References

AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, “Driver Licensing Policies and Practices,” undated. As of July 12, 2015:
http://lpp.seniordrivers.org/lpp/index.cfm?selection=licenserenewal1

AAA Public Affairs, “Senior Licensing Laws,” March 3, 2010.

ACTS—See Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety.

Adams, Sharyn, Lindsay Bostwick, and Rebecca Campbell, Examining Illinois Probationer Characteristics and Outcomes, Chicago, Ill.: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, September 21, 2011. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/ref/collection/edi/id/531726

Aeron-Thomas, Amy S., and Stephane Hess, “Red-Light Cameras for the Prevention of Road Traffic Crashes,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, CD003862, April 18, 2005.

Alemi, Farrokh, Faye Taxman, Victoria Doyon, Meridith Thanner, and Heibatollah Baghi, “Activity Based Costing of Probation With and Without Substance Abuse Treatment: A Case Study,” Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 51–57.

Aos, Steve, Stephanie Lee, Elizabeth Drake, Annie Pernucci, Tali Klima, Marna Miller, Laurie Anderson, Jim Mayfield, and Mason Burley, Return on Investment: Evidence-Based Options to Improve Statewide Outcomes, Technical Appendix I: Detailed Tables, Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, July 1, 2011a. As of August 12, 2014:
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———, Return on Investment: Evidence-Based Options to Improve Statewide Outcomes, Technical Appendix II: Methods and User-Manual, Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, July 1, 2011b. As of August 12, 2014:
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Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated, Title 28, Transportation, Chapter 4, Driving Under the Influence, Article 3, Driving Under the Influence, Section 1387, Prior Convictions; Alcohol or Other Drug Screening, Education and Treatment; License Suspension; Supervised Probation; Civil Liability; Procedures, 2014.

Arkansas Code Annotated, Title 5, Criminal Offenses, Subtitle 6, Offenses Against Public Health, Safety, or Welfare, Chapter 65, Driving While Intoxicated, Subchapter 1, General Provisions, Section 107, Persons Arrested to Be Tried on Charges; No Charges Reduced; Filing Citations, 2014.

Attewell, R. G., K. Glase, and M. McFadden, “Bicycle Helmet Efficacy: A Meta-Analysis,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 33, No. 3, May 2001, pp. 345–352.

Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety, 2001 Seat Belt Summit: Policy Options for Increasing Seat Belt Use in the United States in 2001 and Beyond, Arlington, Va., 2001.

Bae, Yong-Kyun, Primary Seat Belt Laws and Offsetting Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Individual Accident Data, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper 30443, 2011. As of August 12, 2014:
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Bavon, A., and C. Standerfer, “The Effect of the 1997 Texas Motorcycle Helmet Law on Motorcycle Crash Fatalities,” Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 103, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 11–17.

Beck, Kenneth H., William J. Rauch, Elizabeth A. Baker, and Allan F. Williams, “Effects of Ignition Interlock License Restrictions on Drivers with Multiple Alcohol Offenses: A Randomized Trial in Maryland,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 89, No. 11, November 1999, pp. 1696–1700.

Beck, Laurie F., and Ruth A. Shults, “Seat Belt Use in States and Territories with Primary and Secondary Laws: United States, 2006,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 40, No. 6, December 2009, pp. 469–472.

Beck, Laurie F., and B. West, “Vital Signs: Nonfatal, Motor Vehicle–Occupant Injuries (2009) and Seat Belt Use (2008) Among Adults—United States,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 59, No. 51, January 7, 2011, pp. 1681–1686. As of August 12, 2014:
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Becker, Mike, information technology manager, Driver’s License and Motor Vehicle Systems, Information Technology Division, North Dakota Department of Transportation, “ND Response to Kentucky,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, December 21, 2010.

Beirness, Douglas J., Andrew Barham Clayton, and Ward Vanlaar, An Investigation of the Usefulness, the Acceptability and Impact on Lifestyle of Alcohol Ignition Interlocks in Drink-Driving Offenders, London: Department for Transport, Road Safety Research Report 88, November 2008. As of August 12, 2014:
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Beirness, Douglas J., and Paul R. Marques, “Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programs,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2004, pp. 299–308.

Beirness, Douglas J., and Robyn D. Robertson, Alcohol Interlock Programs: Enhancing Acceptance, Participation and Compliance—Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programs, Hilton Head, South Carolina, October 27–28, 2003, Ottawa, Ont.: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, January 2005. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/Hilton_Head_Proceedings.pdf

Beirness, Douglas J., H. M. Simpson, D. R. Mayhew, and B. J. Jonah, “The Impact of Administrative License Suspension and Vehicle Impoundment for DWI in Manitoba,” in C. Mercier-Guyon, ed., Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety: T’97—Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Annecy, 21 September–26 September 1997, Vol. 3, Annecy, France: Centre d’Etudes et de Récherches en Médecine du Trafic, 1997, pp. 919–925.

BHSI—See Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute.

Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, “Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders,” last revised July 31, 2014; referenced March 24, 2014. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.helmets.org/mandator.htm

Blincoe, Lawrence J., Ted R. Miller, Eduard Zaloshnja, and Bruce A. Lawrence, The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2010, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Statistics and Analysis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 812 013, May 2014.

———, The Economic and Society Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2010 (Revised), Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 812 013, May 2015. As of July 9, 2015:
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/812013.pdf

Blincoe, Lawrence J., Angela G. Seay, Eduard Zaloshnja, Ted R. Miller, Eduardo O. Romano, Stephen Luchter, and Rebecca S. Spicer, The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2000, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 446, May 2002. As of August 12, 2014:
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS98766

Bloch, Steven A., “The Cost of Drinking and Driving: Analysis of the Cost of a First Offense Misdemeanor Drinking and Driving Conviction in California,” briefing delivered at the 2013 California Association of Drinking Driver Treatment Programs Annual Conference, May 22, 2013.

