CDC at Work: Mycotic Diseases Branch

The Fungal Epidemiology Team works to prevent disease and disability due to fungi by determining the burden of fungal infections, using available evidence to promote education and awareness of fungal diseases, address gaps in knowledge about prevention of fungal diseases, and work with domestic and international partners to provide response and support for fungal public health issues.

We respond to outbreaks; monitor long term fungal disease trends; develop, evaluate, and promote cost-effective prevention guidelines and intervention strategies; and help prepare healthcare facilities and laboratories in resource-limited countries to better detect fungal diseases.

The Fungal Service Team contributes to the prevention and control of fungal infections by facilitating detection, identification, and characterization of human fungal pathogens.

The Fungal Reference Laboratory uses conventional and molecular methods to identify fungal isolates. We accept specimens from US state and international public health laboratories. Click here for specimen submission information. We conduct a yearly Mold Identification Training Course in collaboration with the Association of Public Health Laboratories. Click here for information about our course.

The Antifungal Testing Laboratory performs antifungal susceptibility testing on special populations of fungal isolates. We conduct surveillance studies to look for the presence and the proportions of fungal organisms that are resistant to antifungal drugs. We participate in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing and help evaluate various aspects of antifungal drug testing methods.

The Fungal Serology Laboratory uses antibody-based testing to detect exposure to fungal pathogens. We also conduct research into novel serologic testing methods.

The Fungal Research Team contributes to the prevention and control of fungal infections by performing research on the molecular epidemiology of fungal infections, novel detection and diagnostic methods, and fungal molecular subtyping. This work allows us to incorporate and translate the newest research findings in the biology of human fungal pathogens to public health mycology. Some of our current work involves:

• Detection of fungi in the environment
• Detection of fungi in human specimens
• Producing a curated DNA sequence database for fungal identification
• Performing molecular epidemiology studies
• Collaborating in whole-genome sequencing projects for several fungal pathogens

