Skip directly to search Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to page options Skip directly to site content

Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015


Article Metrics

Views equals page views plus PDF downloads

Views:

Citations:

Deborah A. Adams1; Kimberly R. Thomas, MPH1; Ruth Ann Jajosky, DMD1; Loretta Foster, MPH1; Gitangali Baroi, MPH1; Pearl Sharp1; Diana H. Onweh1; Alan W. Schley1; Willie J. Anderson1; for the Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions Group (View author affiliations)

View suggested citation

Preface

The Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015 (hereafter referred to as the summary) contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphical form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States for 2015. Unless otherwise noted, data are final totals for 2015 reported as of June 30, 2016. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by U.S. state and territories, New York City, and District of Columbia health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). This summary is available at https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/MMWR_nd/index.html. This site also includes summary publications from previous years.

The Highlights section presents noteworthy epidemiologic and prevention information for 2015 for selected infectious diseases and conditions and additional information to aid in the interpretation of surveillance and infectious diseases and conditions-trend data. Part 1 contains tables showing incident (new) cases and incidence rates for the nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions reported during 2015; these tables do not include rows for conditions with zero cases reported in 2015 (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7).* The tables provide the number of cases reported to CDC for 2015 and the distribution of cases by geographic location, MMWR month (MMWR month is based upon MMWR year and week, which is described in the Interpreting Data section of this report), and demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, race, and ethnicity). Table 1 is new to the summary and displays the national incidence count and rate for each nationally notifiable disease and condition. Tables 2 and 3 reflect content format from previous summaries. Tables 4–7, which have been an integral component of the summary for decades, also include incidence rates. Part 2 contains graphs and maps that depict summary data for selected notifiable infectious diseases and conditions described in tabular form in Part 1. The following tables in previous releases are no longer included in the summary: a table with the historical reported incidence of notifiable diseases and conditions and a table enumerating deaths associated with specified notifiable infectious diseases and conditions reported to CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), which were previously included in Part 3 of the summary. Historical notifiable disease data during 1944–2014 are available online in previous years’ summaries (https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/MMWR_nd). The Selected Reading section presents general and disease-specific references for notifiable infectious diseases and conditions. These references provide additional information on surveillance and epidemiologic concerns, diagnostic concerns, and infectious disease-control activities.

Background

The infectious diseases and conditions designated by CSTE and CDC as nationally notifiable during 2015 are listed in this section. A notifiable infectious disease or condition is one for which regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease or condition. A brief history of the reporting of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States is available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/history.aspx. In 1961, CDC assumed responsibility for the collection of data on nationally notifiable diseases. Data are collected through NNDSS, which is neither a single surveillance system nor a method of reporting. Rather, it is a “system of systems,” which is coordinated by CDC at the national level across disease-specific programs to optimize data compilation, analysis, and dissemination of notifiable disease data. Monitoring surveillance data enables public health authorities to detect sudden changes in disease or condition occurrence and distribution, identify changes in agents and host factors, and detect changes in health care practices. National-level surveillance data are compiled from case notification reports of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions submitted from the state, territory, and selected local health departments to CDC.

Cases are first identified through reports of infectious diseases and conditions from the local level to the state or territory. Legislation, regulation, or other rules in those jurisdictions require health care providers, hospitals, laboratories, and others to provide information on reportable conditions to public health authorities or their agents. Case reporting at the local level protects the public’s health by ensuring the proper identification and follow-up of cases. Public health workers ensure that persons who are already ill receive appropriate treatment; trace contacts who need vaccines, treatment, quarantine, or education; investigate and control outbreaks; eliminate environmental hazards; and close premises where disease transmission is believed to be ongoing.

Although infectious disease and condition reporting is mandated at the state, territory, and local levels by legislation or regulation, state and territory notification to CDC is voluntary. All U.S. state health departments, five territorial health departments, and two local health departments (New York City and District of Columbia) voluntarily notify CDC about nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions that are reportable in their jurisdictions; the data in the case notifications that CDC receives are collected by staff working on reportable disease and condition surveillance systems in local, state, and territorial health departments. Case notification of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions helps public health authorities monitor the effect of these diseases and conditions, measure the disease and condition trends, assess the effectiveness of control and prevention measures, identify populations or geographic areas at high risk, allocate resources appropriately, formulate prevention strategies, and develop public health policies.

The list of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions is revised periodically (Box 1). An infectious disease or condition might be added to the list as a new pathogen emerges, or a disease or condition might be removed as its incidence declines. Public health officials at state and territorial health departments collaborate with CDC staff in determining which infectious diseases and conditions should be considered nationally notifiable. CSTE, with input from CDC, makes recommendations annually for additions and deletions to the list. The list of infectious diseases and conditions considered reportable in each jurisdiction varies over time and across jurisdictions. Current and historical national public health surveillance case definitions used for classifying and enumerating cases consistently at the national level across reporting jurisdictions are available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions.

Data Sources

Provisional data on the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions are published weekly in MMWR. After each reporting year, staff in state and territorial health departments finalize reports of cases for that year with local or county health departments and reconcile the data with reports previously sent to CDC throughout the year.

These data are compiled in final form in this summary, which represents the official and archival counts of cases for each year. The data in these reports are approved by the appropriate chief epidemiologist from each submitting state or territory before being published in this summary. Data published in MMWR Surveillance Summaries or other surveillance reports produced by CDC programs might differ from data reported in this summary because of differences in the timing of reports, the source of the data, or surveillance methodology.

Data in this summary were derived primarily from reports transmitted to CDC from health departments in the 50 states, five territories, New York City, and the District of Columbia (reporting jurisdictions). Data were reported for MMWR weeks 1–52, which correspond to the period for the week ending January 10, 2015 through the week ending January 2, 2016. Information about how MMWR weeks are defined by jurisdictions is presented in the Interpreting Data section of this report. More information regarding notifiable infectious diseases and conditions, including national surveillance case definitions, is available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions. Policies for reporting notifiable infectious disease and condition cases can vary by disease, condition, or reporting jurisdiction. The case-status categories used to determine which cases reported to NNDSS are published in the tables are listed by infectious disease or condition in the publication criteria column of the 2015 NNDSS event code list (Box 2).

For a report of a nationally notifiable disease or condition to be published in MMWR (formerly described as “print criteria” and currently described as “publication criteria”), the reporting state or territory must have designated the infectious disease or condition reportable in their state or territory for the year corresponding to the year of report to CDC. After this criterion is met, the infectious disease- or condition-specific criteria listed in Box 2 are applied. When “all reports” is listed for the publication criteria, this means that cases designated with unknown or suspect case confirmation status will be included in the counts along with probable and confirmed cases. Data for new nationally notifiable infectious diseases or conditions are not usually available from reporting jurisdictions until January of the year following the approval of the CSTE position statement. In addition, CDC must have Office of Management and Budget Paperwork Reduction Act approval to request data from reporting jurisdictions (1). As a result, there is usually a delay between the time that CSTE recommends a condition be made nationally notifiable and the time CDC can aggregate the data submitted by reporting jurisdictions.

Final data for certain infectious diseases and conditions are derived from the surveillance records of the CDC program. Requests for further information regarding these data should be directed to the appropriate program. The CDC programs responsible for finalizing the data used for the final MMWR tables for each condition are listed (Box 2).

Population estimates were obtained from the NCHS postcensal estimates of the resident population of the United States during July 1, 2015–July 1, 2016, by year, county, single year of age (range: 0 to ≥85 years), bridged-race (white, black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, or Pacific Islander), Hispanic ethnicity (not Hispanic or Latino, Hispanic or Latino), and sex (Vintage 2015), prepared under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census Bureau. Population estimates for states as of June 28, 2016 are available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race/data_documentation.htm. Population estimates for territories are from the 2015 U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base and are available at https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php. The choice of population denominators for incidence reported in MMWR is based on the availability of census population data at the time of publication preparation and the desire for consistent use of the same population data to compute incidence reported by different CDC programs.