BLS—See Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Boase, Paul, Brian A. Jonah, and Nancy Dawson, “Occupant Restraint Use in Canada,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2004, pp. 223–229.

Bombardieri, Marcella, “Court Mismatch Makes OUI Justice Elusive,” Boston Globe, November 13, 2011. As of August 13, 2014:
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Bouffard, Jeffrey A., Katie A. Richardson, and Travis Franklin, “Drug Courts for DWI Offenders? The Effectiveness of Two Hybrid Drug Courts on DWI Offenders,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 38, No. 1, January–February 2010, pp. 25–33.

Bowman, J. F., and Jerry Stemler, “Sobriety Checkpoints: Doing More Checkpoints with LESS,” Police Chief, Vol. 72, No. 7, July 2005. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=638&issue_id=72005

Brixey, Suzanne N., Timothy E. Corden, Clare E. Guse, and Peter M. Layde, “Booster Seat Legislation: Does It Work for All Children?” Injury Prevention, Vol. 17, No. 4, August 2011, pp. 233–237.

Brixey, Suzanne N., Karthik Ravindran, and Clare E. Guse, “Legislating Child Restraint Usage: Its Effect on Self-Reported Child Restraint Use Rates in a Central City,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 41, No. 1, February 2010, pp. 47–52.

Brooks, Erin, Shelly Naud, and Steven Shapiro, “Are Youth-Only Motorcycle Helmet Laws Better Than None at All?” American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Vol. 31, No. 2, June 2010, pp. 125–129.

Brunson, William, and Pat Knighten, eds., Strategies for Addressing the DWI Offender: 10 Promising Sentencing Practices—A Compendium of Promising Sentencing Practices Proposed at the NHTSA National DWI Sentencing Summit at the National Judicial College, March 15–16, 2004, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 850, March 2005. As of March 24, 2014:
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/PromisingSentence/images/10Promising.pdf

Bureau of Labor Statistics, “May 2011 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates,” last modified March 27, 2012; referenced September 2011 and February 19, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.bls.gov/oes/2011/may/oessrcst.htm

Burkey, Mark L., and Kofi Obeng, A Detailed Investigation of Crash Risk Reduction Resulting from Red Light Cameras in Small Urban Areas, Greensboro, N.C.: Urban Transit Institute, July 2004.

Caldwell-Aden, Laura, Case Studies of Community-Based Self-Sufficient DWI Programs, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 300, July 2011. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811300.pdf

California Department of Motor Vehicles, “Reducing Field Office Transactions: Decision Document 75—DL Renewal On-Line and Send Renewal Notices On-Line,” Sacramento, Calif., March 3, 2004.

California Penal Code, Part 2, Of Criminal Procedure, Title 8, Of Judgment and Execution, Chapter 1, The Judgment, Section 1192.7, Limitation of Plea Bargaining, 2014.

———, Part 2, Of Criminal Procedure, Title 10, Miscellaneous Proceedings, Chapter 8, Dismissal of the Action for Want of Prosecution or Otherwise, Section 1385, Order Dismissing Action; Striking of Priors for Purposes of Sentence Enhancement, 2014.

California Performance Review, “GG12: Pay for California Drivers’ License Renewals Online,” undated; referenced October 16, 2014. As of July 12, 2015:
http://cpr.ca.gov/cpr_report/Issues_and_Recommendations/Chapter_1_General_Government/Creating_Customer_Friendly_Government/GG12.html

California Vehicle Code, Division 11.5, Sentencing for Driving While Under the Influence, Chapter 4, Procedures, Article 4, Dismissal on the Record, Section 23635, Specifications of Reasons, 2014.

Carnegie, Jon A., Kaan Ozbay, and Sandeep Mudigonda, Study of the Effects of Plea Bargaining Motor Vehicle Offenses, New Brunswick, N.J.: New Jersey Department of Transportation Bureau of Research and U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, FHWA NJ-2009-018, December 2009. As of November 5, 2011:
http://www.nj.gov/transportation/refdata/research/reports/FHWA-NJ-2009-018.pdf

Carpenter, Christopher S., and Mark F. Stehr, Intended and Unintended Effects of Youth Bicycle Helmet Laws, Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 15658, January 2010. As of March 25, 2014:
http://www.nber.org/papers/w15658

Cass County, Missouri, Cass County DWI Court Participant Manual, revised March 16, 2011. As of May 2, 2014:
http://casscounty.com/prosattny/DWI_Court_Participant_Manual.pdf

Castle, Shannon L., Rita V. Burke, Helen Arbogast, and Jeffrey S. Upperman, “Bicycle Helmet Legislation and Injury Patterns in Trauma Patients Under Age 18,” Journal of Surgical Research, Vol. 173, No. 2, April 2012, pp. 327–331.

Caulkins, Jonathan P., and Robert L. DuPont, “Is 24/7 Sobriety a Good Goal for Repeat Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Offenders?” Addiction, Vol. 105, No. 4, April 2010, pp. 575–577.

CDC—See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support, “CDC Vital Signs: Drinking and Driving in the United States,” teleconference, October 11, 2011.

———, “Winnable Battles: Motor Vehicle Injuries,” updated April 15, 2014a. As of August 14, 2014:
http://www.cdc.gov/winnablebattles/

———, “WISQARS™: Your Source for U.S. Injury Statistics,” updated July 10, 2014b; referenced February 17, 2014. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html

———, “Motor Vehicle Prioritizing Interventions and Cost Calculator for States (MV PICCS),” last updated September 18, 2014c. As of July 9, 2015:
http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/calculator/

Century Council, Hard Core Drunk Driving: A Sourcebook of Promising Strategies, Laws and Programs, Arlington, Va., 2003.

———, The National Agenda: A System to Fight Hardcore DWI, Appendix B: National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project, Arlington, Va., 2008.

Charter, Michael, Department of Motor Vehicles project specialist, Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles, “Information on Web Usage for DMV,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, December 22, 2010.