• Benedict K, Richardson M, Vallabhaneni S, Jackson BR, Chiller T. Emerging issues, challenges, and changing epidemiology of fungal disease outbreaks. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 31.
• Berkow EL, Angulo D, Lockhart SR. In Vitro activity of a novel glucan synthase inhibitor, SCY-078, against clinical isolates of Candida auris. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 May 8.
• Berkow EL, Lockhart SR. Fluconazole resistance in Candida species: a current perspective. Infect Drug Resist. 2017 Jul 31;10:237-245.
• Chen Y, Farrer RA, Giamberardino C, Sakthikumar S, Jones A, Yang T, et al. Microevolution of Serial Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans grubii and C. gattii. MBio. 2017 Mar; 8(2).
• Chow NA, Lindsley MD, McCotter OZ, Kangiser D, Wohrle RD, Clifford WR, et al. Development of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against Coccidioides in dogs and other mammalian species. PLoS One. 2017 Apr 5;12(4):e0175081.
• Cooksey GS, Nguyen A, Knutson K, Tabnak F, Benedict K, McCotter O, et al. Notes from the Field: Increase in Coccidioidomycosis – California, 2016. MMWR. 2017 Aug 11;66(31):833-4.
• Coopersmith E, Bell J, Benedict K, Shriber J, McCotter O, Cosh M. Relating Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) Incidence to Soil Moisture Conditions. GeoHealth. 2017 Mar.
• Desjardins CA, Giamberardino C, Sykes SM, Yu CH, Tenor JL, Chen Y, et al. Population genomics and the evolution of virulence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Genome Res. 2017 Jun 13.
• Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Olsen MA, Bommarito KM, Seiler S, Silveira FP, et al. Risk for Clostridium difficile Infection After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Remains Elevated in the Postengraftment Period Transplant Direct. 2017 Mar 17;3(4):e145.
• Ford N, Meintjes G, Vitoria M, Greene G, Chiller T. The evolving role of CD4 cell counts in HIV care. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2017 Jan 5.
• Greene G, Sriruttan C, Le T, Chiller T, Govender NP. Looking for fungi in all the right places: screening for cryptococcal disease and other AIDS-related mycoses among patients with advanced HIV disease. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2017 Mar;12(2):139-147.
• Hurst SF, Berkow EL, Stevenson KL, Litvintseva AP, Lockhart SR. Isolation of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus from the environment in the south-eastern USA. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Jun 1.
• Kordalewska M, Zhao Y, Lockhart SR, Chowdhary A, Berrio I, Perlin DS. Rapid and accurate molecular identification of the emerging multidrug resistant pathogen Candida auris. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 May 24.
• Lepak AJ, Zhao M, Berkow EL, Lockhart SR, Andes DR. Pharmacodynamic Optimization for Treatment of Invasive Candida auris Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun 5.
• Lockhart SR, Ghannoum MA, Alexander BD. Establishment and use of epidemiological cutoff values for molds and yeasts using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M57 standard. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2017 Feb 15.
• Lockhart SR, Jackson BR, Vallabhaneni S, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pappas PG, Chiller T. Thinking beyond the common Candida species: Need for speciation of Candida due to the emergence of multidrug resistant Candida auris. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 Sep 13.
• Magobo RE, Naicker SD, Wadula J, Nchabeleng M, Coovadia Y, Hoosen A, et al. Detection of neonatal unit clusters of Candida parapsilosis fungaemia by microsatellite genotyping: Results from laboratory-based sentinel surveillance, South Africa, 2009-2010. Mycoses. 2017 Jan 19.
• Molloy SF, Chiller T, Greene GS, Burry J, Govender N, Kanyama C, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis: A neglected NTD? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Jun 29;11(6):e0005575.
• Queiroz-Telles F, Fahal AH, Falci DR, Caceres DH, Chiller T, Pasqualotto AC. Neglected endemic mycoses. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 31.
• Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, Jarvis JN, Govender NP, Chiller TM, Denning DW, Loyse A, Boulware DR. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May 5.
• Rhodes J, Desjardins CA, Sykes SM, Beale MA, Vanhove M, Sakthikumar S, et al. Tracing Genetic Exchange and Biogeography of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii at the Global Population Level. Genetics. 2017 Jul 5.
• Rick F, Niyibizi AA, Shroufi A, Onami K, Steele SJ, Kuleile M, et al. Cryptococcal antigen screening by lay cadres using a rapid test at the point of care: A feasibility study in rural Lesotho. PLoS One. 2017 Sep 6;12(9):e0183656.
• Samayoa B, Roy M, Cleveland AA, Medina N, Lau-Bonilla D, Scheel CM, et al. High Mortality and Coinfection in a Prospective Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Patients with Histoplasmosis in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Jul;97(1):42-48.
• Schuster MG, Cleveland AA, Dubberke ER, Kauffman CA, Avery RK, Husain S, et al. Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: Results From the Organ Transplant Infection Project, a Multicenter, Prospective, Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 22;4(2):ofx050.
• Shriber J, Conlon KC, Benedict K, McCotter OZ, Bell JE. Assessment of Vulnerability to Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Jun 23;14(7).
• Tsay S, Welsh R, Adams EH, Chow NA, Gade L, Berkow E, et al. Ongoing Transmission of Candida auris in Health Care Facilities — United States, June 2016–May 2017. MMWR. 2017 May 18.
• Vallabhaneni S, Benedict K, Derado G, Mody RK. Trends in Hospitalizations Related to Invasive Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis in the United States, 2000-2013. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 13;4(1):ofw268.
• Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, Houston H, Lyons A, Rose LJ, Litvintseva AP. Survival, Persistence, and Isolation of the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Yeast Candida auris on a Plastic Healthcare Surface. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 Jul 26.