Incidence in this summary was calculated as the number of reported cases for each infectious disease or condition divided by either the U.S. resident population for the specified demographic population or the total U.S. resident population, multiplied by 100,000. For territories, incidence in this summary was calculated as the number of reported cases for each infectious disease or condition divided by either the territorial resident population for the specified demographic population or the total territorial resident population, multiplied by 100,000. When a nationally notifiable infectious disease or condition was associated with a specific restriction (e.g., age, sex, race, or ethnicity), the same restriction was applied to the population in the denominator of the incidence calculation. In addition, population data from states in which the disease or condition was not reportable or was not available are excluded from incidence calculations. Unless otherwise stated, disease totals for the United States do not include data for American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Interpreting Data

The completeness of information on notifiable infectious diseases and conditions was highly variable and related to the disease or condition being reported (29). Incidence data in this summary are presented by the MMWR week and year (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/document/MMWR_Week_overview.pdf) assigned by the state or territorial health department, with some exceptions, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (presented by date of diagnosis), tuberculosis (presented by date that the reporting jurisdiction verified that the case met the criteria in the national surveillance case definition), domestic arboviral diseases (presented by date of illness onset), and varicella deaths (presented by date of death). The calendar days corresponding to MMWR weeks for MMWR year 2015 are available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/document/w2014-15.pdf. MMWR month is derived from MMWR weeks. Data were reported by the jurisdiction of the person’s “usual residence” at the time of disease or condition onset (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/document/11-SI-04.pdf). For certain nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions, surveillance data are reported independently to various CDC programs. For this reason, surveillance data reported by other CDC programs might vary from data reported in this summary because of differences in 1) the date used to aggregate data (e.g., date of report or date of disease or condition occurrence), 2) the timing of reports, 3) the source of the data, 4) surveillance case definitions, and 5) policies regarding case jurisdiction (i.e., which jurisdiction should submit the case notification to CDC). In addition, the “date of disease occurrence” of conditions might vary. For infectious diseases, the meaning of the “date of disease occurrence” varies across jurisdictions and by disease and might be a date of symptom or disease onset, diagnosis, laboratory result, reporting of a case to a jurisdiction, or notification of a case to CDC.

Data reported in this summary are useful for analyzing infectious disease or condition trends and determining relative infectious disease or condition numbers. However, reporting practices affect how these data should be interpreted. Infectious disease and condition reporting is likely incomplete, and completeness might vary depending on the infectious disease or condition and reporting state. The degree of completeness of data reporting also might be influenced by the diagnostic facilities available, control measures in effect, public awareness of a specific infectious disease or condition, and the resources and priorities of state and local officials responsible for public health surveillance and for controlling infectious diseases and conditions. Finally, factors such as changes in methods for public health surveillance, introduction of new diagnostic tests, or discovery of new infectious disease or condition entities can cause changes in reporting that are independent of the actual incidence of infectious disease or condition.

Public health surveillance data are published for selected racial and ethnic populations because these characteristics can be risk markers for certain notifiable infectious diseases or conditions. Race and ethnicity data also can be used to highlight populations for focused prevention programs. However, caution must be used when drawing conclusions from reported race and ethnicity. Different racial and ethnic populations might have different patterns of access to health care, potentially resulting in data that are not representative of actual infectious disease or condition incidence among specific population groups. In addition, not all race and ethnicity data are collected or reported uniformly for all infectious diseases and conditions; for example, the recommended standard for classifying a person’s race or ethnicity is based on self-report. However, this procedure might not always be followed.

Surveillance data reported to NNDSS are in either individual case-specific form or summary form (i.e., aggregated data for a group of cases). Summary data often lack demographic information (e.g., race); therefore, the demographic-specific rates presented in this summary might be underestimated.

Transitions in NNDSS Data Collection

Data collection in NNDSS has undergone various transitions over time. Before 1990, data were reported to CDC as cumulative counts rather than as individual case reports. In 1990, using the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (or NETSS), states began electronically capturing and reporting individual cases to CDC without personal identifiers. In 2001, CDC launched the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) to promote the use of data and information system standards that advance the development of efficient, integrated, and interoperable surveillance information systems at the local, state, territorial, and national levels. Reporting jurisdictions now use integrated surveillance information systems based on NEDSS architectural standards to submit NNDSS data to CDC. Additional information concerning NEDSS is available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/nedss.aspx.

In 2013, CDC began to conceptualize improvements to strengthen and modernize the technical infrastructure supporting NNDSS. In 2014, CDC and selected states began work on the NNDSS Modernization Initiative (NMI), a multiyear commitment to enhance NNDSS surveillance capabilities. An important benefit for public health decision making will be the ability to acquire higher quality data that are more comprehensive and timely. Through NMI, CDC and its state partners will increase the robustness of the NNDSS technological infrastructure so that it is based on interoperable, standardized data and data exchange mechanisms. Additional information is available at https://www.cdc.gov/nmi.

Method for Identifying Which Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions are Reportable

Reportable conditions are determined by the laws and regulations of each state, territory, or local jurisdiction. Some infectious diseases and conditions deemed nationally notifiable by CSTE might not be designated as reportable in certain states or jurisdictions. Only data from reporting states, territories, and jurisdictions that designated the infectious disease or condition as reportable are included in the summary tables. This ensures that the data displayed in this summary are from population-based surveillance efforts and are generally comparable across states, territories, and other jurisdictions. When a CSTE- and CDC-recommended nationally notifiable disease or condition is not reportable by state, territory, or other jurisdiction, an “N” indicator for “not reportable” is inserted in the table or map for the specified reporting state, territory, or jurisdiction and applicable year. Each year, the NNDSS Data Processing Team solicits information from each NNDSS reporting state, territory, and jurisdiction (all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, New York City, and five U.S. territories) about whether reporting is mandated by law or regulation for each nationally notifiable condition.

International Health Regulations

At its annual meeting in June 2007, CSTE approved a position statement that supports implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR) in the United States (10). CSTE approval followed the adoption of revised IHR in May 2005 by the World Health Assembly (11) that went into effect in the United States on July 18, 2007. This international legal instrument governs the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and its member countries, including the United States, in identifying, responding to, and sharing information about events that might constitute a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). A PHEIC is an extraordinary event that constitutes a public health risk to other countries through international spread of disease and potentially requires a coordinated international response. All WHO member countries are required to notify WHO of a potential PHEIC. WHO makes the final determination about the existence of a PHEIC.

Health care providers in the United States are required to report diseases, conditions, and outbreaks determined to be reportable by local, state, or territorial law or regulation. In addition, all health care providers should work with their local, state, or territorial health agencies to identify and report events occurring in their location that might constitute a PHEIC. U.S. state and territorial departments of health report information about a potential PHEIC to the most relevant federal agency responsible for monitoring such an event. In the case of human diseases, the U.S. state or territorial departments of health notifies CDC through existing formal and informal reporting mechanisms (10). CDC further analyzes the event by use of the decision algorithm in Annex 2 of the IHR and notifies the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Secretary’s Operations Center (SOC), as appropriate. The DHHS SOC is responsible for reporting a potential PHEIC to WHO.

In the United States, DHHS has the lead role in carrying out IHR, in cooperation with multiple federal departments and agencies. When a potential PHEIC is identified, the United States has 48 hours to assess the risk for the reported event. If authorities determine that a potential PHEIC exists, the United States, as with all WHO member countries, has 24 hours to report the event to WHO.

An IHR decision algorithm (Annex 2 of the IHR) was developed to help countries determine whether an event should be reported. If any two of the following four questions are answered in the affirmative, then a potential PHEIC exists and WHO should be notified:

  • Is the public health impact of the event serious?

  • Is the event unusual or unexpected?

  • Is there a significant risk for international spread?

  • Is there a significant risk for international travel or trade restrictions?

The revised IHR reflects a conceptual shift from the use of a predefined disease list to a framework of reporting and responding to events on the basis of an assessment of public health criteria, including seriousness, unexpectedness, and international travel and trade implications. A PHEIC is an event that falls within those criteria (further defined in a decision algorithm in Annex 2 of the revised IHR); however, any one of the following four conditions always constitutes a PHEIC and do not require the use of the IHR decision instrument in Annex 2:

  • severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),

  • smallpox,

  • poliomyelitis caused by wild-type poliovirus, and

  • human influenza caused by a new subtype.

Examples of events that require the use of the decision instrument include, but are not limited, to cholera, pneumonic plague, yellow fever, West Nile fever, viral hemorrhagic fevers, and meningococcal disease. Other biologic, chemical, or radiologic events that fit the decision algorithm also must be reported to WHO.

Additional information about IHR is available at https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en, https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ihregulations.htm, and https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/ghs/ihr/index.html. CSTE also approved a position statement that added initial detections of novel influenza A virus infections to the list of nationally notifiable infectious diseases, beginning in January 2007 to, in part, support the implementation of the revised IHR in the United States to identify human influenza caused by a new subtype (12).

Future Plans for Publication of Data on Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions

To improve the usability, availability, quality, and timeliness of surveillance data (13), as part of the CDC Surveillance Strategy, CDC will provide users a convenient way to access notifiable infectious disease data through the National NNDSS website beginning in November 2017.

CDC has redesigned the data and statistics section of the NNDSS website to be a one-stop-shop for users to find both detailed information about the notifiable infectious disease data and the data tables themselves. Although these data will no longer be published in their current format as the MMWR Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions, users may easily access the information on the NNDSS website. To ease the transition, MMWR also will link users from its website to the new location on the NNDSS website.

