বৈদ্য

প্রচলিত একটি মতে দেবাসুরের সমুদ্র মন্থনকালে ধন্বন্তরীর জন্ম হয় এবং বৈদ্যরা তার উত্তরপুরুষ। অন্য মতে ধন্বন্তরীর জন্ম হয় জনৈক মুনির বৈদিক মন্ত্র জপের মাধ্যমে খড়ের গাদা থেকে, তাই তিনি বৈদ্য নামে পরিচিত হন। যেহেতু তার পিতা ছিল না এবং তিনি এক পালিকা মায়ের আদর-যত্নে বড় হন, সেহেতু তাকে বলা হয় অম্বষ্ঠ। বৈদ্য সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে এমন একটি মতও প্রচলিত আছে যে, অম্বষ্ঠ নামে সিন্ধুনদের তীরে একটি স্থান ছিল; সেখান থেকে বৈদ্যদের একটি দল দক্ষিণ ভারতে এবং অন্য একটি দল বাংলায় আসে।[4]

ব্রিটিশ শাসনামলে তারা বর্ণহিন্দু হিসেবে স্বীকৃত হয় এবং শিক্ষায় বিশেষ উন্নতি লাভ করে। সে সময় তাদের শিক্ষিতের হার ব্রাহ্মণদের চেয়েও বেশি ছিল এবং তারা অত্যধিক হারে কৌলিক বৃত্তি পরিত্যার করে অন্যান্য উচ্চবৃত্তি গ্রহণ করে [5]

বৈদ্যরা নিম্নপ্রকার গোত্রভুক্ত হয়ে থাকে।

• আত্রেয়া
• আদ্যঋষি
• কাশ্যপ
• কৃষ্ণাত্রেয়
• কৌশিকি
• ধন্বন্তরি
• পরাশর
• বৈশ্বানর
• ভরদ্বাজ
• মৌদ্গল্য
• যামদগ্নি
• শক্তিঋষি
• শক্ত্রি
• শান্ডিল্য
• সত্ত্বরী
• সপ্তঋষি
• সালংক্রায়ন
• অলাদি
• অগ্নি
• মৃগঋষি
• বিন্ধ্যশক্তি

