Hacrobia

The cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage is a proposed monophyletic grouping[1] of unicellular eukaryotes that are not included in the SAR supergroup. Several alternative names have been used for the group, including Hacrobia (derived from "ha-" referring to Haptophyta, "-cr-" referring to cryptomonads, and "-bia" as a general suffix referring to life);[2] CCTH (standing for Cryptophyta, Centrohelida, Telonemia and Haptophyta);[3] and "Eukaryomonadae".[4]

Hacrobia
The coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Bikonta
(unranked): Chromalveolata
Subkingdom: Hacrobia
Okamoto et al., 2009
Groups
Synonyms
  • CCTH
  • Eukaryomonadae

As of February 2012, it is unclear whether this group is monophyletic or not; results of phylogenetic studies are "often dependent on the selection of taxa and gene data set".[3] Two 2012 studies produced opposite results.[3][5]

Members
Further information: Wikispecies:Hacrobia

In the past, heterokonts, haptophytes, and cryptomonads have sometimes been grouped together in a group known as chromists.[6] Though the heterokonts are now split out, Cryptophyta and Haptophyta are considered in some studies to be closely related[7][8] (and are sometimes simply referred to as the "Cryptophyta+Haptophyta" group).[9] A 2009 paper suggested that the Telonemia and centrohelids may form a clade with the cryptophytes and haptophytes.[10] The picobiliphytes may belong in this group but are too poorly known to be classified with confidence.[2]

Several recent studies have concluded that Haptophyta and Cryptophyta do not form a monophyletic group.[11] The former are a sister group to the SAR group, the latter cluster with the Archaeplastida (plants in the broad sense).[5] As of February 2012, it remains unclear whether the Hacrobia forms a monophyletic group.[3]

Another study[12] suggested the following arrangement: centrohelids are related to haptophytes and form the clade Haptista; Haptista is the sister group to SAR; Cryptista are related to Archaeplastida; and Haptista + SAR is the sister clade to Cryptista + Archaeplastida.

Phylogeny

Based on work done by Silar 2016.[13][14]

Hacrobia
 
Alveidia

Alveidea[15]

 
Haptista
Centroheliozoa

Centrohelea

 
Haptophytina
Rappemonada

Rappephyceae

 
Haptomonada
 

Pavlovophyceae

 
 

Prymnesiophyceae

 
 
 
 
 
Cryptista s.l.
Corbihelia
Endohelia

Endohelea

 
Corbistoma
 

Picomonadea

 
 

Telonemea

 
 
 
Cryptista s.s.
Palpitia

Palpitea

 
Rollomonadia
Leucocrypta

Leucocryptea

 
Cryptomonada
 

Goniomonadea

 
 

Cryptophyceae

 
 
 
 
 
 

References
  1. Sakaguchi M, Takishita K, Matsumoto T, Hashimoto T, Inagaki Y (July 2009). "Tracing back EFL gene evolution in the cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage: separate origins of EFL genes in haptophytes, photosynthetic cryptomonads, and goniomonads". Gene. 441 (1–2): 126–31. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.05.010. PMID 18585873.
  2. Okamoto, N.; Chantangsi, C.; Horák, A.; Leander, B.; Keeling, P.; Stajich, J. E. (2009). Stajich, Jason E. (ed.). "Molecular Phylogeny and Description of the Novel Katablepharid Roombia truncata gen. et sp. nov., and Establishment of the Hacrobia Taxon nov". PLoS ONE. 4 (9): e7080. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7080O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007080. PMC 2741603. PMID 19759916.
  3. Zhao, Sen; Burki, Fabien; Bråte, Jon; Keeling, Patrick J.; Klaveness, Dag; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2012). "Collodictyon—An Ancient Lineage in the Tree of Eukaryotes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (6): 1557–68. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss001. PMC 3351787. PMID 22319147.
  4. "EUKARYOMONADAE". Retrieved 2015-03-01.
  5. Burki, F.; Okamoto, N.; Pombert, J.F. & Keeling, P.J. (2012). "The evolutionary history of haptophytes and cryptophytes: phylogenomic evidence for separate origins". Proc. Biol. Sci. 279 (1736): 2246–54. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2301. PMC 3321700. PMID 22298847.
  6. Csurös M, Rogozin IB, Koonin EV (May 2008). "Extremely intron-rich genes in the alveolate ancestors inferred with a flexible maximum-likelihood approach". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (5): 903–11. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn039. PMID 18296415.
  7. Rice DW, Palmer JD (2006). "An exceptional horizontal gene transfer in plastids: gene replacement by a distant bacterial paralog and evidence that haptophyte and cryptophyte plastids are sisters". BMC Biol. 4: 31. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-4-31. PMC 1570145. PMID 16956407.
  8. Aharon Oren; R. Thane Papke (1 July 2010). Molecular Phylogeny of Microorganisms. Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-1-904455-67-7. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  9. Reeb VC, Peglar MT, Yoon HS, et al. (May 2009). "Interrelationships of chromalveolates within a broadly sampled tree of photosynthetic protists". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 53 (1): 202–11. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012. PMID 19398025.
  10. Burki, F; Inagaki, Y; Bråte, J; Archibald, J.; Keeling, P.; Cavalier-Smith, T; Sakaguchi, M; Hashimoto, T; Horak, A; Kumar, S; Klaveness, D; Jakobsen, K.S; Pawlowski, J; Shalchian-Tabrizi, K (2009). "Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic chromalveolates". Genome Biology and Evolution. 1: 231–8. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp022. PMC 2817417. PMID 20333193. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 2012-07-10.
  11. Baurain, Denis; Brinkmann, Henner; Petersen, Jörn; Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Naiara; Stechmann, Alexandra; Demoulin, Vincent; Roger, Andrew J.; Burger, Gertraud; Lang, B. Franz & Philippe, Hervé (2010), "Phylogenomic Evidence for Separate Acquisition of Plastids in Cryptophytes, Haptophytes, and Stramenopiles", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27 (7): 1698–1709, doi:10.1093/molbev/msq059, PMID 20194427
  12. Burki, F; Kaplan, M; Tikhonenkov, DV; Zlatogursky, V; Minh, BQ; Radaykina, LV; Smirnov, A; Mylnikov, AP; Keeling, PJ (2016). "Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista". Proc Biol Sci. 283 (1823): 20152802. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2802. PMC 4795036. PMID 26817772.
  13. Silar, Philippe (2016), "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", HAL Archives-ouvertes: 1–462
  14. Ruggiero; et al. (2015), "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", PLoS ONE, 10 (4): e0119248, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248, PMC 4418965, PMID 25923521
  15. Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E.; Lewis, R. (17 April 2018), "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria", Protoplasma, 255 (5): 1517–1574, doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1, PMC 6133090, PMID 29666938
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