Pneumonia (main)

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For pediatrics see pediatric pneumonia

Background

  • Definition: infection of lung parenchyma
  • Empirically classified based upon location/risk factors

Health care–associated pneumonia risk factors

  • Hospitalized for 2 or more days within past 90 days
  • Nursing home/long-term care residents
  • Receiving home IV antibiotics
  • Dialysis
  • Receiving chronic wound care
  • Receiving chemotherapy
  • Immunocompromised

Pseudomonas risk factors

  • Alcoholism
  • Immunosuppression (including steroids)
  • Structural lung disease
  • Malnutrition
  • Recent antibiotics
  • Recent hospital stay

Causes of Pneumonia

Bacteria

Viral

Fungal

Parasitic

Commonly Encountered Pathogens by Risk Factor

Risk Factor Associated Organism
Alcoholism
COPD and/or Smoking
Nursing Home
Exposure to bird droppings Histoplasma capsulatum
Exposure to birds Chlamydophila psittaci
Exposure to rabbits Francisella tularensis
Exposure to farm animals Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Exposure to southwestern US Coccidiomycosis (Valley fever)
Early HIV
Late HIV (as above, plus:)
Aspiration Anaerobes
Structural Lung Disease (CF, bronchiectasis)
Injection drug use
Influenza
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Clinical Features

Differential Diagnosis

Shortness of breath

Emergent

Non-Emergent

Evaluation

CXR showing prominent wedge-shape area of airspace consolidation in the right lung, characteristic of bacterial pneumonia.
CT chest showing right sided pneumonia
  • CXR
  • CBC
  • Chemistry

If patient will be admitted:

  • Blood Cultures are ONLY indicated for CAP patients with:
    • ICU (required)
    • Multi-lobar
    • Pleural effusion
    • Consider for higher-risk patients admitted with CAP
      • Liver disease
      • Immunocompromised
      • Significant comorbidities
      • Other risk factors
  • Sputum staining
    • If concern for particular organism

Chest X-Ray Mimics

Management

Outpatient

Coverage targeted at S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae. M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and Legionella

Healthy

Unhealthy

Chronic heart, lung, liver, or renal disease; DM, alcholism, malignancy.

Inpatient

  • Monotherapy or combination therapy is acceptable. Combination therapy includes a cephalosporin and macrolide targeting atypicals and Strep Pneumonia [1]
  • The use of adjunctive corticosteroids (methylprednisolone 0.5 mg/kg IV BID x 5d) in CAP of moderate-high severity (PSI Score IV or V; CURB-65 ≥ 2) is associated with:[2]
    • ↓ mortality (3%)
    • ↓ need for mechanical ventilation (5%)
    • ↓ length of hospital stay (1d)

Community Acquired (Non-ICU)

Coverage against community acquired organisms plus M. catarrhalis, Klebsiella, S. aureus

Hospital Acquired or Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Ventilator Associated Pneumnoia

  • High Risk of MRSA: Use 3-Drug Regimen. Several options are available, but recommendation is to include an antibiotic from each of these categories:[3]

ICU, low risk of pseudomonas

ICU, risk of pseudomonas

References

  1. ↑ Chokshi R, Restrepo MI, Weeratunge N, Frei CR, Anzueto A, Mortensen EM. Monotherapy versus combination antibiotic therapy for patients with bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Jul 2007;26(7):447-51
  2. ↑ Siemieniuk RA, Meade MO, Alonso-Coello P, Briel M, Evaniew N, Prasad M, Alexander PE, Fei Y, Vandvik PO, Loeb M, Guyatt GH. Corticosteroid Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. Aug 11, 2015
  3. ↑ Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111.

Disposition

Pneumonia severity index (Port Score)

Risk Factors

Points
Demographic Factors
Age for men
 Age
Age for women
 Age -10
Nursing home resident
 +10
Coexisting Illnesses

Neoplastic disease (active)
 +30
Chronic liver disease
 +20
Heart Failure
 +10
Cerebrovascular disease
 +10
Chronic renal disease
 +10
Physical Exam

AMS
 +20
RR > 30/min
 +20
Sys BP < 90
 +20
Temp <35 or >40
 +15
Pulse > 125
 +10
Lab and xray findings
Arterial pH < 7.35
 +30
BUN > 30
 +20
Na <130
 +20
Glucose > 250
 +10
Hematocrit <30%
 +10
PaO2 < 60 or SpO2 < 90%
 +10
Pleural effusion
 +10

Classification

Class
Points
Mortality
I
 <51 0.1%
II
 51-70 0.6%
III
 71-90
 0.9%
IV
 91-130
 9.3%
V
 >130
 27%

Disposition Pathway

  • Classes I and II: consider discharge
  • Class III: discharge verus admit based on clinical judgment
  • Classes IV and V: consider admission

CURB-65

  1. Confusion
  2. bUn > 19 mg/dl
  3. RR > 30
  4. BP < 90 SBP, or < 60 DBP
  5. Age > 65
  • Approximate 30-day mortalities and Tx considerations
    • +1 --> 3%, outpt tx
    • +2 -->7%, inpt, possible outpt
    • +3 --> 14% inpt, possible ICU
    • +4-5 --> 30% ICU

See Also

External Links

References

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