1. Francis Zimmermann, The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats: An Ecological Theme in Hindu Medicine, page 213.
3. Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya, Hindu Castes and Sects, page 172.
4. Ibid, page 159.
5. Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthanam, Rasayan Adhyay, Chaturtha pada, verses 52-53.
6. Durgachandra Sanyal, Bangalar Samajik Itihas, page 14.
7. Mahabharata, verse 5.6.2, Udyogaparva.
8. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna O Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 146.
9. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 13.
10. Ibid, page 13.
11. V J Thakar, Historical development of basic concepts of Ayurveda from Veda up to Samhita, Ayu 31(4), 2010, page 400.
12. SKR Rao, Encyclopedia of Indian Medicine: Historical Perspectives, Dr. V. Parameshvara Charitable Trust, Vol 1, page 7.
13. Santanu Chakraverti, Science in History, History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, PHISPC- Centre for Studies in Civilizations, page 61.
14. B.K. Chaturvedi, Vishnu Purana, Diamond Books, page 58.
15. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 145.
16. Devipada Bhatacharya, Chiranjivi Banoushodhi (Shivkali Bhattacharya), Vol 6, Ananda Publishers, Foreword.
17. Eliot Freidson, Judith Lorbe (Edited), Medical Professionals and the Organization of Knowledge, page 45.
18. Manusmriti, verses 1.88- 1.90.
19. Manusmriti, verse 3.152.
20. Jogendranath Bhattacharya, Hindu Castes and Sects, page 51.
21. Debiprasad Chattopadhyay, Science and Society in Ancient India, B.R. Gruner B.V.- Amsterdam, 1977.
22. P Bala, Medicine and Medical Policies in India: Social and Historical Perspectives, Lexington Books, page 17.
23. Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol II, Cambridge University Press, page 284.
24. Subal Chandra Mitra (Edited), Saral Bangla Abhidhan, New Bengal Press Private Limited, page 998.
25. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 97.
26. Subal Chandra Mitra (Edited), Saral Bangla Abhidhan, New Bengal Press Private Limited, page 999.
27. Basanta Kumar Sengupta, Baidyajatir itihas, Vol 1, 1913, page 291.
28. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 23.
29. Jogendranath Gupta, Bikrampurer itihas, 1909, page 5.
30. Gurupada Haldar, Baidyak Brittanta, 1954, page 134.
31. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 21.
33. Nitish K Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib, Penguin Books India, 2011, page 51.
34. A Butterword and V V Chetty, Copper-plate and Stone Inscriptions of South India, Vol 1, Caxton Publishers, 1905, page 192.
35. R Tirumalai, The Pandyan Townships, Part-II, Department of Archeology, Govt. of Tamilnadu, 2003, page 47-48.
36. S Gurumurthy, Medical Science and dispensaries in ancient South India as gleaned from Epigraphy, Indian Journal of Historical Science, Vol 5., No. 1, 1970, page 78.
37. Basanta Kumar Sengupta, Baidyajatir Itihas, Vol 1, 1913, page 239.
38. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 100.
39. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 145.
40. Census of India, Vol V. Part 1, 1931, pages 456-457.
41. Vishnupurana, Chapter 3, verse 6 (mentions that Sakala, Madra, Parasika, Ambashtha groups reside near each other).
42. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 149.
43. Kalanand Mani and Frederick Noronha, Picture-Postcard-Poverty, Goa 1556, 2008, page 53.
44. T.P. Russell Stracey, The History of the Muhiyals: The Millitant Brahman Race of India, General Muhiyal Sabha, 1938, page 126.
45. Panchanan Raya, A Historical Review of Hindu India: 300 BC to 1200 AD, pages 11 and 176.
46. P.N. Bali, The History of Mohyals, 1995, page 91.
47. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, page 355.
48. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 149.
49. Umeshchandra Gupta, Ballalamohamudgara, page 314.
50. Jatindra Mohan Roy, Dhakar Itihas, page 130.
51. H. Risley, The People of India, Asian Educational Services, 1999, page 164.
52. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, page 355.
53. Ibid, page 365.
54. Ibid, page 367.
55. Ibid, pages 371, 374.
56. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 63
57. Subal Chandra Mitra (Edited), Saral Bangla Abhidhan, New Bengal Press Private Limited, page 130.
58. Valmiki Ramayana, Ayodhyakanda, Chapter 100, verse 13.
59. Kisari Mohan Ganguli (Translated), Mahabharata, Bhishmaparva, page 309.
60. Manusmriti, verses 10.8 and 10.47.
61. G.S. Ghurye, Caste and Race in India, Popular Prakshan, page 85
62. Manusmriti 10.41.
63. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, page 336
64. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 129.
65. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 8.
66. Brahmavaivartya Purana, verses 123-133.
67. Jogendranath Bhattacharya, Hindu Castes and Sects, page 14.
68. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, pages 71–77.
69. Ibid, page 86.
70. Ibid, page 105.
71. Ibid, page 111.
72. Ludo Rocher, "The Purāṇas", A History of Indian Literature. Vol.II, Epics and Sanskrit religious literature, Fasc.3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag., 1986, pages. 164–166.
73. R. C. Hazra, The Upapuranas, S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) The Cultural Heritage of India (Edited by S. Radhakrishnan), Vol.II, Kolkata:The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, 1962, p. 285.
74. R.C. Majumdar (Edited), The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2006, p. 622.
75. Mukundaram Chakrabary, Kabikankana Chandi, Indian Press limited, 1921, page 88.
76. Gautam Chatterjee, Sacred Hindu symbols, Abhinav Publications, page 71.
77. Ambarnath Sengupta, Rarher Birol Matripuja, Anima Prakashani,
78. Durgachandra Sanyal, Bangalar Samajik Itihas, page 30.
79. Ibid, page 29
80. C. A. Bayley, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire., Cambridge University Press, 2012, pages 144–145.
81. Jogendranath Bhattacharya, Hindu Castes and Sects, pages 21 and 160.
82. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 86.
83. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, page 348.
84. Ibid, page 331.
85. Ibid, page 337.
86. Jogendranath Bhattacharya, Hindu Castes and Sects, page 160.
87. LP Vidyarthi, The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya, Concept Publishing Company, Delhi, 1978, page 74
88. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, page 171.
89. Ibid, page 360.
90. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 132.
91. Bijaychandra Majumdar, The History of the Bengali language, Asian Educational Services, 2000, page 52.
92. DC Sircar, Studies in the religious life of Ancient and Medieval India, Motilal Banarsidass, pages 214-216
93. Ibid, 216.
94. The Review of Dr. Wise on Race in Medicine, Anthropological Review, Vol. 7, No. 26, 1869, pages. 240-242.
95. Ram Sharan Sharma, Sudras in ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass, 1990, page 294.
96. Kisari Mohan Ganguli (Translated), Mahabharata, Anushasana parva, page 32.
97. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-tatva Baridhi, pages 223-224.
98. Durgachandra Sanyal, Bangalar Samajik Itihas, page 14.
99. Subal Chandra Mitra (Edited), Saral Bangla Abhidhan, New Bengal Press Private Limited, page 1004.
100. Byomkesh Mustafi, Rogshajyar Pralap, Kolkata, 1923, pages 7–9.
101. Shivkali Bhattacharya, Chiranjibi Banoushodhi, Vol 4, Ananda Publishers, page 63.
102. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, pages 68–69.
103. Tribhanga Mohan Sensharma, Kuladarpanam, Part-II, page 29.
104. Ibid, Part-I, page 630.
105. Durgachandra Sanyal, Bangalar Samajik Itihas, pages 29–30.
106. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-Tatva-Baridhi, pages 164-165.
107. Ibid, page 349.
108. Parbatishankar Roychowdhuri, Adishur O Ballalsen, page 57.
109. Umeshchandra Gupta, Ballalmohamudgara, 1905, pages 18–30.
110. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-Tatva-Baridhi, page 145.
111. Ibid, pages 146-147.
112. Pramod Gopal Sensharma, Baidya-Bangshabali O kichu Ajana Lupto Itihas, Hindusthan press, 2006, page 8.
113. Ibid, page 6.
114. Ibid, page 19.
115. Basantakumar Sengupta, Baidyajatir Itihas, Part 1, Preface
116. UC Vidyaratna, Jati-Tatva-Baridhi, pages 86–92
117. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, Introduction.
118. A list of eminent Vaidya scholars with academic can be found in UC Vidyaratna’s Jati-Tatva-Baridhi, pages 172-177.
119. Jnanendramohan Sensharma, Baidyajatir Barna o Gourab, Bani Press, Kolkata, page 142.
120. Ibid, page 336.
121. Tribhanga Mohan Sensharma, Kuladarpanam, Part-1, page 174-192.
122. Calculated from census data (1921) given in Tribhanga Mohan Sensharma’s Kuladarpanam, pages 241-245.
123. Ibid, pages 241-245
124. Ibid, pages 241 and 244.
125. Shyamacharan Kaviratna, Bangiya Baidyajati, Chattagram Saraswati Press, page 2.
126. Umeshchandra Gupta, Ballalmohamudgara, 1905, pages 486-492.
127. Jogendranath Gupta, Bikrampurer Itihas, 1909, pages 5 and 27.