Beginning with 2016 data, expected to be published in November 2017, the introductory information in the front of the MMWR Summary report (from the Preface to the Revised International Health Regulations) will be available on the NNDSS Data and Statistics page at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/data-and-statistics.html. In addition, the redesigned page will provide links to Tables 1–7 available in HTML, text, and PDF formats and hosted on the CDC Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) platform.

Consolidating the notifiable infectious disease data on the NNDSS website is part of the NNDSS Modernization Initiative (NMI) strategy to streamline NNDSS and access to data for users; NMI is a component of the CDC Surveillance Strategy. This consolidation of information also is in response to the recommendations of a CDC-wide workgroup comprising representatives from the CDC Excellence in Science Committee, the Surveillance Science Advisory Group, and MMWR for CDC to make more data available online and to allow MMWR to focus on publishing scientific and actionable surveillance reports and not routine data tables.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge all the local, state, and territorial health departments in the United States for collecting the data included in this report from a range of case ascertainment sources (e.g., health care providers, hospitals, and laboratories) and for reporting these data to CDC.

Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions Group

Elizabeth Adam, MPH; Aileen Artus, MPH; Kelly Barrett, MPH; Albert E. Barskey, MPH; Kaitlin Benedict, MPH; David D. Blaney, MD; Jesse Blanton, MPH; William A. Bower, MD; Jim Braxton; Elizabeth C. Briere, MD; Erin K. Burdette, MPH; Shannon Casillas, MPH; Kevin Chatham-Stephens, MD; Cara Cherry, DVM; Tom M. Chiller, MD; Nakia Clemmons, MPH; Amanda Conrad, MPH; Kasey E. Diebold, MS; Naomi Drexler, MPH; Seth Edmunds, MPH; Amanda E. Faulkner, MPH; Marc Fisher, MD; Kathleen E. Fullerton, MPH; Paul Gastañaduy, MD; Elizabeth B. Gray, MPH; Rebecca Hall, MPH; Alesia Harvey; Katherine A. Hendricks, MD; Barbara L. Herwaldt, MD; Alex R. Hoffmaster, PhD; Michael J. Hughes, MPH; Jennifer C. Hunter, DrPH; Jacqueline Hurd, MPH; Michele Hvlasa, MPH; Shareen A. Iqbal, PhD; Brendan R. Jackson, MD; Jeffrey Jones, MD; Michael C. Judd, MPH; Matt Karwowski, MD; Grishma Kharod, MPH; Kristen Kreisel, PhD; Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD; Adam J. Langer, DVM; Adia Lee, MSPH; Jennifer Lehman; Nicole Lindsey, MS; Lindy Liu, MPH; Adriana S. Lopez, MHS; Jessica R. MacNeil, MPH; Lilia P. Manangan, MPH; Mona Marin, MD; Orion McCotter, MPH; Daeshonna McNealy, MPH; Paul S. Mead, MD; Maria Negron, DVM; Kristen Nichols Heitman, MPH; Manisha Patel, MD; Emily G. Pieracci, DVM; Robert H. Pratt; Rodney Presley, PhD; Susan Redd; Janell Routh, MD; Anna Satcher Johnson, MPH; Ilana J. Schafer, DVM; Amy M. Schwartz, MPH; Tyler M. Sharp, PhD; Tami H. Skoff, MS; Erin Staples, MD; Tejpratap S. P. Tiwari, MD; Elizabeth Torrone, PhD; Rita M. Traxler, MHS; Antonio R. Vieira, DVM; Ryan M. Wallace, DVM; Karen K. Wong, MD; Jonathan S. Yoder, MPH, CDC.

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito hemorrhagic fever; Junin hemorrhagic fever; Lujo virus; Machupo hemorrhagic fever; Marburg fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV); smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.

References

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Information Collection and Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) overview. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2015. https://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/guidance/pra-overview.html
  2. Doyle TJ, Glynn MK, Groseclose SL. Completeness of notifiable infectious disease reporting in the United States: an analytical literature review. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:866–74. CrossRef PubMed
  3. CDC. Assessing completeness of perinatal hepatitis B virus infection reporting through comparison of immunization program and surveillance data—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:410–3. PubMed
  4. CDC. Evaluation of acute hepatitis C infection surveillance—United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1407–10. PubMed
  5. Hwang J, McClintock S, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, Arguin P. Comparison of national malaria surveillance system with the national notifiable diseases surveillance system in the United States. J Public Health Manag Pract 2009;15:345–51. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Painter JE, Hlavsa MC, Collier SA, Xiao L, Yoder JS. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Suppl 2015;64(No. SS-3):1–14. PubMed
  7. Painter JE, Gargano JW, Collier SA, Yoder JS. Giardiasis surveillance—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Suppl 2015;64(No SS-3):15–25. PubMed
  8. Wilson NO, Hall RL, Montgomery SP, Jones JL. Trichinellosis surveillance—United States, 2008–2012. MMWR Surveill Summ 2015;64(No. SS-1):1–8. PubMed
  9. CDC. Babesiosis surveillance—18 states, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:505–9. PubMed
  10. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. Position statement 07-ID-06. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 2006. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/07-ID-06.pdf
  11. World Health Organization. International Health Regulations, 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43883/1/9789241580410_eng.pdf
  12. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. CSTE position statement. National reporting for initial detections of novel influenza A viruses. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 2007. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/07-ID-01.pdf
  13. Richards CL, Iademarco MF, Anderson TC. A new strategy for public health surveillance at CDC: improving national surveillance activities and outcomes. Public Health Rep 2014;129:472–6.

Corresponding author: Kimberly Thomas, Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, CDC. Telephone: 404-639-2290; E-mail: kit9@cdc.gov.

1Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC

Return to your place in the textBOX 1. Infectious diseases and conditions designated by CSTE and CDC as nationally notifiable during 2015*

Anthrax

Arboviral diseases, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive

   California serogroup virus diseases

   Chikungunya virus disease

   Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease

   Powassan virus disease

   St. Louis encephalitis virus disease

   West Nile virus disease

   Western equine encephalitis virus disease

Babesiosis

Botulism

   Foodborne

   Infant

   Wound

   Other

Brucellosis

Campylobacteriosis

Chancroid

Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Cholera (toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139)

Coccidioidomycosis

Cryptosporidiosis

Cyclosporiasis

Dengue virus infections

   Dengue

   Dengue-like illness

   Severe dengue

Diphtheria

Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis

   Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection

   Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection

   Ehrlichia ewingii infection

   Undetermined human ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis

Giardiasis

Gonorrhea

Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease

Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)

Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome, postdiarrheal

Hepatitis viral infections

   Hepatitis A, acute

   Hepatitis B, acute

   Hepatitis B, chronic

   Hepatitis B, perinatal infection

   Hepatitis C, acute

   Hepatitis C, past or present

HIV diagnoses§

Influenza-associated pediatric mortality

Invasive pneumococcal disease (Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease)

Legionellosis

Leptospirosis

Listeriosis

Lyme disease

Malaria

Measles

Meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis)

Mumps

Novel influenza A virus infections

Pertussis

Plague

Poliomyelitis, paralytic

Poliovirus infection, nonparalytic

Psittacosis

Q fever

   Acute

   Chronic

Rabies

   Human

   Animal

Rubella

Rubella, congenital syndrome

Salmonellosis

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV)

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

Shigellosis

Smallpox

Spotted fever rickettsiosis

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Syphilis

   Syphilis, congenital

   Syphilitic stillbirth

Tetanus

Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal)

Trichinellosis

Tuberculosis

Tularemia

Typhoid fever (caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi)

Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) infection

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection

Varicella (morbidity)

Varicella (mortality)

Vibriosis (any species of the family Vibrionaceae, other than toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139)

Viral hemorrhagic fever**

   Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

   Ebola virus

   Lassa virus

   Lujo virus

   Marburg virus

   New World arenavirus – Guanarito virus

   New World arenavirus – Junin virus

   New World arenavirus – Machupo virus

   New World arenavirus – Sabia virus

Yellow fever

* This list reflects position statements approved in 2014 by CSTE for national surveillance, which were implemented in January 2015. National surveillance case definitions for these infectious diseases and conditions are available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions.

Campylobacteriosis, Chikungunya virus disease (neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive), and Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome were added to the notifiable disease list in 2015. For the other specified conditions, the year 2015 reflects a modified surveillance case definition for the specified diseases, as per approved 2014 CSTE position statements.

§ AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) has been reclassified as HIV stage III.

Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, latent (including early latent and late latent), and late syphilis with clinical manifestations (including late benign syphilis and cardiovascular syphilis).