• Benedict K, Chiller TM, Mody RK. Invasive Fungal Infections Acquired from Contaminated Food or Nutritional Supplements: A Review of the Literature. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2016 Apr 13.
• Benedict K, Derado G, Mody RK. Histoplasmosis-Associated Hospitalizations in the United States, 2001-2012. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofv219.
• Benedict K, Mody RK. Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis Outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Mar; 22 (3).
• Benedict K, Purfield AE, Mohle-Boetani J, Wheeler C, Park BJ. Awareness and Environmental Exposures Related to Coccidioidomycosis Among Inmates at Two California Prisons, 2013. J Correct Health Care. 2016 Apr;22(2):157-63.
• Caceres DH, Tobón AM, Cleveland AA, Scheel CM, Berbesi DY, Ochoa J, et al.  Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Persons Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Histoplasmosis from a Colombian Hospital. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Aug 1. pii: 15-0837.
• Chibucos MC, Soliman S, Gebremariam T, Lee H, Daugherty S, Orvis J, et al. An integrated genomic and transcriptomic survey of mucormycosis-causing fungi. Nat Commun. 2016 Jul 22;7:12218.
• Chow NA, Griffin DW, Barker BM, Loparev VN, Litvintseva AP. Molecular detection of airborne Coccidioides in Tucson, Arizona. Med Mycol. 2016 May 3. pii: myw022.
• Cogliati M, D’Amicis R, Zani A, Montagna MT, Caggiano G, De Giglio O, et al. Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii around the Mediterranean basin. FEMS Yeast Res. 2016 May 5.
• Engelthaler DM, Roe CC, Hepp CM, Teixeira M, Driebe EM, Schupp JM, et al. Local Population Structure and Patterns of Western Hemisphere Dispersal for Coccidioides spp., the Fungal Cause of Valley Fever. MBio. 2016 Apr 26;7(2).
• Etienne KA, Roe CC, Smith RM, Vallabhaneni S, Duarte C, Escadon P, et al. Whole-Genome Sequencing to Determine Origin of Multinational Outbreak of Sarocladium kiliense Bloodstream Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Mar; 22 (3).
• Ezeanolue EE, Nwizu C, Greene GS, Amusu O, Chukwuka C, Ndembi N, et al. Geographical Variation in Prevalence of Cryptococcal Antigenemia among HIV-infected Treatment-Naïve Patients in Nigeria: A multicenter cross-sectional study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 May 3.
• Firacative C, Roe CC, Malik R, Ferreira-Paim K, Escandón P, Sykes JE, et al. MLST and Whole-Genome-Based Population Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Links Clinical, Veterinary and Environmental Strains, and Reveals Divergent Serotype Specific Sub-populations and Distant Ancestors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Aug 5.
• Gade L, Hurst S, Balajee SA, Lockhart SR, Litvintseva AP. Detection of mucormycetes and other pathogenic fungi in formalin fixed paraffin embedded and fresh tissues using the extended region of 28S rDNA. Med Mycol. 2016 Sep 14.
• Gold JA, Derado G, Mody RK, Benedict K. Sporotrichosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2000-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;22(10):1817-20.
• Govender NP, Patel J, Magobo RE, Naicker S, Wadula J, Whitelaw A, et al. Emergence of azole-resistant Candida parapsilosis causing bloodstream infection: results from laboratory-based sentinel surveillance in South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Apr 28. pii: dkw091.
• Healey KR, Zhao Y, Perez WB, Lockhart SR, Sobel JD, Farmakiotis D, et al. Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance. Nat Commun. 2016 Mar 29;7:11128.
• Larson BA, Rockers PC, Bonawitz R, Sriruttan C, Glencross DK, Cassim N, et al. Screening HIV-Infected Patients with Low CD4 Counts for Cryptococcal Antigenemia prior to Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy: Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Screening Strategies in South Africa. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 8;11(7):e0158986.
• Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, Farooqi J, Chowdhary A, Govender NP, et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug resistant Candida auris on three continents confirmed by whole genome sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, Oct 20.
• Lockhart SR, Fothergill AW, Iqbal N, Bolden CB, Grossman NT, Garvey EP, et al. The Investigational Fungal Cyp51 Inhibitor VT-1129 Demonstrates Potent In Vitro Activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Jan 19.
• Lockhart SR, McCotter OZ, Chiller TM. Emerging Fungal Infections in the Pacific Northwest: The Unrecognized Burden and Geographic Range of Cryptococcus gattii and Coccidioides immitis. Microbiol Spectr. 2016; 4(3).
• Lockhart SR, Roe CC, Engelthaler DM. Whole-Genome Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii, Southeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jun;22(6).
• Novosad SA, Vasquez AM, Nambiar A, et al. Notes from the Field: Probable Mucormycosis Among Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients at an Acute Care Hospital — Pennsylvania, 2014–2015. MMWR 2016;65:481–482.
• Souto AC, Bonfietti LX, Ferreira-Paim K, Trilles L, Martins M, Ribeiro-Alves M, et al. Population Genetic Analysis Reveals a High Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Cryptococcus gattii VGII Population and Shifts the Global Origin from the Amazon Rainforest to the Semi-arid Desert in the Northeast of Brazil. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2016; 10(8): e0004885.
• Vallabhaneni S, Chiller TM. Fungal Infections and New Biologic Therapies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016 May;18(5):29.
• Vallabhaneni S, Kallen A, Tsay S, Chow N, Welsh R, Kerins J, et al. Investigation of the first seven reported U.S. cases of Candida auris, a globally-emerging invasive fungus — United States, May 2013–August 2016. MMWR, 2016, Nov 4.
• Vallabhaneni S, Longley N, Smith M, Smith R, Osler M, Kelly N, et al. Evaluation of a Public-sector, Provider-initiated Cryptococcal Antigen Screening and Treatment Program, Western Cape, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Feb 29.
• Vasquez AM, Lake J, Ngai S, Halbrook M, Vallabhaneni S, Keckler MS, et al. Notes from the Field: Fungal Bloodstream Infections Associated with a Compounded Intravenous Medication at an Outpatient Oncology Clinic – New York City, 2016. MMWR. 2016 Nov 18;65(45):1274-1275.

