Timeline for Reporting Cases of Salmonella Infection

To find cases in an outbreak of Salmonella infections, public health laboratories serotype the Salmonella bacteria and perform a kind of “DNA fingerprinting” on Salmonella laboratory samples. Investigators determine whether the “DNA fingerprint” pattern of Salmonella bacteria from one person is the same as that from other people in the outbreak and from the contaminated food, water, or infected animal. Bacteria with the same “DNA fingerprint” are likely to come from the same source. Public health officials conduct intensive investigations, including interviews with ill people, to determine if people whose infecting bacteria match by “DNA fingerprinting” are part of a common-source outbreak.

A series of events occurs between the time a person is infected and the time public health officials can determine that the person is part of an outbreak. This means that there will be a delay between when a person gets sick and confirmation that he or she is part of an outbreak. Public health officials work hard to speed up the process as much as possible. The timeline is as follows:

1. Time to illness: The time from when a person is exposed to Salmonella from contaminated food, water, or an infected animal or person to the beginning of symptoms. For Salmonella, this is typically 1-3 days, sometimes longer.
2. Time to contact with health care provider: The time from the first symptom until the person seeks medical care, when a diarrhea sample is collected for laboratory testing. This is typically 1-5 days.
3. Time to diagnosis: The time from when a person gives a stool sample to when Salmonella is obtained from it in a laboratory. This may be 1-3 days from the time the sample is received in the laboratory. The diagnosis of Salmonella infection may be reported to the local health department at this time.
4. Salmonella isolate shipping time: The time required to ship the Salmonella bacteria from the laboratory to the state public health authorities that will perform serotyping and “DNA fingerprinting.” This may take 0-7 days depending on transportation arrangements within a state and the distance between the clinical laboratory and public health department. (It should be noted that the diagnostic laboratories are not required by law to forward Salmonella isolates to the public health labs and not all diagnostic laboratories forward any isolates unless specifically requested.)
5. Time to serotyping and “DNA fingerprinting”: The time required for the state public health authorities to serotype and to perform “DNA fingerprinting” on the Salmonella isolate and compare it with the pattern of the outbreak strain. Serotyping may take up to 3 days. The “DNA fingerprinting” can be accomplished in 2 days. However, many public health laboratories have limited staff and space, and experience multiple emergencies at the same time. Thus, this process may take 2-10 days for both serotyping and "DNA fingerprinting" together.