**As of January 1, 2015, the event code for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) was retired and new event codes were used to report disease-specific VHF cases.

Return to your place in the textBOX 2. Publication criteria and CDC program responsible for finalizing the data with reporting jurisdictions for notifiable conditions reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, 2015
Code Notifiable condition Publication criteria*,†,§ CDC organization responsible for finalizing the data
11090 Anaplasma phagocytophilum Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10350 Anthrax Confirmed and probable OPHSS
12010 Babesiosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10530 Botulism, foodborne Confirmed OPHSS
10540 Botulism, infant Confirmed OPHSS
10550 Botulism, other (includes wound) Confirmed OPHSS
10548 Botulism, other (unspecified) Confirmed OPHSS
10549 Botulism, wound Confirmed OPHSS
10020 Brucellosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10054 California serogroup virus diseases, neuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10061 California serogroup virus diseases, nonneuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
11020 Campylobacteriosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10273 Chancroid All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10073 Chikungunya virus disease Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10274 Chlamydia trachomatis infection All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10470 Cholera (toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139) Confirmed OPHSS
11900 Coccidioidomycosis Confirmed OPHSS
11640 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Confirmed OPHSS
11580 Cryptosporidiosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11575 Cyclosporiasis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10680 Dengue Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
11705 Dengue, severe Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
11704 Dengue-like illness Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10040 Diphtheria Confirmed, probable, and unknown OPHSS
10053 Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10062 Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID;DVBD
11630 Ebola hemorrhagic fever Confirmed OPHSS
11088 Ehrlichia chaffeensis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11089 Ehrlichia ewingii Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11091 Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis, undetermined Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11570 Giardiasis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10280 Gonorrhea All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
11648 Guanarito hemorrhagic fever Confirmed OPHSS
10590 Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease Confirmed, probable, and unknown OPHSS
10380 Hansen’s disease (Leprosy) Confirmed OPHSS
11610 Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Confirmed OPHSS
11590 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Confirmed OPHSS
11550 Hemolytic uremic syndrome, postdiarrheal (HUS) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10110 Hepatitis A, acute Confirmed NCHHSTP; DVH
10100 Hepatitis B, acute Confirmed NCHHSTP; DVH
10105 Hepatitis B, chronic Confirmed NCHHSTP; DVH
10104 Hepatitis B perinatal infection Confirmed NCHHSTP; DVH
10101 Hepatitis C, acute Confirmed NCHHSTP; DVH
10106 Hepatitis C, past or present Confirmed NCHHSTP; DVH
HIV diagnoses Confirmed NCHHSTP; DHAP
11061 Influenza-associated pediatric mortality Confirmed NCIRD; ID
10078 Jamestown Canyon virus, neuroinvasive disease Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10079 Jamestown Canyon virus, nonneuroinvasive disease Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
11638 Junin hemorrhagic fever Confirmed OPHSS
10081 La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10082 La Crosse virus nonneuroinvasive disease Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
11632 Lassa fever Confirmed OPHSS
10490 Legionellosis Confirmed OPHSS
10390 Leptospirosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10640 Listeriosis Confirmed OPHSS
11644 Lujo virus Confirmed OPHSS
11080 Lyme disease Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11637 Machupo hemorrhagic fever Confirmed OPHSS
10130 Malaria Confirmed OPHSS
11631 Marburg fever Confirmed OPHSS
10140 Measles (rubeola), total Confirmed and unknown OPHSS
10150 Meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10180 Mumps Confirmed, probable, and unknown OPHSS
11062 Novel influenza A virus infections, initial detections of Confirmed NCIRD; ID
10190 Pertussis (whooping cough) Confirmed, probable, and unknown OPHSS
10440 Plague All reports OPHSS
10410 Poliomyelitis, paralytic Confirmed OPHSS
10405 Poliovirus infection, nonparalytic Confirmed OPHSS
10057 Powassan virus disease, neuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10063 Powassan virus disease, nonneuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10450 Psittacosis (Ornithosis) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10257 Q fever, acute Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10258 Q fever, chronic Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10340 Rabies, animal Confirmed NCEZID; DHCPP
10460 Rabies, human Confirmed NCEZID; DHCPP
10200 Rubella Confirmed and unknown OPHSS
10370 Rubella, congenital syndrome (CRS) Confirmed, probable, and unknown OPHSS
11639 Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever Confirmed OPHSS
11000 Salmonellosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10575 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) disease Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11563 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11010 Shigellosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11800 Smallpox Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10250 Spotted fever rickettsiosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10051 St. Louis encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10064 St. Louis encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
11700 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11723 Invasive pneumococcal disease (Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease) (all ages) Confirmed OPHSS
10316 Syphilis, congenital All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10313 Syphilis, early latent All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10314 Syphilis, late latent All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10319 Syphilis, late with clinical manifestations (including late benign syphilis and cardiovascular syphilis) All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10311 Syphilis, primary All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10312 Syphilis, secondary All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10310 Syphilis, total primary and secondary All reports NCHHSTP; DSTDP
10210 Tetanus All reports OPHSS
10520 Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) (TSS) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10270 Trichinellosis Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10220 Tuberculosis Confirmed NCHHSTP; DTE
10230 Tularemia Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10240 Typhoid fever (caused by Salmonella typhi) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
11663 Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) Confirmed OPHSS
11665 Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) Confirmed OPHSS
10030 Varicella morbidity (chickenpox) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
Varicella mortality Confirmed and probable NCIRD; DVD
11545 Vibriosis (any species of the family Vibrionaceae, other than toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139) Confirmed and probable OPHSS
10056 West Nile virus disease, neuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10049 West Nile virus disease, nonneuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10052 Western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10065 Western equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD
10660 Yellow fever Confirmed and probable NCEZID; DVBD

Abbreviations: OPHSS = Office of Public Health Scientific Services; NCEZID = National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases; DVBD = Division of Vector-Borne Diseases; NCHHSTP = National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention; DSTDP = Division of STD Prevention; DHCPP = Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology; DVH = Division of Viral Hepatitis; DHAP = Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention; NCIRD = National Center for Infectious and Respiratory Diseases; ID = Influenza Division; DTE = Division of Tuberculosis Elimination; DVD = Division of Viral Diseases.
* An unknown case classification status is used when a reporting jurisdiction sends aggregate counts of cases or when the surveillance information system of a reporting jurisdiction does not capture case classification data. In both situations, cases are verified to meet the case classification (e.g., confirmed, probable, and suspected) specified in the publication criteria.
Publication criteria for the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS): for a case report of a nationally notifiable disease to be published in MMWR, the reporting state or territory must have designated the disease reportable in their state or territory for the year corresponding to the year of report to CDC. After this criterion is met, the disease-specific criteria listed in Box 2 are applied. When the above-listed table indicates that all reports will be earmarked for publication, this means that cases designated with unknown or suspect case confirmation status will be published just as probable and confirmed cases will be published. Because CSTE position statements customarily are not finalized until July of each year, NNDSS data for the newly added conditions usually are not available from all reporting jurisdictions until January of the year following the approval of the CSTE position statement.
§ Based on case classification status.
Publication criteria determined by reporting jurisdictions.

Highlights for 2015

Anthrax

The CDC Select Agent Program has designated Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis as a Tier 1 select agent (1). This organism has been isolated from nonhuman primates and livestock that died of an infection clinically compatible with anthrax in Central and West Africa, but has not yet been found to infect humans (2,3). The B. cereus biovar anthracis strains are similar to Bacillus anthracis in that they harbor B. anthracis virulence plasmids and are nonhemolytic. Unlike B. anthracis, however, most of the B. cereus biovar anthracis strains are motile and all are gamma-phage-resistant. The CDC Zoonoses and Select Agent Laboratory will accept specimens for molecular testing when B. cereus biovar anthracis is suspected.

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins—addition of bacillus cereus Biovar anthracis to the HHS list of select agents and toxins: interim final rule and request for comments. Fed Regist 2016;81:63138–43. PubMed
  2. Antonation KS, Grützmacher K, Dupke S, et al. Bacillus cereus Biovar anthracis causing anthrax in sub-Saharan Africa—chromosomal monophyly and broad geographic distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0004923. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Klee SR, Brzuszkiewicz EB, Nattermann H, et al. The genome of a Bacillus isolate causing anthrax in chimpanzees combines chromosomal properties of B. cereus with B. anthracis virulence plasmids. PLoS One 2010;5:e10986. CrossRef PubMed

Arboviral Disease, Neuroinvasive and Nonneuroinvasive

In 2015, a total of 2,175 West Nile virus (WNV) disease cases were reported, including 1,455 cases of neuroinvasive disease (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis) and 146 deaths (1). WNV disease cases were reported from 43 states and the District of Columbia. Over half (61%) of all WNV neuroinvasive disease cases were reported from California (N = 585) and Texas (N = 196). The incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease was 0.45 cases per 100,000 population and was similar to the median incidence during 2002–2014 (median: 0.41; range: 0.13–1.02).