• Benedict K, Thompson GR 3rd, Deresinski S, Chiller T. Mycotic Infections Acquired outside Areas of Known Endemicity, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Nov;21(11):1935-41.
• Chibucos MC, Etienne KA, Orvis J, Lee H, Daugherty S, Lockhart SR, Ibrahim AS, Bruno VM. The genome sequence of four isolates from the family Lichtheimiaceae. Pathog Dis. 2015 Apr 9. pii: ftv024.
• Cleveland AA, Harrison LH, Farley MM, Hollick R, Stein B, Chiller TM, et al. Declining Incidence of Candidemia and the Shifting Epidemiology of Candida Resistance in Two US Metropolitan Areas, 2008-2013: Results from Population-Based Surveillance. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0120452.
• Espinel-Ingroff A, Alvarez-Fernandez M, Canton E, Carver PL, Chen SC, Eschenauer G, et al. Multicenter Study of Epidemiological Cutoff Values and Detection of Resistance in Candida spp. to Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Micafungin Using the Sensititre YeastOne Colorimetric Method. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2015 Nov;59(11):6725-32.
• Forrest GN, Bhalla P, DeBess EE, Winthrop KL, Lockhart SR, Mohammadi J, et al. Cryptococcus gattii infection in solid organ transplant recipients: description of Oregon outbreak cases. Transplant infectious disease. 2015 Feb 9.
• Franco-Paredes C, Womack T, Bohlmeyer T, Sellers B, Hays A, Patel K, et al. Management of Cryptococcus gattii meningoencephalitis. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2015 Mar;15(3):348-55.
• Fridkin SK, Cleveland AA, See I, Lynfield R. Emerging Infections Program as Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;21(9):1578-81.
• Govender NP, M Roy, JF Mendes, TG Zulu, TM Chiller, and AS Karstaedt. Evaluation of screening and treatment of cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV-infected persons in Soweto, South Africa. HIV Medicine 2015; DOI 10.1111/hiv.12245
• Greene G, S Vallabhaneni, JH Chung, T Chiller. Cryptococcal Antigen Screening and Treatment: The Current state of Global Screening Programs to Prevent Death from Cryptococcal Infection. Curr Fungal Infect Repts 2015; DOI 10.1007/s12281-015-0246-x.
• Grossman NT, Pham CD, Cleveland AA, Lockhart SR. Molecular mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in Candida parapsilosis isolates from a U.S. surveillance system. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2015 Feb;59(2):1030-7.
• Jabeen K, Kumar H, Farooqi J, Mehboob R, Brandt ME, Zafar A. Agreement of the direct antifungal susceptibility testing from positive blood culture bottles with conventional method for Candida species. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Nov 25. pii: JCM.02432-15.
• Kaplan JE, Vallabhaneni S, Smith RM, Chideya-Chihota S, Chehab J, Park B. Cryptococcal Antigen Screening and Early Antifungal Treatment to Prevent Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Review of the Literature. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 Apr 15;68 Suppl 3:S331-S339.
• Kuykendall RJ, Lockhart SR. Microbroth Dilution Susceptibility Testing of Candida species. Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1356:173-81.
• Litvintseva AP, Brandt ME, Mody RK, Lockhart SR. Investigating Fungal Outbreaks in the 21st Century. PLoS Pathog. 2015 May 21. 11(5): e1004804
• Lindsley MD, Ahn Y, McCotter O, Gade L, Hurst SF, Brandt ME, Park BJ, Litvintseva AP. Evaluation of the Specificity of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Coccidioidomycosis using Sera from an Endemic and a Non-Endemic Region. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015 Aug 5.