Chaudhary, Neil K., K. A. Ledingham, D. W. Eby, and L. J. Molnar, Evaluating Older Drivers’ Skills, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 773, May 2013. As of July 12, 2015:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811773.pdf

Chaudhary, Neil K., Julie Tison, and Tara Casanova, Evaluation of Maine’s Seat Belt Law Change from Secondary to Primary Enforcement, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 259, 2010. As of March 25, 2014:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811259.pdf

Chen, Greg, “Safety and Economic Impacts of Photo Radar Program,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2005, pp. 299–307.

Chen, Yuan Yan, and Tony Jianqiang Ye, “Seat Belt Use in 2009: Use Rates in the States and Territories,” Traffic Safety Facts, Washington, D.C., DOT HS 811 324, May 2010. As of August 14, 2014:
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/811324.pdf

Child Injury Prevention Tool, home page, undated; referenced October 15, 2013. As of August 14, 2014:
http://www.childinjuryprevention.org

Children’s Safety Network, “Sobriety Checkpoints Save Money and Lives,” Calverton, Md., October 2005. As of June 13, 2013:
http://www.childrenssafetynetwork.org/sites/childrenssafetynetwork.org/files/sobriety_checkpoints_injury_cost_prevention.pdf

Children’s Safety Network and Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Injury Prevention: What Works? A Summary of Cost–Outcome Analysis for Injury Prevention Programs (2012 Update), Calverton, Md., May 1, 2012. As of June 17, 2013:
http://www.childrenssafetynetwork.org/sites/childrenssafetynetwork.org/files/InjuryPreventionWhatWorks2012.pdf

Chisholm, Dan, Jurgen Rehm, Mark Van Ommeren, and Maristela Monteiro, “Reducing the Global Burden of Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Analysis,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol. 65, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 782–793.

City of Las Cruces (New Mexico), A Resolution Authorizing the City of Las Cruces, on Behalf of Its Police Department to Accept a Grant Award for a Total Amount of $134,557.00 from the New Mexico Department of Transportation, to Ratify the City Manager’s Signature on the Consolidated Project Agreement, and to Adjust the FY 2013 Budget, Resolution 13-080, December 17, 2012.

City of Menlo Park (California), Photo Red Light Enforcement Program, exclusive agreement between the City of Menlo Park, California, and Redflex Traffic Systems, 2006.

Clayton, Michael C., and Bridgett P. Helms, “Increasing Seat Belt Use on a College Campus: An Evaluation of Two Prompting Procedures,” Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Vol. 42, No. 1, Spring 2009, p. 161–164.

Coben, Jeffrey H., Claudia A. Steiner, and Ted R. Miller, “Characteristics of Motorcycle-Related Hospitalizations: Comparing States with Different Helmet Laws,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 39, No. 1, January 2007, pp. 190–196.

Cohen, Joshua T., and John D. Graham, “A Revised Economic Analysis of Restrictions on the Use of Cell Phones While Driving,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 1, February 2003, pp. 5–17.

Colorado Revised Statutes, Title 42, Vehicles and Traffic, Regulation of Vehicles and Traffic, Article 4, Regulation of Vehicles and Traffic, Part 13, Alcohol and Drug Offenses, Section 42-4-1301, Driving Under the Influence; Driving While Impaired; Driving with Excessive Alcoholic Content; Definitions; Penalties, 2013.

Connecticut General Statutes, Title 14, Motor Vehicles, Use of the Highway by Vehicles, Gasoline, Chapter 248, Vehicle Highway Use, Section 14-227a, Operation While Under the Influence of Liquor or Drug or While Having an Elevated Blood Alcohol Content, 2014.

Conner, Kristen A., Huiyun Xiang, and Gary A. Smith, “The Impact of a Standard Enforcement Safety Belt Law on Fatalities and Hospital Charges in Ohio,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 41, No. 1, February 2010, pp. 17–23.

Cooper, Douglas L., Ted Chira-Chavala, and David Gillen, Safety and Other Impacts of Vehicle Impound Enforcement, Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley, UCB-ITS-RR-2000-1, February 2000.

Council, Forrest M., Bhagwant Persaud, Kimberly Eccles, Craig Lyon, and Michael S. Griffith, Safety Evaluation of Red-Light Cameras, McLean, Va.: Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office and Office of Safety Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-HRT-05-048, April 2005. As of August 12, 2014:
http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/05048/index.htm

Croce, Martin A., Ben L. Zarzaur, Louis J. Magnotti, and Timothy C. Fabian, “Impact of Motorcycle Helmets and State Laws on Society’s Burden: A National Study,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 250, No. 3, September 2009, pp. 390–394.

Cummings, P., F. P. Rivara, C. M. Olson, and K. M. Smith, “Changes in Traffic Crash Mortality Rates Attributed to Use of Alcohol, or Lack of a Seat Belt, Air Bag, Motorcycle Helmet, or Bicycle Helmet, United States, 1982–2001,” Injury Prevention, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2006, pp. 148–154.

Cunningham, Christopher M., and Joseph E. Hummer, “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Red-Light Running Camera Enforcement in Raleigh, North Carolina,” Journal of Transportation Safety and Security, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010, pp. 312–324.

Cunningham, Christopher M., Joseph E. Hummer, and Jae-Pil Moon, An Evaluation of the Safety Effects of Speed Enforcement Cameras in Charlotte, North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.: Institute for Transportation Research and Education, North Carolina State University, 2005.

———, “Analysis of Automated Speed Enforcement Cameras in Charlotte, North Carolina,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2078, 2008, pp. 127–134. As of August 12, 2014:
http://trb.metapress.com/content/u1q051867526335j/

Decina, Lawrence E., William L. Hall, and Kathy H. Lococo, Booster Seat Law Enforcement: Examples from Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 247, February 2010. As of March 25, 2014:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811247.pdf

Decina, Lawrence E., and Kathy H. Lococo, Misuse of Child Restraints, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 671, January 2004. As of August 12, 2014:
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS107335

Decina, Lawrence E., Kathy H. Lococo, Warren Ashburn, William B. Hall, and Janelle Rose, Identifying Strategies to Improve the Effectiveness of Booster Seat Laws, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 969, 2008.