After WNV, the next most commonly reported causes of domestically acquired arboviral diseases were La Crosse virus, followed by St. Louis encephalitis virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, Powassan virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis virus. All cases of St. Louis encephalitis (N = 23) were reported from Arizona, which experienced a concurrent outbreak of WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus disease (2). Jamestown Canyon virus disease cases continue to be reported from new locations (e.g., Iowa, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wyoming) following the implementation of routine Jamestown Canyon virus antibody testing at CDC in 2013 (3). Although rare, Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease remained the most severe arboviral disease, with four deaths among six patients.

A total of 896 chikungunya virus disease cases were reported from U.S. states, including one locally transmitted case from Texas (4). All other cases occurred in travelers returning from affected areas. A total of 237 chikungunya virus disease cases were reported from U.S. territories. Of these, 227 were locally transmitted cases reported from Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The remaining 10 cases occurred in travelers returning from other affected areas.

  1. Krow-Lucal E, Lindsey NP, Lehman J, Fischer M, Staples JE. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:51–5. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Venkat H, Krow-Lucal E, Hennessey M, et al. Notes from the field: concurrent outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus disease—Arizona, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1349–50. PubMed
  3. Pastula DM, Hoang Johnson DK, White JL, Dupuis AP 2nd, Fischer M, Staples JE. Jamestown Canyon virus disease in the United States—2000–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93:384–9. CrossRef PubMed
  4. CDC. Chikungunya virus: 2015 final data for the United States. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/geo/united-states-2015.html

Babesiosis

Babesiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia, which infect red blood cells. Babesia infection can range from asymptomatic to life threatening. Clinical manifestations might include fever, chills, other nonspecific influenza-like symptoms, and hemolytic anemia. Babesia parasites usually are tickborne but also can be transmitted via blood transfusion or congenitally (1).

In 2015, a total of 2,074* cases of babesiosis were reported to CDC by 24 of the 33 states in which babesiosis was a reportable condition; 93% (1,925) of the 2,074 reported cases occurred in residents of seven states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin). The median age of patients was 63 years (range: <1–99 years); 67% were male, 33% were female, and the sex was unknown for less than 1%. Among the 1,596 case-patients for whom data were available, 84% (1,342) had symptom onset dates during June–August.

* This number differs slightly from the denominator of 2,100 presented in the tables. At the request of the pertinent health departments, 28 erroneous reports not retracted before the deadline for finalizing the data for the tables were removed and two additional cases reported after the deadline were included.

  1. Herwaldt BL, Linden JV, Bosserman E, Young C, Olkowska D, Wilson M. Transfusion-associated babesiosis in the United States: a description of cases. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:509–19. CrossRef PubMed

Botulism

Botulism is a severe paralytic illness caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Exposure to the toxin can occur by ingestion (foodborne botulism), in situ production from C. botulinum colonization of either a wound (wound botulism) or the gastrointestinal tract (infant botulism and adult intestinal colonization botulism), or overdose of botulinum toxin used for cosmetic or therapeutic purposes (1). In 2015, a total of 195 confirmed cases of botulism were reported, including 138 cases of infant botulism, 37 foodborne cases, and 20 cases classified as other, including wound botulism. During 2015, a total of five outbreaks (events with two or more cases) of foodborne botulism were reported. One outbreak was associated with home-canned potatoes in a potato salad (23 cases), one with fermented seal flipper (four cases), and one with beets roasted in aluminum foil and kept at room temperature (two cases). In addition, there were two outbreaks of two cases (each affected person living in the same household or facility in which the foodborne source was unknown).

All U.S. state and territorial governments maintain 24-hour telephone services for reporting of botulism and other public health emergencies. Health care providers should report suspected botulism cases immediately to their local or state health departments to obtain botulism antitoxin, which is more effective the earlier it is given, and to initiate the public health investigation into the source of botulinum toxin and prevent additional cases. In the United States, CDC maintains intensive surveillance for cases of botulism and provides consultation and antitoxin for suspected cases in children, adolescents, and adults. The California Department of Public Health provides consultation and antitoxin for suspected cases in infants. State health departments can reach the CDC botulism duty officer on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week via the CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100 and the California Department of Public Health botulism duty officer at 510-231-7600.

  1. Sobel J. Botulism. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1167–73. CrossRef PubMed

Brucellosis

During 2015, NNDSS received reports of 126 brucellosis cases in the United States. The South Atlantic, West South Central, and Pacific regions accounted for 83 of these cases, with 21, 27, and 35 cases reported, respectively. Brucellosis can be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or undercooked meat, inhalation, or direct contact (1). To prevent brucellosis infection, avoid consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat, and use proper personal protective equipment when working with Brucella in occupational settings, or when exposed to potentially infected animals. Common signs and symptoms of brucellosis include fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, fatigue, and pain in joints and muscles (2). If physicians suspect brucellosis, it is advised that they inform laboratories of this suspicion so as to minimize the risk for exposure from patient specimens and testing procedures.

  1. CDC. Brucellosis—transmission. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC: 2012. https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html
  2. CDC. Brucellosis—signs and symptoms. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012. https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/symptoms/index.html

Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacteriosis became a nationally notifiable condition in 2015. The probable case definition was updated in 2015 to include cases detected by culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDT) in addition to cases epidemiologically linked to a probable or confirmed case of campylobacteriosis. In its first year of national surveillance, the incidence of confirmed and probable campylobacteriosis was 17.7 cases per 100,000 population. Preliminary 2015 data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which conducts active surveillance for campylobacteriosis in 10 U.S. sites, showed an annual incidence of 17.1 culture-confirmed and CIDT-positive infections of Campylobacter per 100,000 population (1). Children aged <5 years had the highest reported national incidence rates of campylobacteriosis in 2015. Seasonality of transmission was evident, with the largest number of infections reported during June–August (2).

Campylobacter causes an estimated 1.3 million illnesses and 120 deaths annually in the United States; of these, an estimated 1 million are transmitted by food consumed in the United States (3). Campylobacter infection is commonly associated with the consumption of undercooked chicken and raw milk and usually occurs as single, sporadic cases (4), but outbreaks can occur. In 2015, a total of 35 outbreaks caused at least 280 illnesses and were linked to various sources including contaminated chicken liver pâté, grilled chicken, raw milk, and irrigation water (5).

  1. Huang JY, Henao OL, Griffin PM, et al. Infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance—Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:368–71. CrossRef PubMed
  2. CDC. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/reports/data/infections.html
  3. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Friedman CR, Hoekstra RM, Samuel M, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States: a case-control study in FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(Suppl 3):S285–96. CrossRef PubMed
  5. CDC. National Outbreak Reporting System FOOD Tool. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

Chlamydia is the most frequently reported nationally notifiable disease in the United States, with 1,526,658 cases reported to the CDC in 2015. Rates of reported cases increased during 2014–2015, with states in the South reporting the largest rates of cases. Rates were highest among females aged 20–24 years (3,764.3 cases per 100,000 females) followed by females aged 15–19 years (2,986.4 per 100,000). In 2015, the rate of reported cases of chlamydia in women aged 15–19 and 20–24 was 3.9 and 2.5 times the rate in men of the same age groups (766.5 and 1,476.8 per 100,000 males, respectively), possibly reflecting higher screening rates among women compared with men.

Cholera

Cholera continues to be rare in the United States and is most often acquired during travel in countries where toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 is circulating (13). Of the five cholera infections reported in 2015, four were travel-associated (two with travel to Haiti, one to Cuba, and one to the Philippines). The fifth case was associated with the consumption of raw shrimp imported from the Philippines.

  1. Steinberg EB, Greene KD, Bopp CA, Cameron DN, Wells JG, Mintz ED. Cholera in the United States, 1995–2000: trends at the end of the Twentieth Century. J Infect Dis 2001;184:799–802. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Newton AE, Heiman KE, Schmitz A, et al. Cholera in United States associated with epidemic in Hispaniola. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:2166–8. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Loharikar A, Newton AE, Stroika S, et al. Cholera in the United States, 2001-2011: a reflection of patterns of global epidemiology and travel. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:695–703. CrossRef PubMed

Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis (also called Valley fever) is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of Coccidioides spp. spores present in soil. In the United States, the disease is most commonly acquired in the desert southwest and southern California. However, local acquisition has been documented as far north as south-central Washington, suggesting that exposure could occur elsewhere in arid and semi-arid portions of the western United States. Cases are routinely reported in eastern states, likely reflecting travel to areas in which disease is endemic. The disease is also endemic to parts of Central and South America.