• Lockhart SR, Pham CD, Kuykendall RJ, Bolden CB, Cleveland AA. Candida lusitaniae MICs to the echinocandins are elevated but FKS-mediated resistance is rare. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 28.
• McCarty TP, Baddley JW, Walsh TJ, Alexander BD, Kontoyiannis DP, Perl TM, et al. Phaeohyphomycosis in transplant recipients: Results from the Transplant Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Med Mycol. 2015 Apr 23.
• McCotter OZ, Smith RM, Westercamp M, Kerkering TM, Malani AN, Latham R, et al. Update on Multistate Outbreak of Fungal Infections Associated with Contaminated Methylprednisolone Injections, 2012-2014. MMWR. 2015 Oct 30;64(42):1200-1.
• Pham CD, Purfield AE, Fader R, Pascoe N, Lockhart SR. Development of a Multi-Locus Sequence Typing System for Medically Relevant Bipolaris Species. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Jul 22. pii: JCM.01546-15.
• Ren P, Luo M, Lin S, Ghannoum MA, Isham N, Diekema DJ, et al. Multilaboratory testing of antifungal drug combinations against Candida species and Aspergillus fumigatus: utility of 100 percent inhibition as the endpoint. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2015 Mar;59(3):1759-66.
• Segel MJ, Rozenman J, Lindsley MD, Lachish T, Berkman N, Neuberger A, Schwartz E. Histoplasmosis in Israeli Travelers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Apr 27.
• Smith RM, Derado G, Wise M, Harris JR, Chiller TM, Meltzer MI, Park BJ. Estimated Deaths and Illnesses Averted During Fungal Meningitis Outbreak Associated with Contaminated Steroid Injections, United States, 2012–2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21 (6).
• Vallabhaneni S, Haselow D, Lloyd S, Lockhart S, Moulton-Meissner H, Lester L, et al. Cluster of Cryptococcus neoformans Infections in Intensive Care Unit, Arkansas, USA, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21 (10).
• Vallabhaneni S, Mody RK. Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis in Neonates: a Review. Curr Fungal Infect Repts 2015.
• Vallabhaneni S, Walker TA, Lockhart SR, Ng D, Chiller T, Melchreit R, et al. Notes from the Field: Fatal Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis in a Premature Infant Associated with a Contaminated Dietary Supplement – Connecticut, 2014. MMWR. 2015 Feb 20;64(6):155-6.
• Vallabhaneni S, Mody RK, Walker T, Chiller T. The Global Burden of Fungal Diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015 Dec 28.
• Vallabhaneni S, Purfield AE, Benedict K, Luvsansharav U, Lockhart SR, Pham CD, et al. Cardiothoracic surgical site phaeohyphomycosis caused by Bipolaris mould, multiple US states, 2008-2013: a clinical description. Med Mycol. 2015 Dec 24.
• Vallabhaneni S, Cleveland AA, Farley MM, Harrison LH, Schaffner W, et al. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Echinocandin Nonsusceptible Candida glabrata Bloodstream Infections: Data From a Large Multisite Population-Based Candidemia Surveillance Program, 2008-2014. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015 Dec;2(4):ofv163.
• Vallabhaneni S, Almendares O, Farley MM, Reno J, Smith ZT, Stein B, et al. Epidemiology and factors associated with candidaemia following Clostridium difficile infection in adults within metropolitan Atlanta, 2009-2013. Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Nov 26:1-5.

