean, albeit a Roman citizenc. 33 AD
James the Justیہودی مسیحیityJudeanc. 33 AD
Judah the Princeربیائی یہودیتJudean, آل داؤد2nd century AD
MontanusMontanismPhrygian2nd century AD
مرقیونMarcionismPontic Greek110–160
NagarjunaMadhyamakaتیلگو زبان Dravidian150–250
Plotinusنو افلاطونیتmay have been of Roman,[12]
Greek,[13] or Hellenized Egyptian[14]
ancestry; Roman citizen		205–270
ManiمانویتPersian Western ایرانی/آریہ216–274
آریوس[n 3]آریوسیت[n 4]possibly بربر،
born in لیبیا; hellenophone		250–336
فلاغیوس[n 3]Pelagianism[n 5]British,[15] possibly Irish[16]354–430
Nestorius[n 3]نسطوریت[n 6]Romaniote (Byzantine hellenophone)386–451
Eutychesعقیدہ وحدت فطرت[n 7]born in قسطنطنیہ380–456

ابتدائی جدید تا قرون وسطی (500–1800 عیسوی)
نام مذہب قوم بانی کی زندگی
مزدکMazdakismاوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہdied c. 526
بودھی دھرمزین بدھچینی (تانگ خاندان)c. 500s – c. 560s
محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ و سلماسلامعرب لوگc. 570 – 632
Songtsen Gampoتبتی بدھ متتبتی قوم7ویں صدی
En no GyōjaShugendōجاپانی قومlate 7ویں صدی
HuinengEast Asian Zen Buddhismچینی (تانگ خاندان)638–713
PadmasambhavaNyingmaہندوستانی8ویں صدی
Han YuNeo-Confucianismچینی8th or 9ویں صدی
SaichōTendai (descended from Tiantai)جاپانی767–822
KūkaiShingon Buddhismجاپانی774–835
شنکر اچاریہادویتہندوستانی9ویں صدی
محمد بن نصیر نمیریNusayrismPersianlate 9ویں صدی
رامانجVishishtadvaitaہندوستانی1017–1137
حمزہ بن علی بن احمددروزPersian11ویں صدی
عدی بن مسافریزیدییزیدی12ویں صدی
بساولنگایت دھرمہندوستانی12ویں صدی
HōnenJōdo-shū (descended from Pure Land Buddhism)جاپانی1131–1212
EisaiRinzai Zen (descended from the Linji school)جاپانی1141–1215
ShinranJōdo Shinshū (descended from Jōdo-shū)جاپانی1173–1263
DōgenSōtō Zen (descended from the Caodong school)جاپانی1200–1253
سید محمد بکتاشبکتاشیہ of تصوفترکی قوم (عثمانی خاندان) or Persian1209–1271
NichirenNichiren Buddhismجاپانی1222–1282
مدھو اچاریہDvaitaTuluva (ہندوستانی)1238–1317
Sant Matبھکتی تحریکNumerous Hindi groups[n 8]13th to 15th centuries
جان وکلفLollardyBritish (انگریز)1320s–1384
Nāimī – Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādīحروفیہایرانی14ویں صدی
Mahmoud Pasikhaniنقطویہایرانی (فارسی)late 14ویں صدی
Jan HusHussitismفرنگی (Czech)1372–1415
Ramanandaوشنو دھرمہندوستانی15ویں صدی
SankardevEkasarana DharmaAssamese (ہندوستانی)1449–1568
گرو نانکسکھ متپنجابی لوگ (پاکستانی قوم)1469–1539
سری چندUdasiپنجابی (پاکستان)1494–1629
Vallabha AcharyaShuddhadvaitaہندوستانی1479–1531
مارٹن لوتھرلوتھریت and پروٹسٹنٹ in generalFrankish (Saxon)1483–1546
چیتنیا مہاپربھوگوڑیہ ویشنو مت، Achintya Bheda Abhedaبنگالی (ہندوستانی)1486–1534
Thomas Cranmerانگلیکانیت (کلیسائے انگلستان)برطانوی (انگریز)1489–1556
Ignatius of Loyolaیسوعی (Jesuits)Spanish باسک1491–1556
Menno SimonsMennoniteDutch1496–1561
Conrad GrebelSwiss Brethren، باز اصطباغیتسویٹزرلینڈ1498–1526
Jacob HutterHutteriteTyrolean (باواریاn)1500–1536
Sultan SahakYarsanismکردearly 15ویں صدی
جان کالونکالوینیت[17]French1509–1564
مائیکل سروٹس[18]توحید پرستی (مسیحیت)Aragonese1511?–1553
John Knox[19]پریسبیٹیرین کلیسیاScottish1510–1572
جلال الدین اکبردین الٰہیسندھ (مغلیہ سلطنت)1542–1605
Jacobus ArminiusArminianismDutch1560–1609
John Smyth[20]اصطباغی کلیسیاانگریز1570–1612
Avvakum[حوالہ درکار]Old Believers of روسی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیساRussian1620–1682
George Fox[21]Quakersانگریز1624–1691
Philipp Spener[22]Pietismالزاس (German)1635–1705
Jakob AmmannایمشSwiss1656–1730
Emanuel SwedenborgThe New ChurchSwedish1688–1772
Yisroel ben Eliezer "Baal Shem Tov"[23]حسیدی یہودیتPolish (یوکرینی)1698–1760
John Wesley،[24] Charles Wesley، George Whitefieldمیتھوڈسٹ مسیحیتانگریز1703–1791
محمد بن عبدالوہابوہابی تحریکعربی1703–1792
Ann Lee[25]Shakersانگریز1736–1784