A substantial increase in reported coccidioidomycosis occurred during 1998–2011 (1), followed by a decrease each year during 2012–2014. In 2015, reported coccidioidomycosis cases (11,072) increased by 35% compared with 2014 (8,232 cases). In Arizona (7,622 cases) and California (3,053 cases), the two states that consistently report the most cases, the percentage increase from 2014 to 2015 (36% each) was larger than the percentage increase in all other states combined (9%).

No known changes in coccidioidomycosis testing or reporting practices occurred in Arizona or California during 2015. Therefore, the increase is likely related to year-to-year changes in the environment, including rainfall and temperature. Physicians should continue to maintain a high suspicion for coccidioidomycosis in patients who live in or have traveled to areas in which the disease is endemic, and should be aware of the possibility for coccidioidomycosis outside of its previously recognized geographic range.

  1. CDC. Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis—United States, 1998–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:217–21. PubMed

Cryptosporidiosis

Approximately 90% of human cryptosporidiosis is caused by the numerous Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes. Although cryptosporidiosis affects persons of all age groups, the incidence rate of nationally notified cases is highest in children aged 1–4 years (1). A substantial increase in transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs during the summer as indicated by data on disease onset date. This seasonality coincides with increased warm-weather use of recreational water, the exposure to which is a well-established risk factor for cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium has emerged as the leading cause of nationally notified recreational water–associated outbreaks and waterborne disease outbreaks overall (2003–2012) (2). Transmission through recreational water is facilitated by the substantial number (up to 108–109) of immediately infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts that can be shed in a single bowel movement (3), the extended time (days to weeks) that oocysts can be shed (4), the low (≤10 oocysts) infectious dose (5), and the extreme tolerance of Cryptosporidium oocysts to chlorine (6). In 2015, the post-2004 increase in national annual incidence continued; before 2005, the annual incidence was <1.5 cases/100,000 population and the annual case count was <4,000 cases/year. Additionally, the proportion of probable cases remained at slightly greater than one third (37%) of all cases. This likely reflects changes in the diagnostic landscape and laboratory-focused changes in the 2011 and 2012 national case definitions.

In 2015, to further elucidate Cryptosporidium transmission and thus the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis, CDC formally launched CryptoNet, a surveillance system that integrates molecular characterization (which is needed to discriminate among species and their subtypes because conventional diagnostic tests cannot) and epidemiologic data. CryptoNet has successfully differentiated clusters of illness caused by different Cryptosporidium species and detected outbreaks caused by rare subtypes. Additional information about CryptoNet is available at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/cryptonet.html.

In the United States, public health codes for public aquatic venues (e.g., pools, hot tubs/spas, and interactive water play areas [water playgrounds]) are written, enacted, implemented, and enforced by state or local officials. No federal agency regulates the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of these venues. To support state and local jurisdictions, CDC led the development and revision of the Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) (https://www.cdc.gov/mahc/editions/current.html). This guidance document integrates the recent research and best practices with specific code language and explanatory materials to minimize risk for illness and injury in public aquatic venues. MAHC recommendations particularly aim to minimize Cryptosporidium transmission. For example, MAHC recommends that public aquatic venues intended for young swimmers aged <5 years (those more likely to contaminate the water because they are more likely to have inadequate toileting and hygiene skills) should include secondary disinfection systems (e.g., ultraviolet light) to inactivate at least 99.9% of Cryptosporidium oocysts. To ensure its continued relevance, MAHC recommendations are updated every 2 years through an all-stakeholder–driven process via the Council for the Model Aquatic Health Code, taking into account the latest scientific data and aquatics sector innovations (https://ww.cmahc.org/index.php).

  1. Painter JE, Hlavsa MC, Collier SA, Xiao L, Yoder JS. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Suppl 2015;64(No. SS-3):1–14. PubMed
  2. Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, et al. Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:668–72. PubMed
  3. Goodgame RW, Genta RM, White AC, Chappell CL. Intensity of infection in AIDS-associated cryptosporidiosis. J Infect Dis 1993;167:704–9. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, DuPont HL. Cryptosporidium parvum : intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 1996;173:232–6. CrossRef PubMed
  5. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry R, et al. Cryptosporidium hominis : experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:851–7. PubMed
  6. Murphy JL, Arrowood MJ, Lu X, Hlavsa MC, Beach MJ, Hill VR. Effect of cyanuric acid on the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum under hyperchlorination conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2015;49:7348–55. CrossRef PubMed

Cyclosporiasis

Of the 644* cyclosporiasis cases reported in 2015, a total of 394 (61%) were domestically acquired (i.e., they occurred in persons with no history of travel outside the United States and Canada during the 14-day incubation period), 199 (31%) were associated with international travel, and 51 (8%) occurred in persons for whom travel history was unknown or missing. Among the domestically acquired cases, at least 357 (91%) occurred in persons with illness onset during May–August. A vehicle of infection (fresh cilantro from Mexico) was identified in a multistate outbreak of 61 restaurant-associated cases in Georgia (18 cases), Texas (35 cases), and Wisconsin (8 cases) (1). A vehicle of infection was not identified for the remaining 296 (83% of 357) domestically acquired cases in persons with illness onset during May–August. Molecular typing methods, which could facilitate linkage of cyclosporiasis cases, are not yet available for C. cayetanensis.

* This number differs slightly from the denominator of 645 cases reported in the tables. One erroneous report was not retracted before the deadline for finalizing the data.

An additional 29 probable cases were associated with this multicluster outbreak but were not reported to NNDSS or included here.

  1. CDC. Cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations—United States, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015.

Dengue

Dengue is a mosquito-borne, acute febrile illness characterized by myalgia, headache, leukopenia, and minor bleeding manifestations (1). Patients with severe dengue experience plasma leakage resulting in fluid accumulation, hemorrhage, and/or major organ impairment (e.g., liver failure, myocarditis, and impaired consciousness). Dengue is endemic throughout much of the tropics and subtropics, where an estimated 50–100 million cases and 9,200 deaths occur annually (2). With proper clinical management, the case-fatality rate of hospitalized dengue patients can be <0.5% (3). Efforts to improve outcomes among persons with dengue include an online clinical education course developed by CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/training/cme.html).

In 2014, CSTE approved a modification of the case definitions for reported dengue cases effective January 1, 2015. Newly approved reporting categories were based on the World Health Organization dengue case definitions that have been in use since 2009 (1). “Dengue” is now used for patients that met the clinical case definition for dengue (i.e., fever and one of: nausea/vomiting, rash, aches and pains, positive tourniquet test, leukopenia, or any warning sign for severe dengue). “Dengue-like illness” indicates patients with fever and either clinical suspicion or diagnostic evidence of dengue, but not meeting the clinical case definition for dengue. “Severe dengue,” which includes the prior categorizations of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, is used for patients that meet the clinical case definition for severe dengue: severe plasma leakage, severe bleeding, or severe organ involvement. Laboratory definitions are also modified in that detection of antidengue virus IgM antibody by ELISA is considered confirmatory if the patient lives in or recently traveled to an area without evidence of circulation of any other flavivirus.

In 2015, a total 951 laboratory-positive cases were reported from 48 of the 50 states, two of the five territories, and the District of Columbia. Most (72%) cases were travel-associated, and case-patients most frequently had a history of travel to the Caribbean or Americas, where chikungunya and Zika viruses had recently emerged. Because dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus disease often have a similar clinical presentation, the moderate number of reported dengue cases compared with previous years, despite low levels of dengue cases detected in areas of the Caribbean and the Americas where the disease is endemic, might be attributable to increased diagnostic testing to differentiate between these diseases. The states or jurisdictions with the most travel-associated dengue cases reported were California (138), Florida (81), New York City (74), New Jersey (57), and Texas (30). Hawaii reported a large outbreak of dengue, in which 200 locally acquired dengue cases were detected in Hawaii residents that live on or had traveled to Oahu. Florida reported one locally acquired dengue case, and was the only other state to report a locally acquired dengue case in 2015. Reports of laboratory-positive dengue cases were at historic lows in the dengue-endemic Caribbean territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (58 and 3 cases, respectively). Sixteen cases of dengue-like illness and six cases of severe dengue were reported in 2015, all in travelers and none in residents of U.S. territories.