• Benedict K, Park BJ. Invasive Fungal Infections after Natural Disasters. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(3).
• Boehme AK, McGwin G, Andes DR, Lyon GM, Chiller T, Pappas PG, Baddley JW. Race and invasive fungal infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Ethn Dis.2014 Summer;24(3):382-5.
• Caceres DH, Scheel CM, Tobón AM, Ahlquist Cleveland A, Restrepo A, Brandt ME, Chiller T, Gómez BL. Validation of a Histoplasma ELISA antigenuria test in Colombian patients with AIDS for diagnosis and follow-up during therapy. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014 Jul 9.
• DeBess E, Lockhart SR, Iqbal N, Cieslak PR. Isolation of Cryptococcus gattii from Oregon soil and tree bark, 2010-2011. BMC microbiology. 2014 Dec 21;14(1):323.
• Doligalski CT, Benedict K, Cleveland AA, Park B, Derado G, Pappas PG, et al. Epidemiology of Invasive Mold Infections in Lung Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant. 2014 Apr 11.
• Duffy J, Harris J, Gade L, Sehulster L, Newhouse E, O’Connell H, et al. Mucormycosis Outbreak Associated with Hospital Linens. Ped Infect Dis J. 2014; 33(5):472-6.
• Engelthaler DM, Hicks ND, Gillece JD, Row CC, Schupp JM, Driebe EM, et al. Cryptococcus gattii in North American Pacific Northwest: Whole-Population Genome Analysis Provides Insights into Species Evolution and Dispersal. MBio 2014 Jul 15; 5(4).
• Etienne KA, MC Chibucos, Q Su, J Orvis, S Daugherty, S Ott, et al. Draft genome sequence of Mortierella alpina isolate CDC-B6842 [PDF – 2 pages]. Genome Announcements 2014;2:e01180-01181
• Gade L, Grgurich DE, Kerkering TM, Brandt ME, Litvintseva AP. Utility of Real-Time PCR for detection of Exserohilum rostratum in body and tissue fluids during the multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Dec 17.
• Kauffman CA, Freifeld AG, Andes DR, et al. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients enrolled in the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Transpl Infect Dis. 2014 Mar 4.
• Kelley EJ, Driebe EM, Etienne K, Brandt ME, Schupp JM, Gillece JD, et al. Real-time PCR assays for genotyping of Cryptococcus gattii in North America. BMC Microbiol. 2014 May 13;14(1):125. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-125.
• Litvintseva AP, Lindsley MD, Gade L, et al. Utility of (1-3)-B-D-glucan testing for diagnostics and monitoring response to treatment during the multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58 (5):622-630.
• Litvintseva AP, Hurst S, Gade L, Frace MA, Hilsabeck R, Schupp JM, et al. Whole genome analysis of Exserohilum rostratum from the outbreak of fungal meningitis and other infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Jun 20. pii: JCM.00936-14.
• Litvintseva AP, Marsden-Haug N, Hurst S, Hill H, Gade L, Driebe EM, et al. Valley Fever: Finding new places for an old disease: Coccidioides immitis found in Washington State soil associated with recent human infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Epub Aug 27.
• Lockhart SR. Current epidemiology of Candida infection. Clin Microbiol Newsletter 2014; 36: 131-133
• Marsden-Haug N, Hill H, Litvinseva A, Engelthaler DM, Driebe EM, Roe CC et al. Notes from the Field: Coccidioides immitis Identified in Soil Outside of Its Known Range — Washington, 2013. MMWR 2014; 63(20):450.
• McKenney J, Smith RM, Chiller TM, Detels R, French A, Margolick J, Klausner JD. Prevalence and Correlates of Cryptococcal Antigen Positivity Among AIDS Patients — United States, 1986–2012.MMWR 2014; 63(27):585-587.
• Mikosz CA, Smith RM, Kim M, et al. Fungal endophthalmitis associated with compounded products. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2):248-56.
• Pham CD, Bolden CB, Kuykendall RJ, Lockhart SR. Development of a luminex-based multiplex assay for detection of mutations conferring resistance to echinocandins in Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52(3):790-795.
• Pham CD, Ahn S, Turner LA, Wohrle R, Lockhart SR. Development and validation of benomyl birdseed agar for the isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii from environmental samples. Med Mycol. 2014 Apr 28.
• Pham CD, Iqbal N, Bolden CB, Kuykendall RJ, Harrison LH, Farley MM, et al. The role of FKS mutations in C. glabrata: MIC values, echinocandin resistance and multidrug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Jun 2. pii: AAC.03255-14.
• Pham CD, Reiss E, Hagen F, Meis JF, Lockhart SR. Passive Surveillance for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, United States, 2011-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Sep;20(9):1498-503
• Scheel CM, Zhou Y, Theodoro RC, Abrams B, Balajee SA, Litvintseva AP. Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in Clinical Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(2):483-8.
• Smith RM, Mba-Jonas A, Tourdjman M, et al. Treatment and Outcomes among Patients with Cryptococcus gattii Infections in the United States Pacific Northwest. [PDF – 7 pages] PloS one. 2014;9(2):e88875.
• Van Wyk M, Govender NP, Mitchell TG, Litvintseva AP, et al. Multilocus Sequence Typing of Serially Collected Isolates of Cryptococcus from HIV-Infected Patients in South Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Mar 19