نئی مذہبی تحریکیں (بعد از 1800ء)
نام مذہب بانی کی زندگی
راجا رام موہن رائےبرہمو سماجہندوستانی1772–1833
سوامی ناراینSwaminarayan Sampradayہندوستانی1781–1830
Auguste ComteReligion of HumanityFrench1798–1857
Nakayama MikiTenrikyoجاپانی1798–1887
Ignaz von DöllingerOld Catholic ChurchGerman1799–1890
Phineas QuimbyNew ThoughtAmerican1802–1866
Allan KardecSpiritismFrench1804–1869
جوزف سمتھمورمنیت، also known as the موخر روز سینٹ تحریکAmerican1805–1844
John ThomasکرسٹاڈلفئنBritish1805–1871
Abraham Geigerاصلاحی یہودیتGerman1810–1874
Jamgon KongtrulRimé movementTibetan1813–1899
Hong XiuquanTaiping ChristianityHakka1814–1864
مرزا حسین علی نوری بہاءاللہ[26]بہائیPersian (Ottoman Turk)1817–1892
سید علی محمد باببابیت، precursor of the بہائیPersian (Ottoman Turk)1819–1850
James Springer WhiteSeventh-day Adventist ChurchAmerican1821–1881
Wang JueyiYiguandaoچینی (چنگ خاندان)1821–1884
Mary Baker Eddy[27]Christian ScienceAmerican1821–1910
Ramalinga SwamigalSamarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangamتمل لوگ (ہندوستانی)1823–1874
دیانند سرسوتیآریہ سماجگجراتی لوگ (ہندوستانی)1824–1883
Ellen G. White[28]Seventh-day Adventist ChurchAmerican1827–1915
John Ballou NewbroughFaithismAmerican1828–1891
صبح ازلAzali BábismPersian1831–1912
Helena Blavatskyفلسفۂ تصوفRussian (Ukrainian)1831–1891
Ayya Vaikundarایاوڑھیہندوستانی1833–1851
مرزا غلام احمداحمدیہہندوستانی (Mughal)1835–1908
Guido von ListArmanism ( Germanic mysticism )Austrian1848–1919
چارلس ٹیز رسل[29]Bible Student movementAmerican1852–1916
WovokaGhost DancePaiute (سرخ ہندی)1856–1932
Rudolf SteinerAnthroposophyAustrian1861–1925
ویویکانندRamakrishna Missionہندوستانی1863–1902
William Irvine[30]Two by Twos and CooneyitesScottish1863–1947
اروند گھوشIntegral yogaہندوستانی1872–1950
میسن ریمیOrthodox Bahá'í FaithAmerican1874–1974
Aleister CrowleyThelemaانگریز1875–1947
Charles Fox Parhamپینٹی کوسٹلAmerican1873–1929
"Father Divine"International Peace Mission movementAmericanc. 1876–1965
Edgar CayceAssociation for Research and EnlightenmentAmerican1877–1945
Ngô Văn Chiêuکاؤ دائیتViet1878–1926
Guy Ballard"I AM" ActivityAmerican1878–1939
Frank BuchmanOxford Group/Moral Re-ArmamentAmerican1878–1961
Alfred G. MosesJewish ScienceAmerican1878–1956
Mordecai KaplanReconstructionist JudaismRussian (Lithuanian)1881–1983
Gerald GardnerویکاBritish1884–1964
Felix ManaloIglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ)Filipino1886–1963
Frank B. RobinsonPsychianaAmerican1886–1948