  1. World Health Organization. Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009.
  2. Stanaway JD, Shepard DS, Undurraga EA, et al. The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:712–23. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Lam PK, Tam DT, Diet TV, et al. Clinical characteristics of Dengue shock syndrome in Vietnamese children: a 10-year prospective study in a single hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1577–86. CrossRef PubMed

Diphtheria

Respiratory diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable disease, is rare in the United States, and no cases were reported during 2015. Since 2003, two cases have been reported to CDC: a probable case in 2012, and a confirmed case caused by nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae in 2014. Children and adults should be vaccinated according to the schedule recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (1). Ensuring and sustaining high childhood vaccination coverage rates above 90% and high coverage with decennial booster doses in adolescents and adults are required for herd protection in the population.

  1. CDC. General recommendations on immunization—recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011;60(No. RR-2):1–64. PubMed

Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are rickettsial tickborne diseases that have been notifiable since 1998 (1). The principal vectors of Anaplasma phagocytophilum include the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the Western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) (2). The number of reported cases of anaplasmosis increased by approximately 31%, from 2,800 cases in 2014 to 3,656 cases in 2015. This change represents the largest increase in reported cases of anaplasmosis since the disease became notifiable in 1998. Most notably, the number of cases in the New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions increased by 22% and 70%, respectively. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) transmits both Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii to humans (2). The number of reported cases of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (1,288) and Ehrlichia ewingii (14) were similar to the previous year (1,475 and 17, respectively). Changes in reported cases might indicate a dynamic change in reporting practices, an increase in awareness, and an increase in the use of diagnostic assays.

  1. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Adding ehrlichiosis as a condition reportable to the National Public Health Surveillance System. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 1998. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/1998–ID-6.pdf
  2. CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States: a practical guide for health care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-2).

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is the most common enteric parasitic infection in the United States, infecting an estimated 1.2 million persons annually (1). Symptomatology is variable, but giardiasis is normally characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, weight loss, and malabsorption; extraintestinal symptoms are possible (2). Infected persons can shed Giardia for several weeks, and recent studies indicate potential for chronic sequelae from giardiasis (3). Giardia is endemic worldwide, including in the United States, and is the most commonly diagnosed pathogen among travelers returning to the United States from other countries (4). Giardia is commonly detected in internationally adopted children screened in the United States; often, these children do not have gastrointestinal symptoms (5). In 2015, the reported incidence of giardiasis appears to have stabilized compared with 2014. Giardia is transmitted through the fecal-oral route with the ingestion of environmentally stable Giardia cysts. Most information on giardiasis transmission is from outbreak investigations; 242 giardiasis outbreaks reported to CDC for 1971–2011 resulted from waterborne (74.8%), foodborne (15.7%), person-to-person (2.5%), and animal contact (1.2%) transmission (6). On the basis of outbreak trends, investigators identified groundwater and distribution system vulnerabilities in drinking water systems, inadequate pool disinfection, fruit and vegetable contamination, and poor food handler hygiene as possible targets for giardiasis prevention measures. However, most reported giardiasis cases are not linked to known outbreaks. Among reported cases, <2% are documented as outbreak-associated (7). An ecological study of sporadic giardiasis in the United States indicated that high county-level reliance on private wells was associated with higher giardiasis rates (8). Prospective epidemiologic studies and continued outbreak and case surveillance are needed to understand transmission pathways and to identify effective public health prevention measures.

Population studies of Giardia seroprevalence would contribute substantially to understanding the prevalence of giardiasis in the United States (9). Enhanced genotyping methods would increase knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of Giardia, including elucidating species-specific subassemblages (10). Application of these tools to epidemiologic studies and surveillance has the potential to improve understanding of giardiasis risk factors, enable researchers to identify outbreaks by linking cases currently classified as sporadic infections, and provide risk factor information needed to inform prevention strategies.

  1. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Cantey PT, Roy S, Lee B, et al. Study of nonoutbreak giardiasis: novel findings and implications for research. Am J Med 2011;124:1175.e1–8. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Hanevik K, Wensaas KA, Rortveit G, Eide GE, Mørch K, Langeland N. Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years after giardia infection: a controlled prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1394–400. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Harvey K, Esposito DH, Han P, et al. . Surveillance for travel-related disease—GeoSentinel Surveillance System, United States, 1997–2011. MMWR Surveill Summ 2013;62(No. SS-3):1–23. PubMed
  5. Staat MA, Rice M, Donauer S, et al. Intestinal parasite screening in internationally adopted children: importance of multiple stool specimens. Pediatrics 2011;128:e613–22. PubMed
  6. Adam EA, Yoder JS, Gould H, Hlavsa MC. Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011. Epidemiol Infect 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750152
  7. Schnell K, Collier S, Derado G, Yoder J, Gargano JW. Giardiasis in the United States—an epidemiologic and geospatial analysis of county-level drinking water and sanitation data, 1993–2010. J Water Health 2016;14:267–79. PubMed
  8. Yoder JS, Gargano JW, Wallace RM, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance—United States, 2009-2010. MMWR Surveill Summ 2012;61(No. SS-5):13–23. PubMed
  9. Priest JW, Moss DM, Visvesvara GS, Jones CC, Li A, Isaac-Renton JL. Multiplex assay detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies that recognize Giardia intestinalis
    and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010;17:1695–707. CrossRef PubMed
  10. Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011;24:110–40. CrossRef PubMed

Haemophilus influenzae Disease

The epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease has changed in the United States in the post-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine era. Since the introduction of conjugate Hib vaccines in 1987, the incidence of invasive Hib disease among children aged <5 years decreased by 99% (1); in 2015, incidence was 0.15 cases per 100,000 children. However, rates of Hib disease among American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) children remain much higher than among non-AI/AN children. During 2015, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae caused the majority of invasive disease in all age groups.

To ensure appropriate chemoprophylaxis measures for contacts of invasive Hib disease and to detect emergence of invasive non-Hib disease, serotyping of all Haemophilus influenzae isolates in children aged <5 years, and thorough and timely investigation of all cases of Hib disease, are essential (2,3).

  1. MacNeil JR, Cohn AC, Farley M, et al. Current epidemiology and trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease—United States, 1989–2008. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:1230–6. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Briere EC, Rubin L, Moro PL, Cohn A, Clark T, Messonnier N. Prevention and control of haemophilus influenzae type b disease: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(No. RR-1):1–14. PubMed
  3. CDC. Best practices for use of PCR for diagnosing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis and importance of identifying serotype/serogroup. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Diseases, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/laboratory/pcr-guidance-mening-hflu.html

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

In 2015, a total of 89 cases of Hansen’s Disease (HD) were reported to NNDSS from 21 states. HD is not reportable in all states; therefore, the number of cases reported annually to NNDSS will likely be lower than those reported to the National Hansen’s Disease Program, which is responsible for providing patient treatment for all patients in the United States (1). Approximately 67% of the 82 cases with known sex reported were male. Of the 81 cases with reported age, 55 (68%) were aged ≥40 years. Of the states that reported HD cases, the majority of the 89 new cases reported were from Florida (29 [33%]), Texas (20 [22%]), California (7 [8%]), and Hawaii (7 [8%]). The number of cases reported by Florida, Texas, and California all increased from the previous year while the number of cases reported by Hawaii decreased by 50%. In addition, the number of cases reported from Guam increased by nine cases from 2014 to 22 cases.

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Hansen’s disease data and statistics. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration; 2016. https://www.hrsa.gov/hansensdisease/dataandstatistics.html

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an acute, severe pulmonary disease characterized by pulmonary edema following a nonspecific prodrome (1). National surveillance for hantavirus infections in the United States began in 1993 during an outbreak of severe respiratory illness in the Four Corners region, and HPS became nationally notifiable in 1995. The presence of fever and pulmonary symptoms in a patient with laboratory-confirmed evidence of hantavirus infection is required for a HPS case to be reported through NNDSS (2).

Laboratory-confirmed cases of hantavirus infection that had nonspecific viral symptoms (e.g. fever, chills, myalgia, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms) and did not develop into HPS (“non-pulmonary hantavirus infection”) have been described (35). It is believed that HPS is the more frequently observed clinical presentation, although the rarity of the disease and the potential for missed diagnoses of nonpulmonary hantavirus infection with nonspecific clinical symptoms makes it difficult to estimate accurately the number of hantavirus infections. In 2014, CSTE resolved to expand the national reporting of laboratory confirmed hantavirus infections to include HPS and nonpulmonary hantavirus infection (6). The first year of reporting of nonpulmonary hantavirus cases was 2015, and three nonpulmonary cases were reported in addition to 21 HPS cases.

