Imiquimod

Imiquimod (INN) is a prescription medication that acts as an immune response modifier that is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. Scientists at 3M's pharmaceuticals division discovered the drug and 3M obtained the first FDA approval in 1997 under the brand Aldara. As of 2015, imiquimod is generic and is available worldwide under many brands.

Imiquimod
Clinical data
Trade namesAldara originally. Many brands available.[1]
Other names1-isobutyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa698010
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
    Routes of
    administration    		Topical
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Elimination half-life30 hours (topical dose), 2 hours (subcutaneous dose)
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.131.047
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC14H16N4
    Molar mass240.304 g/mol g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
      (verify)

    Uses

    Imiquimod is a patient-applied cream prescribed to treat genital warts, Bowens disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ), and, secondary to surgery, for basal cell carcinoma,[2][3] as well as actinic keratosis.[4]

    Side effects

    Side effects include local inflammatory reactions, such as blisters, a burning sensation, skin redness, dry skin, itching, skin breakdown, skin crusting or scabbing, skin drainage, skin flaking or scaling, skin ulceration, sores, swelling, as well as systemic reactions, such as fever, "flu-like" symptoms, headache, and tiredness.[4][5]

    People who have had an organ transplant and are taking immune-suppressing drugs should not use imiquimod.[4]

    Mechanism of action

    Imiquimod yields profound antitumoral activity by acting on several immunological levels synergistically.[6] Imiquimod stimulates the innate immune system by activating toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), commonly involved in pathogen recognition.[7][8] Cells activated by imiquimod via TLR-7 secrete cytokines (primarily interferon-α (IFN-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)).[9] There is evidence that imiquimod, when applied to skin, can lead to the activation of Langerhans cells, which subsequently migrate to local lymph nodes to activate the adaptive immune system.[10] Other cell types activated by imiquimod include natural killer cells, macrophages and B-lymphocytes.[10]

    Imiquimod exerts its effect by increasing levels of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr). In experiments, blocking OGFr function with siRNA technology resulted in loss of any antiproliferative effect of imiquimod.[11]

    History

    Scientists at 3M's pharmaceutical division discovered imiquimod as part of a program to discover inhibitors of herpes simplex virus replication based on a known adenine derivative.[12]:369–372 3M obtained the first FDA approval for it in 1997 as a treatment for external genital and perianal warts under the brand, "Aldara".[13] In 2004, 3M obtained FDA approval to market imiquimod as a treatment for superficial basal cell carcinoma.[14]

    In 2006, 3M sold its pharmaceutical business in the Americas to Graceway Pharmaceuticals, its European pharmaceutical business to Meda AB, and its pharmaceutical business in other territories to two private equity firms.[15]

    Graceway declared bankruptcy in 2011 after the expiration of the patents on imiquimod, and its assets, including the rights to imiquimod branding and approvals in the Americas, were purchased by Medicis Pharmaceutical.[16]

    As of 2015, imiquimod is generic and is available worldwide under many brands.[1]

    Research

    One randomized double-blind phase 3 clinical study found clearance of genital warts (an FDA-approved indication) improved from 9% with placebo to 24.9% with 3.75% imiquimod cream applied for up to eight weeks.[17]

    Imiquimod has been tested for treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Two large randomized controlled trials, however, found no evidence of effectiveness of imiquimod in treating children with molluscum contagiosum, and concerning adverse effects were also noted.[18] These disprove earlier anecdotal claims and smaller, less reliable studies.[19][20][21][22]

    Imiquimod has also been tested for treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia,[23] vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia,[24] common warts (a 2012 Cochrane review found no randomized controlled trials),[25] plantar warts,[26] warts in people with suppressed immune systems,[27] flat warts on face and neck,[26] and warts under and around fingernails and toenails.[26] As of 2014, insufficient evidence exists to recommend treatment of warts (other than genital warts) with imiquimod, due to the small size of and lack of controls in existing studies.[28][26]