• Baddley JW, Andes DR, Marr KA, et al. Antifungal therapy and length of hospitalization in transplant patient with invasive aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2013; 51(2): 128-35.
• Balajee SA, Hurst SF, Chang LS, et al. Multilocus sequence typing of Histoplasma capsulatum in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from cats living in non-endemic regions reveals a new phylogenetic clade. Med Mycol 2013; 51(4): 345-51.
• Brandt ME, Park. BJ. Think fungus–prevention and control of fungal infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(10): 1688-9. Podcast: http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8629964
• Brown J, Benedict K, Park BJ, Thompson GR, 3rd. Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology. Clin Epidemiol 2013;5: 185-97.
• Castrodale LJ, Gerlach RF, Preziosi DE, Frederickson P, Lockhart SR. Prolonged incubation period for infection with Cryptococcus gattii in an Alaska cat originally from California, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 1034-1035.
• CDC. Histoplasmosis in a state where it is not known to be endemic – Montana, 2012-2013. MMWR 2013; 62(42): 834-7.
• CDC. Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis–United States, 1998-2011. MMWR 2013; 62(12): 217-21.
• Chiller TM, Roy M, Nguyen D, et al. Clinical findings for fungal infections caused by methylprednisolone injections.  N Engl J Med 2013; 369(17): 1610-9.
• Castrodale LJ, Gerlach RF, Preziosi DE, Frederickson P, Lockhart SR. Prolonged incubation period for infection with Cryptococcus gattii in an Alaska cat originally from California, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 1034-1035.
• Escandon P, Lizarazo J, Agudelo CI, Chiller T, Castaneda E. Evaluation of a rapid lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of cryptococcal antigen for the early diagnosis of cryptococcosis in HIV patients in Colombia. Med Mycol 2013; S1:765-768.
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