Nucleariida

Nucleariida is a group of amoebae[1] with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae.

Nucleariids
Nuclearia thermophila
Scientific classification
Class: Cristidiscoidea
(unranked): Discicristoidea
Order: Nucleariida
Genera

Classification

Nucleariids are opisthokonts,[2] the group which includes animals, fungi and several smaller groups. Several studies place the nucleariids as a sister group to the fungi.[3][4]

The genera Rabdiophrys, Pinaciophora, and Pompholyxophrys, freshwater forms with hollow siliceous scales or spines, were formerly included in Nucleariida, but are now placed in Rhizaria.[5] In the past, nucleariids were included among the heliozoa as the Rotosphaerida.

According to a 2009 paper, Fonticula, a cellular slime mold, is an opisthokont and more closely related to Nuclearia than to fungi.[6]

    • Order Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith 1993
        • Genus Parvularia Lopez-Escardo & Torruella 2017
      • Family Nucleariidae Cann & Page 1979
        • Genus Nuclearia Cienkowski 1865 [Astrodisculus Greeff 1869; Nuclearella Frenzel 1897; Nuclearina Frenzel 1897; Heliosphaerium Frenzel 1897; Nucleosphaerium Cann & Page 1979]
          • Species Astrodisculus minutus Greeff 1869
          • Species Astrodisculus araneiformis Schewiakoff 1893
          • Species Astrodisculus laciniatus Penard 1904 [Chlamydaster lacinatus (Penard 1904) Rainer 1968]
          • Species Astrodisculus affinis Schouteden 1905
          • Species Astrodisculus marinus Kufferath 1952
          • Species N. conspicua West 1903
          • Species N. lohmanni Kufferath 1952
          • Species N. delicatula Cienkowski 1865
          • Species N. flavescens (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus flavescens Greeff 1869]
          • Species N. flavocapsulata (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus flavocapsulata Greeff 1869; Astrodisculus penari Roskin 1929; Astrodisculus serratus Walton 1930; Heliosphaerium polyedricum Frenzel 1897]
          • Species N. leuckarti (Frenzel 1897) Patterson 1984 [Nuclearina leuckarti Frenzel 1897]
          • Species N. moebiusi Frenzel 1897
          • Species N. pattersoni Dyková et al. 2003
          • Species N. polypodia Schewiakoff 1863
          • Species N. radians (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus radians Greeff 1869 sensu Penard 1904 non Stern 1924; Nucleosphaerium radians (Greef 1869); Nucleosphaerium tuckeri Cann & Page 1979; Heliosphaerium aster Frenzel 1897; Heliophrys varians West]
          • Species N. simplex Cienkowsky 1865 [Nuclearella variabilis Frenzel 1897]
          • Species N. thermophila Yoshida, Nakayama & Inouye 2009
          • Species N. rubra (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus rubra Greeff 1869; Astrodisculus zonatus Penard 1904; Nuclearia caulescens Penard 1903: pro parte; Nuclearia zonatus (Penard 1904) Siemensma 1981]

Characteristics

Nucleariids (Nuclearia[2] and Micronuclearia) are usually small, up to about 50 μm in size.

References
  1. Zettler; Nerad, T.; O'Kelly, C.; Sogin, M. (May 2001). "The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 (3): 293–297. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x. PMID 11411837.
  2. Yoshida M, Nakayama T, Inouye I (January 2009). "Nuclearia thermophila sp. nov. (Nucleariidae), a new nucleariid species isolated from Yunoko Lake in Nikko (Japan)". European Journal of Protistology. 45 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2008.09.004. PMID 19157810.
  3. Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
  4. Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. (7 May 2008). Aramayo R (ed.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
  5. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E. (July 2012). "Oxnerella micra sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa". Protist. 163 (4): 574–601. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005. PMID 22317961.
  6. Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman (December 2009). "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (12): 2699–2709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. PMID 19692665.
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