Decina, Lawrence E., Libby Thomas, Raghavan Srinivasan, and Loren Staplin, Automated Enforcement: A Compendium of Worldwide Evaluations of Results, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 763, September 2007. As of August 12, 2014:
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS97974

Delaney, Amanda, Kathy Diamantopoulou, and Max Cameron, MUARC’s Speed Enforcement Research: Principles Learnt and Implications for Practice, Clayton, Vic.: Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report 200, March 2003.

Delaney, Amanda, Heather Ward, Max Cameron, and Allan F. Williams, “Controversies and Speed Cameras: Lessons Learnt Internationally,” Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 26, No. 4, December 2005, pp. 404–415.

Dellinger, Ann M., and Marcie-Jo Kresnow, “Bicycle Helmet Use Among Children in the United States: The Effects of Legislation, Personal and Household Factors,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 41, No. 4, August 2010, pp. 375–380.

Dennis, Jessica, Beth Potter, Tim Ramsay, and Ryan Zarychanski, “The Effects of Provincial Bicycle Helmet Legislation on Helmet Use and Bicycle Ridership in Canada,” Injury Prevention, Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2010, pp. 219–224.

Dennis, Jessica, Tim Ramsay, Alexis F. Turgeon, and Ryan Zarychanski, “Helmet Legislation and Admissions to Hospital for Cycling Related Head Injuries in Canadian Provinces and Territories: Interrupted Time Series Analysis,” BMJ, Vol. 346, No. f2674, May 2013.

Derrick, Allison J., and Lee D. Faucher, “Motorcycle Helmets and Rider Safety: A Legislative Crisis,” Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2009, pp. 226–242.

Deutermann, William, Motorcycle Helmet Effectiveness Revisited, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 715, March 2004. As of August 13, 2014:
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS98140

DeYoung, David J., “An Evaluation of the Specific Deterrent Effects of Vehicle Impoundment on Suspended, Revoked, and Unlicensed Drivers in California,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 31, No. 1–2, January 1999, pp. 45–53.

———, “An Evaluation of the General Deterrent Effects of Vehicle Impoundment on Suspended and Revoked Drivers in California,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000, pp. 51–59.

DeYoung, David J., Helen N. Tashima, and Scott V. Masten, Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ignition Interlock in California: Technical Report, Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Motor Vehicles, Research and Development Section, CAL-DMV-RSS-05-217, September 2005. As of August 13, 2014:
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/about/profile/rd/r_d_report/Section%205/217_ignition_interlock_technical_report.pdf

Dinh-Zarr, Tho Bella, David A. Sleet, Ruth A. Shults, Stephanie Zaza, Randy W. Elder, James L. Nichols, Robert S. Thompson, Daniel M. Sosin, and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services, “Reviews of Evidence Regarding Interventions to Increase the Use of Safety Belts,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 21, No. 4S, 2001, pp. 48–65.

“DMV Needs More Online Services, Audit Finds,” Charleston Gazette, December 14, 2013. As of July 12, 2015:
http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201312140027

Du, Wei, Caroline F. Finch, Andrew Hayen, Lynne Bilston, Julie Brown, and Julie Hatfield, “Relative Benefits of Population-Level Interventions Targeting Restraint-Use in Child Car Passengers,” Pediatrics, Vol. 125, No. 2, February 1, 2010, pp. 304–312.

Dunlap, Barbara, “The History of the Bicycle Helmet,” web page, May 26, 2011.

Eby, David W., Lidia P. Kostyniuk, Lisa J. Molnar, Jonathon M. Vivoda, and Linda L. Miller, “The Effect of Changing from Secondary to Primary Safety Belt Enforcement on Police Harassment,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 36, No. 5, September 2004, pp. 819–828.

Eby, David W., Lidia P. Kostyniuk, Helen Spradlin, Krishnan Sudharsan, Jennifer S. Zakrajsek, and Linda L. Miller, An Evaluation of Michigan’s Repeat Alcohol Offender Laws: Executive Summary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, UMTRI-2002-23a, September 2002. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.michiganprosecutor.org/tstp/hot_topics/UMTRI_Study_%20Executive_Summary_Repeat_Offender.pdf

Ecola, Liisa, Benjamin Batorsky, and Jeanne S. Ringel, Using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Prioritize Spending on Traffic Safety, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1224-RWJ, forthcoming (a).

———, A New Tool to Help Decisionmakers Select Interventions to Reduce Traffic Crash Deaths and Injuries, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-9827-CDC, forthcoming (b).

———, How to Get the Biggest Impact from an Increase in Spending on Traffic Safety, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-9855, forthcoming (c).

———, Should Traffic Crash Interventions Be Selected Nationally or State by State? Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-9860, forthcoming (d).

Ecola, Liisa, Rebecca L. Collins, and Elisa Eiseman, Understanding and Reducing Off-Duty Vehicle Crashes Among Military Personnel, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-820-DSOC, 2010. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR820.html

Ecola, Liisa, and Jeanne S. Ringel, Which Behavioral Interventions are Most Cost-Effective in Reducing Drunk Driving? Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-9826-CDC, forthcoming.

Eisen, Lauren-Brooke, “Should Judges Know the Costs of Sentencing Options at Their Disposal?” Vera Institute of Justice, March 1, 2011. As of December 21, 2012:
http://www.vera.org/blog/missouri-should-judges-know-costs-sentencing-options

Elder, Randy W., Ruth A. Shults, David A. Sleet, James L. Nichols, Stephanie Zaza, and Robert S. Thompson, “Effectiveness of Sobriety Checkpoints for Reducing Alcohol-Involved Crashes,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2002, pp. 266–274.

