N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid

N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid or N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate). NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during, for example, withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures.

Not to be confused with MDMA.
N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid
Names
IUPAC name
(2R)-2-(Methylamino)butanedioic acid[1]
Other names
N-Methylaspartate; N-Methyl-d-aspartate; NMDA
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
Beilstein Reference
 1724431
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
MeSH N-Methylaspartate
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • CI9457000
Properties
Chemical formula
 C5H9NO4
Molar mass 147.130 g·mol−1
Appearance White, opaque crystals
Odor Odorless
Melting point 189 to 190 °C (372 to 374 °F; 462 to 463 K)
log P 1.39
Acidity (pKa) 2.206
Basicity (pKb) 11.791
Hazards
S-phrases (outdated) S22, S24/25
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
137 mg kg−1 (intraperitoneal, mouse)
Related compounds
Related amino acid derivatives
Related compounds
 Dimethylacetamide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Biological function

NMDA is a water-soluble synthetic substance that is not normally found in biological tissue. It was first synthesized in the 1960s. NMDA is an excitotoxin (it kills nerve cells by over-exciting them); this trait has applications in behavioral neuroscience research. The body of work utilizing this technique falls under the term "lesion studies". Researchers apply NMDA to specific regions of an (animal) subject's brain or spinal cord and subsequently test for the behavior of interest, such as operant behavior. If the behavior is compromised, it suggests the destroyed tissue was part of a brain region that made an important contribution to the normal expression of that behavior.

However, in lower quantities NMDA is not neurotoxic. In fact, normal operation of the NMDA receptor allows individuals to respond to excitatory stimuli through the interrelated functioning of NMDA receptors, glutamate, and dopamine.

Therefore, the action of glutamate specifically through NMDA receptors can be investigated by injecting small quantities of NMDA into a certain region in the brain: for example, injection of NMDA in a brainstem region induces involuntary locomotion in cats and rats.

The mechanism of action for the NMDA receptor is a specific agonist binding to its NR2 subunits, and then a non-specific cation channel is opened, which can allow the passage of Ca2+ and Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell. The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) produced by activation of an NMDA receptor also increases the concentration of Ca2+ in the cell. The Ca2+ can in turn function as a second messenger in various signaling pathways.[2][3][4][5] This process is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds and plays a key role in a wide range of physiological (e.g. memory) and pathological processes (e.g. Excitotoxicity).

NMDA receptor activated

Antagonists
Main article: NMDA receptor antagonist

Examples of antagonists, or more appropriately named receptor channel blockers, of the NMDA receptor are APV, amantadine, dextromethorphan (DXM), ketamine, magnesium,[6] tiletamine, phencyclidine (PCP), riluzole, memantine, methoxetamine (MXE), methoxphenidine (MXP) and kynurenic acid. While dizocilpine is generally considered to be the prototypical NMDA receptor blocker and is the most common agent used in research, animal studies have demonstrated some amount of neurotoxicity, which may or may not also occur in humans. These compounds are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists.

See also

References
  1. "N-Methylaspartate - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 24 June 2005. Identification. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  2. Dingledine, R; Borges K (Mar 1999). "The glutamate receptor ion channels". Pharmacol. Rev. 51 (1): 7–61. PMID 10049997.
  3. Liu, Y; Zhang J (Oct 2000). "Recent development in NMDA receptors". Chin Med J (Engl). 113 (10): 948–56. PMID 11775847.
  4. Cull-Candy, S; Brickley S (Jun 2001). "NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 11 (3): 327–35. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00215-4. PMID 11399431.
  5. Paoletti, P; Neyton J (Feb 2007). "NMDA receptor subunits: function and pharmacology". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 7 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.08.011. PMID 17088105.
  6. Murck, H. (2002-01-01). "Magnesium and Affective Disorders". Nutritional Neuroscience. 5 (6): 375–389. doi:10.1080/1028415021000039194. ISSN 1028-415X. PMID 12509067.

Further reading
  • Watkins, Jeffrey C.; Jane, David E. (2006), "The glutamate story", Br. J. Pharmacol., 147 (Suppl.&nbsp, 1): S100–8, doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706444, PMC 1760733, PMID 16402093
  • Blaise, Mathias-Costa; Sowdhamini, Ramanathan; Rao, Metpally Raghu Prasad; Pradhan, Nithyananda (2004), "Evolutionary trace analysis of ionotropic glutamate receptor sequences and modeling the interactions of agonists with different NMDA receptor subunits", J. Mol. Model., 10 (5–6): 305–16, doi:10.1007/s00894-004-0196-7, PMID 15597199
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