    See also

    References
    1. Drugs.com Drugs.com international listings for imiquimod Page accessed June 14, 2015
    2. 'Imiquimod should be used for treatment of [superficial basal cell carcinoma] only when surgery is medically less appropriate ... .' USA Food And Drug Administration, 'FDA Approval for Imiquimod', , current at 2011-Jan-1, accessed 2012-Oct-19
    3. American Cancer Society, Guide To Cancer Drugs, (accessed 2014-Apr-28)
    4. European Medicines Agency. First published Sept 14,2009, updated March 25, 2015. EMA Summary of Product Characteristics Linked from EMA Aldara information page
    5. PDR Health PDR: Aldara
    6. Schön, M.P; Schön, M (2007). "Imiquimod: Mode of action". British Journal of Dermatology. 157: 8–13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08265.x. PMID 18067624.
    7. Walter, Anne; Schäfer, Matthias; Cecconi, Virginia; Matter, Claudia; Urosevic-Maiwald, Mirjana; Belloni, Benedetta; Schönewolf, Nicola; Dummer, Reinhard; Bloch, Wilhelm; Werner, Sabine; Beer, Hans-Dietmar; Knuth, Alexander; Van Den Broek, Maries (2013). "Aldara activates TLR7-independent immune defence". Nature Communications. 4: 1560. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E1560W. doi:10.1038/ncomms2566. PMID 23463003.
    8. Hemmi, Hiroaki; Kaisho, Tsuneyasu; Takeuchi, Osamu; Sato, Shintaro; Sanjo, Hideki; Hoshino, Katsuaki; Horiuchi, Takao; Tomizawa, Hideyuki; Takeda, Kiyoshi; Akira, Shizuo (2002). "Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88–dependent signaling pathway". Nature Immunology. 3 (2): 196–200. doi:10.1038/ni758. PMID 11812998.
    9. Sauder, D.N. (2003). "Imiquimod: Modes of action". British Journal of Dermatology. 149: 5–8. doi:10.1046/j.0366-077x.2003.05628.x. PMID 14616337.
    10. Miller, R.L; Gerster, J.F; Owens, M.L; Slade, H.B; Tomai, M.a (1999). "Review Article Imiquimod applied topically: A novel immune response modifier and new class of drug". International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 21 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(98)00068-x. PMID 10411278.
    11. Zagon IS, Donahue RN, Rogosnitzky M, McLaughlin PJ (August 2008). "Imiquimod upregulates the opioid growth factor receptor to inhibit cell proliferation independent of immune function". Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). 233 (8): 968–79. doi:10.3181/0802-RM-58. PMID 18480416.
    12. Randall L. Halcomb. TLR-7 Agonists for the Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. Chapter 10 in Successful Strategies for the Discovery of Antiviral Drugs. Issue 32 of RSC drug discovery series. Eds Manoj C. Desai and Nicholas A. Meanwell. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. ISBN 9781849736572
    13. Centerwatch. Centerwatch:Aldara (imiquimod) Page accessed June 14, 2015
    14. National Cancer Institute. Updated: July 3, 2013 NCI: FDA Approval for Imiquimod
    15. 3M. November 9, 2006. Press release: 3M Reaches Agreements to Sell its Pharmaceuticals Business
    16. Jennifer A. Johnson for the Phoenix Business Journal Nov 29, 2011
    17. "Phase 3 Study of Imiquimod Creams in the Treatment of External Genital Warts - Study Results - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov.
    18. "Aldara (imiquimod) cream for topical use. Prescribing information". Archived from the original on 2013-11-02.
    19. Molluscum Contagiosum~treatment at eMedicine
    20. Theos, A. U.; Cummins, R; Silverberg, N. B.; Paller, A. S. (2004). "Effectiveness of imiquimod cream 5% for treating childhood molluscum contagiosum in a double-blind, randomized pilot trial". Cutis. 74 (2): 134–8, 141–2. PMID 15379366.
    21. Bayerl, C; Feller, G; Goerdt, S (2003). "Experience in treating molluscum contagiosum in children with imiquimod 5% cream". The British Journal of Dermatology. 149 Suppl 66: 25–9. doi:10.1046/j.0366-077x.2003.05631.x. PMID 14616342.
    22. Arican, Ozer (2006). "Topical treatment of molluscum contagiosum with imiquimod 5% cream in Turkish children". Pediatrics International. 48 (4): 403–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02229.x. PMID 16911087.
    23. Van Seters, Manon; Van Beurden, Marc; Ten Kate, Fiebo J.W.; Beckmann, Ilse; Ewing, Patricia C.; Eijkemans, Marinus J.C.; Kagie, Marjolein J.; Meijer, Chris J.M.; Aaronson, Neil K.; Kleinjan, Alex; Heijmans-Antonissen, Claudia; Zijlstra, Freek J.; Burger, Matthé P.M.; Helmerhorst, Theo J.M. (2008). "Treatment of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia with Topical Imiquimod". New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (14): 1465–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072685. PMID 18385498.
    24. Buck, Henry W.; Guth, Kathy J. (2003). "Treatment of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Primarily Low Grade) with Imiquimod 5% Cream". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 7 (4): 290–3. doi:10.1097/00128360-200310000-00011. PMID 17051086.
    25. Kwok, Chun Shing; Gibbs, Sam; Bennett, Cathy; Holland, Richard; Abbott, Rachel (2012). "Topical treatments for cutaneous warts". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD001781. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001781.pub3. PMID 22972052.
    26. "Imiquimod for non-genital cutaneous warts". www.dpic.org.
    27. Harwood, C.A.; Perrett, C.M.; Brown, V.L.; Leigh, I.M.; Mcgregor, J.M.; Proby, C.M. (2005). "Imiquimod cream 5% for recalcitrant cutaneous warts in immunosuppressed individuals". British Journal of Dermatology. 152 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06322.x. PMID 15656812.
    28. Ahn, Christine S.; Huang, William W. (2014). "Imiquimod in the Treatment of Cutaneous Warts: An Evidence-Based Review". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 15 (5): 387–99. doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0093-5. PMID 25186654.
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