Elder, Randy W., Robert Voas, Doug Beirness, Ruth A. Shults, David A. Sleet, James L. Nichols, and Richard Compton, “Effectiveness of Ignition Interlocks for Preventing Alcohol-Impaired Driving and Alcohol-Related Crashes: A Community Guide Systematic Review,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 40, No. 3, March 2011, pp. 362–76.

Elvik, Rune, “How Would Setting Policy Priorities According to Cost-Benefit Analyses Affect the Provision of Road Safety?” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 2003, pp. 557–570.

Erke, Alena, Charles Goldenbeld, and Truls Vaa, “The Effects of Drink-Driving Checkpoints on Crashes: A Meta-Analysis,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 41, No. 5, September 2009, pp. 914–923.

Farmer, Charles M., and Allan F. Williams, “Effect on Fatality Risk of Changing from Secondary to Primary Seat Belt Enforcement,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2005, pp. 189–194.

Farnsworth, Grant D., Thomas M. Brennan Jr., and Darcy M. Bullock, Recovering Full Repair Costs of INDOT Infrastructure Damaged by Motor Vehicle Crashes, West Lafayette, Ind.: Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, FHWA/IN/JTRP-2011/11, 2011. As of August 13, 2014:
http://files.library.northwestern.edu/transportation/online/unrestricted/2011/FHWA-IN-JTRP-2011-11.pdf

Farragher, Thomas, “For Drunk Drivers, a Habit of Judicial Leniency,” Boston Globe, October 30, 2011. As of August 13, 2014:
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Farrow, Scott, and Hiroshi Hayakawa, “Investing in Safety: An Analytical Precautionary Principle,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 33, No. 2, Summer 2002, pp. 165–174.

FBI—See Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Crime in the United States 2011, Washington, D.C., 2011a. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011

———, Crime in the United States 2010, Washington, D.C., September 2011b. As of September 11, 2014:
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Federal Highway Administration, “Red-Light Camera Enforcement: Implementation Guidance,” undated; referenced December 19, 2012. As of August 13, 2014:
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/redlight/cameras/ipl_guide.cfm

———, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, Washington, D.C., c. 1995. As of July 31, 2015:
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/summary95/

———, Red Light Camera Systems Operational Guidelines, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, FHWA-SA-05-002, January 2005. As of August 13, 2014:
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/redlight/cameras/fhwasa05002/fhwasa05002.pdf

———, “Highway Statistics Series: Highway Statistics 2011,” last modified November 7, 2014. As of July 12, 2015:
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2011/dl22.cfm

Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Speed Enforcement Camera Systems Operational Guidelines, Washington, D.C., DOT HS 810 916, 2008. As of August 13, 2014:
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa09028/5.htm

Fell, James C., Christine Compton, and Robert B. Voas, “A Note on the Use of Passive Alcohol Sensors During Routine Traffic Stops,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 2008, pp. 534–538.

Fell, James C., Susan A. Ferguson, Allan F. Williams, and Michele Fields, “Why Are Sobriety Checkpoints Not Widely Adopted as an Enforcement Strategy in the United States?” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 35, No. 6, November 2003, pp. 897–902.

Fell, James C., John H. Lacey, and Robert B. Voas, “Sobriety Checkpoints: Evidence of Effectiveness Is Strong, but Use Is Limited,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2004, pp. 220–227.

Fell, James C., Elizabeth A. Langston, John H. Lacey, and A. Scott Tippetts, Evaluation of Seven Publicized Enforcement Demonstration Programs to Reduce Impaired Driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 941, February 2008. As of March 25, 2014:
http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30200/30205/810941.pdf

Fell, James C., A. Scott Tippetts, and J. DeCarlo Ciccel, “An Evaluation of Three Driving-Under-the-Influence Courts in Georgia,” Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, Vol. 54, January 2010, pp. 1–13.

Fell, James C., A. Scott Tippetts, and M. Levy, “Evaluation of Seven Publicized Enforcement Demonstration Programs to Reduce Impaired Driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan,” Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, Vol. 52, October 2008, pp. 23–38.

Finigan, Michael W., Shannon M. Carey, and Anton Cox, Impact of a Mature Drug Court over 10 Years of Operation: Recidivism and Costs (Final Report), Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, April 2007. As of April 28, 2014:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/219225.pdf

FHWA—See Federal Highway Administration.

FHWA and NHTSA—See Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Florida Statutes, Title XXIII, Motor Vehicles, Chapter 316, State Uniform Traffic Control, Section 316.656, Mandatory Adjudication; Prohibition Against Accepting Plea to Lesser Included Offense, 2014.

Freedman, Mark, D. De Leonardis, G. Raisman, D. InyoSwan, A. Davis, S. Levi, I. Rogers, and E. Bergeron, Demonstration of Automated Speed Enforcement in School Zones in Portland, Oregon, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 764, February 2006. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/HS810764.pdf

Gains, Adrian, Benjamin Heydecker, John Shrewsbury, and Sandy Robertson, The National Safety Camera Programme: Three-Year Evaluation Report, London: UK Department for Transport, June 2004. As of August 13, 2014:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090104005813/http:/www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/speedmanagement/nscp/nscp/thenationalsafetycameraprogr4599

GAO—See U.S. General Accounting Office.

Garber, Nicholas J., John S. Miller, R. Elizabeth Abel, Saeed Eslambolchi, and Santhosh K. Korukonda, The Impact of Red Light Cameras (Photo-Red Enforcement) on Crashes in Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.: Virginia Transportation Research Council, VTRC 07-R2, 2007. As of March 25, 2014:
http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/07-r2.pdf

GHSA—See Governors Highway Safety Association.

Gilbert, Hope, Neil K. Chaudhary, Mark G. Solomon, David F. Preusser, and Linda Cosgrove, Evaluation of the Reinstatement of the Helmet Law in Louisiana, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 956, May 2008.