Noble Drew AliMoorish Science Temple of AmericaAmerican, possibly چروکی or Moroccan1886–1929
Marcus GarveyRastafariJamaican1887–1940
Ernest HolmesReligious ScienceAmerican1887–1960
SadafaldeoVihangamyogaہندوستانی1888–1902
Aimee Semple McPherson[31]Foursquare ChurchCanadian1890–1944
Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[32]UmbandaBrazilian1891–1975
Ida B. RobinsonMount Sinai Holy Church of AmericaAmerican1891–1946
Wallace Fard Muhammadنیشن آف اسلامAmerican1891–1934 (absentia)
پرم ہنس یوگانندYogoda Satsanga Society of India، Self-Realization Fellowshipہندوستانی1893–1952
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami PrabhupadaInternational Society for Krishna Consciousnessہندوستانی1896–1977
Ruth NormanUnariusAmerican1900–1993
Swami MuktanandaSiddha Yogaہندوستانی1908–1982
Paul TwitchellEckankarAmerican1908–1971
Ikurō TeshimaMakuyaجاپانی1910–1973
L. Ron HubbardChurch of ScientologyAmerican1911–1986
کم ایل سونگJuche[33](North) Korean1912–1994
Chinmayananda SaraswatiChinmaya Missionہندوستانی1916–1993
مہا رشی مہیش یوگیTranscendental Meditationہندوستانی1917–2008
Samael Aun WeorUniversal Christian Gnostic MovementColombian1917–1977
Mark L. ProphetThe Summit LighthouseAmerican1918–1973
Ben KlassenCreativityUkrainian1918–1993
Ahn Sahng-hongWorld Mission Society Church of GodKorean1918–1985
Huỳnh Phú SổHòa HảoViet1919–1947
Yong (Sun) Myung Moon[34]Unification ChurchKorean1920–2012
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkarآنند مارگہندوستانی1921–1990
Clarence 13XFive-Percent NationAmerican1922–1969
Mestre GabrielUnião do VegetalBrazilian1922–1971
Nirmala SrivastavaSahaja Yogaہندوستانی1923–2011
Sveinbjörn BeinteinssonہیتھنریIcelander1924–1993
Sathya Sai BabaSathya Sai Organizationہندوستانی1926–2011
اینٹون لاویکلیسیائے شیطان (لاوی شیطانیت)American1930–1997
Rajneesh[35]Rajneesh movementہندوستانی1931–1990
Mark L. Prophet;
Elizabeth Clare Prophet[36]		Church Universal and TriumphantAmerican1918–1973;
1939–2009
Adi DaAdidamAmerican1939–2008
Claude VorilhonRaëlismFrench1946–
Marshall Vian SummersNew Message from GodAmerican1949–
Li HongzhiFalun Gongچینی1951–
Ravi Shankar[37]Art of Living foundationہندوستانی1956–
Ryuho OkawaHappy Scienceجاپانی1956-
VissarionChurch of the Last TestamentRussian1961–
Chris KordaChurch of EuthanasiaAmerican1962-
Tamara SiudaKemetic OrthodoxyAmerican1969–
Olumba Olumba ObuBrotherhood of the Cross and StarNigerian1918–
Isak GersonMissionary Church of KopimismSwedish1993-
Erdoğan ÇınarIshikismTurkish21st century