Glassbrenner, Donna, Safety Belt Use in 2005: Overall Results, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 932, August 2005. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809932.PDF

Glassbrenner, Donna, and Jianqiang Ye, Motorcycle Helmet Use in 2006: Overall Results, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 678, 2006.

Goodwin, Arthur, Robert D. Foss, James H. Hedlund, Jamie Sohn, Ronald Pfefer, Timothy R. Neuman, Kevin L. Slack, and Kelly K. Hardy, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, Vol. 16: A Guide for Reducing Alcohol-Related Collisions, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500, 2005.

Goodwin, Arthur, Bevan Kirley, Laura Sandt, William Hall, Libby Thomas, Natalie O’Brien, and Daniel Summerlin, Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide for State Highway Safety Offices, 7th ed., Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 727, April 2013. As of August 13, 2014:
http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1249637

Goslar, Pamela W., Michelle Silvers, Tiffiny Strever, Daniel Judkins, Paula Segebarth, and Cecilia Lerma, “Lessons from a Statewide Pilot of ‘The Battle of the Belts Project’ in a State Without a Primary Seat Belt Law,” Journal of Trauma, Vol. 67, No. 1, Suppl., July 2009, pp. S62–S66.

Governor’s Statewide Multi-Agency DWI Strategic Planning Team, New Mexico Multi-Agency DWI Strategic Plan, December 2003.

Governors Highway Safety Association, “Highway Safety Law Charts,” undated; referenced February 17, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.statehighwaysafety.org/html/stateinfo/laws/index.html

———, “Helmet Laws,” August 2014a; referenced March 25, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/helmet_laws.html

———, “Sobriety Checkpoint Laws,” August 2014b; referenced March 25, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/checkpoint_laws.html

———, “Speed and Red Light Camera Laws,” August 2014c; referenced March 25, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/auto_enforce.html

Grabowski, David C., Christine M. Campbell, and Michael A. Morrisey, “Elderly Licensure Laws and Motor Vehicle Fatalities,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 291, No. 23, June 16, 2004, pp. 2840–2846.

Grant, Darren, and Stephen M. Rutner, “The Effect of Bicycle Helmet Legislation on Bicycling Fatalities,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 23, No. 3, Summer 2004, pp. 595–611.

Greene, Jeffrey W., “Battling DUI: A Comparative Analysis of Checkpoints and Saturation Patrols,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. 72, No. 1, January 2003, pp. 1–6.

Griffin, JoAnn, Arizona Department of Transportation, “ServiceArizona: Online Motor Vehicle Transactions,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, January 21, 2011a.

———, “ServiceArizona: Online Motor Vehicle Transactions,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, January 25, 2011b.

Gruber, John, director of financial analysis and reconciliation, Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, “Information for Kentucky Transportation Center,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, December 29, 2010.

Gunn, Veronica L., Rhonda M. Phillippi, and William O. Cooper, “Improvement in Booster Seat Use in Tennessee,” Pediatrics, Vol. 119, No. 1, January 2007, pp. e131–e136.

Hallmark, Shauna, Massiel Orellana, Eric J. Fitzsimmons, Thomas McDonald, and David Matulac, “Red Light Running in Iowa: Automated Enforcement Program Evaluation with Bayesian Analysis,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2182, 2010, pp. 48–54.

Hamelin, Fabrice, “Renewal of Public Policy via Instrumental Innovation: Implementing Automated Speed Enforcement in France,” Governance, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 2010, pp. 509–530.

Harshfield, Ruth, director, Safe Kids Oregon, email communication with Liisa Ecola, July 22, 2013.

Hawk, Soaring, and James Lopez, Local DWI Grant Program FY 2005 Program Evaluation Final Report, Santa Fe, N.M.: New Mexico Department of Finance and Administration, Local Government Division, Local DWI Program, c. 2005. As of August 13, 2014:
http://isr.unm.edu/reports/2005/chaves-county-local-dwi-grant-program-fy-2005-program-evaluation-final-report.pdf

Hedlund, James H., S. Hope Gilbert, Katherine Ledingham, and David Preusser, How States Achieve High Seat Belt Use Rates, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 962, August 2008. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810962.PDF

Hedlund, James H., and Anne T. McCartt, Drunk Driving: Seeking Additional Solutions, Trumbull, Conn.: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, May 2002.

Henrichson, Christian, and Ruth Elizabeth Delaney, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers, New York: Vera Institute of Justice, January 10, 2012. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.vera.org/pubs/special/price-prisons-what-incarceration-costs-taxpayers

Hill, Joanne, and Caroline Starrs, Saving Lives, Saving Money: The Costs and Benefits of Achieving Safe Roads, Basingstoke, UK: Road Safety Foundation, April 2011.

House, David, Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles Public Affairs, “DMV Web Site Activity,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, December 2, 2010.

Houston, David J., “Are Helmet Laws Protecting Young Motorcyclists?” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2007, pp. 329–336.

———, “The Case for Universal Motorcycle Helmet Laws,” Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 103, No. 1, 2010, pp. 1–2.

Houston, David J., and Lilliard E. Richardson Jr., “Getting Americans to Buckle Up: The Efficacy of State Seat Belt Laws,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 37, No. 6, November 2005, pp. 1114–1120.

———, “Motorcycle Safety and the Repeal of Universal Helmet Laws,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 97, No. 11, November 2007, pp. 2063–2069.

———, “Motorcyclist Fatality Rates and Mandatory Helmet-Use Laws,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 40, No. 1, January 2008, pp. 200–208.

Houston, Marcus, Vicky Cassabaum, Susan Matzick, Theresa Rapstine, Shirley Terry, Phyllis Uribe, Jeri Harwood, and Steven Moulton, “Teen Traffic Safety Campaign: Competition Is the Key,” Journal of Trauma, Vol. 68, No. 3, March 2010, pp. 511–514.

Hu, Wen, Anne T. McCartt, and Eric R. Teoh, “Effects of Red Light Camera Enforcement on Fatal Crashes in Large U.S. Cities,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 42, No. 4, August 2011, pp. 277–282.

IIHS—See Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “Laws and Regulations,” undated; referenced February 17, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics#statelaws

———, Status Report, Special Issue: Crash Avoidance Features, Vol. 43, No. 3, April 17, 2008.

———, Communities Using Red Light and/or Speed Cameras as of August 2010, Arlington, Va., 2010a.

———, Current U.S. Motorcycle and Bicycle Helmet Laws, 2010b.

———, History of U.S. Motorcycle Laws and Changes in Coverage, Arlington, Va., 2010c.

———, Current U.S. Motorcycle and Bicycle Helmet Laws, Arlington, Va., 2011a.

———, DUI/DWI Laws, Arlington, Va., 2011b.

———, DUI/DWI Laws: State Court Decisions on the Constitutionality of Sobriety Checkpoints, Arlington, Va., 2012.

———, “Red Light Running,” March 2014a; referenced March 25, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/red-light-running/qanda#red-light-running

———, “Automated Enforcement,” August 2014b; referenced March 25, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/automated_enforcement

———, “DUI/DWI,” August 2014c; referenced March 25, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/dui

———, “Safety Belts,” September 2014d; referenced March 25, 2014. As of September 10, 2014:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/safetybeltuse?topicName=safety-belts

———, “Older Drivers,” July 2015; referenced July 12, 2015. As of July 12, 2015:
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/olderdrivers

Iowa Code, Title VIII, Transportation, Subtitle 2, Vehicles, Chapter 321J, Operating While Intoxicated, Section 321J.2, Operating While Under the Influence of Alcohol or a Drug While Having an Alcohol Concentration of .08 or More (OWI), 2013.

———, Title XVI, Criminal Law and Procedure, Subtitle 3, Criminal Corrections, Chapter 907, Deferred Judgment, Deferred or Suspended Sentence, and Probation, Section 907.3, Deferred Judgment, Deferred Sentence, or Suspended Sentence, 2013.

Jacobson, Sheldon H., Douglas M. King, Kevin C. Ryan, and Matthew J. Robbins, “Assessing the Long Term Benefit of Banning the Use of Hand-Held Wireless Devices While Driving,” Transportation Research, Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 46, No. 10, December 2012, pp. 1586–1593.

Joerger, Mark, Photo Radar Speed Enforcement in a State Highway Work Zone: Demonstration Project Yeon Avenue, Salem, Ore.: Oregon Department of Transportation, OR-RD-10-17, April 2010. As of August 13, 2014:
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Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer, “Paternalism and Its Discontents: Motorcycle Helmet Laws, Libertarian Values, and Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 97, No. 2, February 2007, pp. 208–217.

Jones, Ralph K., and John H. Lacey, State of Knowledge of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Research on Repeat DWI Offenders, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, March 2000.

Jones, Ralph K., and C. Rodriguez-Iglesias, Evaluation of Lower BAC Limits for Convicted OUI Offenders in Maine, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 827, December 2004. As of August 13, 2014:
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Jones, Ralph K., Connie H. Wiliszowski, and John H. Lacey, Examination of DWI Conviction Rate Procedures, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 808 970, 1999.

Judicial Council of California, “Uniform Bail and Penalty Schedules: Traffic, Boating, Fish and Game, Forestry, Public Utilities, Parks and Recreation, Business Licensing,” California Rule of Court 4.102, amended effective July 1, 2013. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=four&linkid=rule4_102

Kanny, Dafna, Richard A. Schieber, Vickie Pryor, and Marcie-Jo Kresnow, “Effectiveness of a State Law Mandating Use of Bicycle Helmets Among Children: An Observational Evaluation,” American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 154, No. 11, December 2001, pp. 1072–1076.

Kansas Statutes Annotated, Chapter 8, Automobiles and Other Vehicles, Article 15, Uniform Act Regulating Traffic; Rules of the Road, Serious Traffic Offenses, Section 8-1567, Driving under the Influence; Penalties, 2013.

Karkhaneh, M., J.-C. Kalenga, B. E. Hagel, and B. H. Rowe, “Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation to Increase Helmet Use: A Systematic Review,” Injury Prevention, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2006, pp. 76–82.

Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated, Title XVI, Motor Vehicles, Chapter 189A, Driving Under the Influence, Section 189A.120, Prosecutor’s Duties with Regard to Amendment of Charges; Amendment of Blood Alcohol Concentration; Record of Charges and Amendments, 2014.

Kostyniuk, Lidia P., L. J. Molnar, R. M. St. Louis, N. Zanier, and D. W. Eby, Societal Costs of Traffic Crashes and Crime in Michigan: 2011 Update, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, UMTRI-2011-21, 2011. As of August 13, 2014:
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Kyrychenko, Sergey Y., and Anne T. McCartt, “Florida’s Weakened Motorcycle Helmet Law: Effects on Death Rates in Motorcycle Crashes,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2006, pp. 55–60.

Lacey, John H., Susan A. Ferguson, Tara Kelley-Baker, and Raamses P. Rider, “Low-Manpower Checkpoints: Can They Provide Effective DUI Enforcement in Small Communities?” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2006, pp. 213–218.

Lacey, John H., Tara Kelley-Baker, Katharine Brainard, Scott Tippetts, and Maria Lyakhovich, Evaluation of the Checkpoint Strikeforce Program, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 056, November 2008.

Lahausse, Julie A., and Brian N. Fildes, “Cost–Benefit Analysis of an Alcohol Ignition Interlock for Installation in All Newly Registered Vehicles,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2009, pp. 528–537.