افسانوی/نیم-تاریخی
Traditional founder Religious tradition founded Historical founder(s) Ethnicity Life of historical founder
ابراہیمیہودیتYahwists[n 9]بنی اسرائیلc. 13th[38][39][40] to 8ویں صدی BC[n 10]
لاؤزیتاؤ متچوانگ تزوChinese369 ق م – 286 BC
SaptarishiVedic religionRigvedic tribesبھارتی شہری16th to 11ویں صدی BC
یوحنا اصطباغیمندائیتصابیعرب لوگ1st to 3rd century AD
ملکہ سباHaymanotEzana of AxumEthiopian4ویں صدی BC

ملاحظات
  1. "Controversy over Zoroaster's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا)
  2. historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine، Fortress Press, p.888)
  3. The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
  4. Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the نیقیہ کونسل collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius، SCM (2001) p.247)
  5. Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
  6. Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
  7. Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria۔ The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon۔ In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism، Alexandrian Theology)
  8. Includes the پنجابی لوگ، Rajasthanis، and مراٹھی لوگ
  9. The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers"۔ With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh)، as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists" as they were neither truly Israelites nor truly Jews.
  10. Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13ویں صدی BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites"۔ The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9ویں صدی BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.

مزید دیکھیے

حوالہ جات
  1. Melton 2003، p. 191.
  2. Zimmer 1953، صفحہ۔ 183.
  3. Mary Pat Fisher۔ Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths۔ London: I.B.Tauris۔ آئی ایس بی این 1-86064-148-2۔ p. 115
  4. "Parshvanatha"۔ Encyclopædia Britannica۔ مورخہ 25 دسمبر 2018 کو اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2007-10-22۔
  5. John Bowker۔ "Parsva"۔ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions۔ Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press۔ مورخہ 25 دسمبر 2018 کو اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2007-10-22۔
  6. Charpentier, Jarl۔ "The History of the Jains"۔ The Cambridge History of India۔ Cambridge۔ صفحہ 153۔ |access-date= requires |url= (معاونت)
  7. Upinder Singh 2016، صفحہ۔ 313.
  8. Zimmer 1953، صفحہ۔ 222.
  9. "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.، 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
  10. Brueggemann 2002، pp. 75, 144.
  11. Edwyn Bevan (1 جنوری 1999)۔ Stoics and Sceptics: Four Lectures Delivered in Oxford During Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund۔ Adegi Graphics LLC۔ آئی ایس بی این 978-0-543-98288-9۔ مورخہ 25 دسمبر 2018 کو اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔
  12. "Plotinus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press، 2003.
  13. "Plotinus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
  14. Bilolo, M.: La notion de « l’Un » dans les Ennéades de Plotin et dans les Hymnes thébains. Contribution à l’étude des sources égyptiennes du néo-platonisme. In: D. Kessler, R. Schulz (Eds.)، "Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta ḥtp dj n ḥzj" (Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Bd. 4)، Frankfurt; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang, 1995, pp. 67–91.
  15. ، Oxford Dictionary of National Biography۔
  16. Daibhi O Croinin, Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200 (2013)، p. 206.
  17. Melton 2003، p. 67.
  18. Melton 2003، p. 128.
  19. Melton 2003، p. 69.
  20. Melton 2003، p. 102.
  21. Melton 2003، p. 95.
  22. Melton 2003، p. 73.
  23. Melton 2003، p. 183.
  24. Melton 2003، p. 75.
  25. Melton 2003، p. 724.
  26. Melton 2003، p. 992.
  27. Melton 2003، p. 741.
  28. Melton 2003، p. 621.
  29. Melton 2003، p. 637.
  30. Chryssides 2001، p. 330.
  31. Melton 2003، p. 451.
  32. Smith and Prokopy 2003، p. 279-280.
  33. See:
    • "Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion"۔ Adherents.com۔ مورخہ 25 دسمبر 2018 کو اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2008-10-25۔ Its promoters describe Juche as simply a secular, ethical philosophy and not a religion. But, from a sociological viewpoint Juche is clearly a religion;
    • Donald L. Baker۔ Korean Spirituality۔ Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press۔ صفحہ 147۔ آئی ایس بی این 978-0-8248-3257-5۔;
    • Jeroen Temperman۔ State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance۔ Leiden: BRILL۔ صفحہ 145۔ آئی ایس بی این 978-90-04-18148-9۔۔
  34. Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 365.
  35. Melton 2003، p. 1051.
  36. Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 97.
  37. Melton 2003، p. 1004.
  38. Albertz 1994، p. 61.
  39. Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
  40. Ann E. Killebrew۔ Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.۔ Society of Biblical Literature۔ آئی ایس بی این 978-1-58983-097-4۔

کتابیات
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.