Landman, Adam B., Michael S. Phipps, Kimberly Jawin, Lauri Bolton, Carin M. Van Gelder, Richard Kamin, Bill Teel, and Federico E. Vaca, “Helmet Use in Connecticut Motorcycle Crashes: A State Without a Universal Helmet Law,” Connecticut Medicine, Vol. 75, No. 5, May 2011, pp. 261–268.

Langford, Jim, Rob Methorst, and Liisa Hakamies-Blomqvist, “Older Drivers Do Not Have a High Crash Risk: A Replication of Low Mileage Bias,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 38, No. 3, May 2006, pp. 574–578.

Large, John T., Barbara Orban, and Etienne E. Pracht, “Analysis Violates Principles of Sound Research and Public Health Evaluation,” American Journal of Public Health, letter to the editor, October 30, 2008.

Lawrence, Bruce A., Wendy Max, and Ted R. Miller, Costs of Injuries Resulting from Motorcycle Crashes: A Literature Review, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 809 242, November 2002. As of August 13, 2014:
http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/motorcycle_html/trd.html

Leaf, William A., and David F. Preusser, Evaluation of Minnesota’s Vehicle Plate Impoundment Law for Impaired Drivers, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2011.

Lim, Siew Hoon, and Junwook Chi, “Are Cell Phone Laws in the U.S. Effective in Reducing Fatal Crashes Involving Young Drivers?” Transport Policy, Vol. 27, May 2013, pp. 158–163.

Liu, Bette C., Rebecca Ivers, Robyn Norton, Soufiane Boufous, Stephanie Blows, and Sing Kai Lo, “Helmets for Preventing Injury in Motorcycle Riders,” Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2008.

Loftis, Matthew, Aleksander Ksiazkiewicz, and Robert M. Stein, Report on the Effects of Houston-Area Red Light Monitoring Cameras, Houston, Texas: James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, August 16, 2011. As of August 13, 2014:
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Lund, Adrian K., Sergey Y. Kyrychenko, and Richard A. Retting, “Caution: A Comment on Alena Erke’s Red Light for Red-Light Cameras? A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Red-Light Cameras on Crashes,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 41, No. 4, July 2009, pp. 895–896.

Maccubbin, Robert P., Barbara L. Staples, and Arthur E. Salwin, Automated Enforcement of Traffic Signals: A Literature Review, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, August 13, 2001.

MacDonald, John M., Andrew R. Morral, Barbara Raymond, and Christine Eibner, “The Efficacy of the Rio Hondo DUI Court: A 2-Year Field Experiment,” Evaluation Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, February 1, 2007, pp. 4–23.

Macpherson, Alison, and Anneliese Spinks, “Bicycle Helmet Legislation for the Uptake of Helmet Use and Prevention of Head Injuries,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, July 16, 2008, p. CD005401.

Madsen, Travis, and Phineas Baxandall, Caution: Red Light Cameras Ahead—The Risks of Privatizing Traffic Law Enforcement and How to Protect the Public, Baltimore, Md.: Maryland Public Interest Research Group Foundation, 2011. As of March 26, 2014:
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Malone, Kevin R., public information officer, Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles, “Information on Web Site Usage for DMV,” email to Andrew Martin, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, December 13, 2010.

“Managing Your Impound Lot and Understanding Contract Specs (Part 1 of 2),” American Towman, November 2002. As of March 24, 2014:
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Manatee County (Florida) Tax Collector, “Ignition Interlock (P Restriction),” Bradenton, Fla., last update July 15, 2014; referenced March 26, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
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Marques, Paul R., ed. Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices, Vol. II: Research, Policy and Program Status 2005, Oosterhout, the Netherlands: International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, 2005.

———, “Technology Today: Controlling DWI Offenders with Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programs,” paper presented at the Mothers Against Drunk Driving International Technology Symposium: A Nation Without Drunk Driving, Irving, Texas, November 2006.

Marques, Paul R., Scott Tippetts, John Allen, Martin Javors, Christer Alling, Michel Yegles, Fritz Pragst, and Friedrich Wurst, “Estimating Driver Risk Using Alcohol Biomarkers, Interlock Blood Alcohol Concentration Tests and Psychometric Assessments: Initial Descriptives,” Addiction, Vol. 105, No. 2, February 2010, pp. 226–239.

Marques, Paul R., and Robert B. Voas, Key Features for Ignition Interlock Programs, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 262, March 2010. As of August 13, 2014:
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Marques, Paul R., Robert B. Voas, Richard Roth, and A. Scott Tippetts, Evaluation of the New Mexico Ignition Interlock Program, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 410, November 2010. As of August 13, 2014:
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Martin, Andrew, research associate, intelligent transportation systems, Kentucky Transportation Center, “Information on Online Drivers [sic] License Renewal Costs,” email to Liisa Ecola, February 4, 2014.

Maryland Department of Transportation Motor Vehicle Administration, “Ignition Interlock Program,” undated; referenced March 18, 2014. As of August 13, 2014:
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Massachusetts Annotated Laws, Part I, Administration of the Government, Title XIV, Public Ways and Works, Chapter 90, Motor Vehicles and Aircraft, Section 24, Driving Under the Influence of Intoxicating Liquor or Controlled Substance, 2014.

Masten, Scott, “The Effects of Changing to Primary Enforcement on Daytime and Nighttime Seat Belt Use,” Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 743, March 2007. As of August 13, 2014:
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McCartt, Anne T., Joann K. Wells, and Eric R. Teoh, “Attitudes Toward In-Vehicle Advanced Alcohol Detection Technology,” Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2010, pp. 156–164.

McGee, Hugh W., and Kimberly A. Eccles, Impact of Red Light Camera Enforcement on Crash Experience: A Synthesis of Highway Practice, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis 310, 2003. As of March 26, 2014:
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McKnight, A. Scott, Derrik E. Watson, Robert B. Voas, and James C. Fell, Update of Vehicle Sanction Laws and Their Application, Vol. II: Vehicle Sanctions Status by State, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 811 028B, September 2008. As of August 13, 2014:
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