  1. MacNeil A, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Virus Res 2011;162:138–47. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Knust B, Rollin PE. Twenty-year summary of surveillance for human hantavirus infections, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1934–7. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Núñez JJ, Fritz CL, Knust B, et al. ; Yosemite Hantavirus Outbreak Investigation Team. Hantavirus infections among overnight visitors to Yosemite National Park, California, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:386–93. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Kitsutani PT, Denton RW, Fritz CL, et al. Acute Sin Nombre hantavirus infection without pulmonary syndrome, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:701–5. CrossRef PubMed
  5. Armstrong LR, Bryan RT, Sarisky J, et al. Mild hantaviral disease caused by Sin Nombre virus in a four-year-old child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:1108–09. CrossRef PubMed
  6. CDC. Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, hantavirus infection, non-hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 2015 case definition. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/hantavirus-infection-non-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/case-definition/2015

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal insufficiency. The most common etiology of postdiarrheal HUS in the United States is infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), principally STEC O157:H7 (1,2). Children aged <5 years progress to HUS more often than all other persons infected with STEC O157:H7 (15.3% vs. 6.3%) (3). In 2015, as in previous years, the age group with the most reported cases to NNDSS was children aged 1‒4 years (122 of 274 cases).

  1. Banatvala N, Griffin PM, Greene KD, et al. ; Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Study Collaborators. The United States National Prospective Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic findings. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1063–70. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Mody RK, Luna-Gierke RE, Jones TF, et al. Infections in pediatric postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome: factors associated with identifying shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166:902–9. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Gould LH, Demma L, Jones TF, et al. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and death in persons with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, foodborne diseases active surveillance network sites, 2000–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1480–5. CrossRef PubMed

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnoses

CDC requires states to transmit HIV case data via the enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS), which is a browser-based system deployed at 54 state/local and territorial public health departments in the United States. HIV surveillance data are not reported through NNDSS. De-identified data are transmitted monthly from health departments, through the secure access management services (SAMS), directly to CDC’s Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, and are incorporated into the National HIV Surveillance System database.

By April 2008, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and six U.S. dependent areas had laws or regulations requiring confidential name-based reporting for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in addition to reporting persons whose disease has been classified as stage 3 (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]). In 2008, CDC published a revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection that includes AIDS and incorporates the HIV infection classification (1). Laboratory-confirmed evidence of HIV infection is required to meet the surveillance case definition for HIV infection, including stage 3 (AIDS). In 2014, the HIV surveillance case definition was revised again to adapt to changes in diagnostic criteria used by laboratories and clinicians (2). The laboratory criteria for defining a confirmed case of HIV infection were changed to accommodate multitest algorithms that do not include previously required tests (e.g., Western blot). New to the case definition was the inclusion of criteria for differentiating HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and for recognizing early HIV infection (stage 0), during which viral loads might be high enough and CD4 T-lymphocyte counts low enough to be mistaken for stage 3 (AIDS). In addition, the revised definition consolidated the staging systems for adults/adolescents and children, simplified surveillance criteria for opportunistic illnesses indicative of stage 3, and incorporated revisions of clinical criteria (i.e., medical record documentation) for reporting diagnoses without laboratory evidence.

Because retroactive implementation of some features (e.g., the new staging system) of the 2014 case definition was impractical, the following criteria were used to classify cases in this report (1): cases diagnosed before 2014 were classified according to the 2008 HIV case definition and (2) cases diagnosed in 2014 and 2015 were classified according to the 2014 HIV case definition.

A total of 33,817 cases of HIV infection were diagnosed in the United States during 2015 and reported to CDC as of December 2015. Blacks/African Americans had the highest rate of diagnoses of HIV infection of all racial/ethnic groups (37.7 per 100,000) and accounted for 44.5% of diagnoses in 2015; whites and Hispanics/Latinos followed, accounting for 27.8% and 22.8% of diagnoses, respectively. Although HIV affects persons in all age groups, cases were most frequently diagnosed in adults aged 25–39 years. Areas with the highest rates (≥15.0 per 100,000) of diagnoses during 2015 were the District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, and South Carolina.

  1. Schneider E, Whitmore S, Glynn KM, Dominguez K, Mitsch A, McKenna MT. Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years—United States, 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57(No. RR-10):1–12. PubMed
  2. CDC. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection—United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(No. RR-3):1–10. PubMed

Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality

In 2004, CSTE added influenza-associated pediatric mortality to the list of conditions reportable to NNDSS (1). A pediatric influenza-associated death is defined for surveillance purposes as a death resulting from a clinically compatible illness that was confirmed to be influenza by an appropriate laboratory or rapid diagnostic test in a person aged <18 years. From January 4, 2015 to January 2, 2016,* a total of 130 influenza-associated pediatric deaths were reported to CDC from 39 states and New York City.

Of the 130 influenza-associated pediatric deaths reported to CDC during 2015, two deaths occurred during the 2013–14 influenza season, 122 deaths occurred during the 2014–15 influenza season, and six occurred during the 2015–16 influenza season. An influenza season spans the time period between MMWR week 40 of a calendar year to MMWR week 39 of the following year. Ninety-three (72%) were associated with influenza A viruses, 35 (27%) with influenza B viruses, one (1%) with an influenza virus for which the type was not determined, and one (1%) death was associated with influenza A virus and influenza B virus co-infection. Of 93 influenza A viruses, subtype was determined for 54 (58%); three were influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 viruses and 51 were influenza A (H3N2) viruses.

Among the 130 deaths reported in 2015, a total of 16 children (12%) were aged <6 months, 46 (35%) were aged 6–59 months, 39 (30%) were aged 5–11 years, and 29 (22%) were aged 12–17 years; the median age at the time of death was 5.4 years (range: 27 days–17 years). The median age in 2015 is similar to previous influenza seasons during nonpandemic periods, but is lower than the median age of deaths observed during the 2009 pandemic.

Information on the location of death was available for 128 (98.5%) of the 130 children: 80 (63%) children died after being admitted to the hospital (73 were admitted to the intensive care unit), 22 (17%) died in the emergency department, and 26 (20%) died outside the hospital. Information on pre-existing medical conditions was reported for 127 (98%) children: 55 (43%) children had one or more underlying medical condition known to confer increased risk for complications from influenza (2). The most common group of underlying conditions was neurologic disorders (e.g., moderate to severe developmental delay, seizure disorders, cerebral palsy, mitochondrial disorders, neuromuscular disorders, and neurologic conditions), which was reported for 23 (18%) of 127 children. Eighteen (14%) children had chromosomal abnormalities and/or genetic syndromes, 17 (13%) had a chronic pulmonary condition (e.g., asthma, cystic fibrosis, or other chronic pulmonary disease), and 13 (10%) had cardiac disease or congenital heart disease.

Among the 130 deaths in children, 73 children had specimens collected for bacterial culture from normally sterile sites (e.g., blood, pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and lung tissue). Of these, 35 (48%) had positive cultures, and six (17%) of the 35 were positive for more than one pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 15 (43%) of 35 positive cultures; nine were methicillin-resistant, one was methicillin-sensitive, and for five specimens methicillin-sensitivity testing was not done. Three cultures (9%) were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae, three (9%) were positive for Group A Streptococcus, two cultures (6%) were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two cultures (6%) were positive for Streptococcus species. Other bacterial pathogens identified included one each with Enterobacter cloacoe, Enterococcus avium, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

Of 89 children aged ≥6 months at the time of illness onset for whom seasonal vaccination status was known, 27 (30%) had been fully vaccinated against influenza as recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2,3). Twenty-one children were aged <6 months at the time of their illness onset and therefore considered ineligible for vaccination.

Influenza seasons typically span portions of 2 calendar years and can vary widely in terms of severity and timing of peak activity, thus affecting the number of deaths reported in a calendar year. The 2014–15 influenza season was moderately severe and peaked in late December 2014, with predominant circulation of antigenically and genetically drifted influenza A (H3N2) viruses (4). Continued surveillance for influenza-associated mortality is important to monitor the effects of seasonal and novel influenza, factors contributing to severe influenza-associated disease, and the influence of interventions among children.

* For 2015, MMWR only included influenza-associated pediatric deaths that were reported from MMWR week 1 through MMWR week 52 (January 4, 2015–January 2, 2016).

  1. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality. Position statement 04-ID-04. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/04-ID-04-FINAL.pdf
  2. Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) — United States, 2014–15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:691–7. PubMed
  3. Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Olsen SJ, Bresee JS, Broder KR, Karron RA. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2015–16 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:818–25. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Appiah GD, Blanton L, D’Mello T, et al. Influenza activity—United States, 2014–15 season and composition of the 2015–16 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:583–90. PubMed

Legionellosis

In 2015, a total of 6,079 cases of Legionellosis were reported in the United States (1.89 cases per 100,000 persons of all ages). The rate of reported cases continues to rise. Several high-profile outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease occurred in 2015, including an outbreak of 138 cases in the South Bronx, New York City, which was the largest community-associated outbreak since the 1976 Philadelphia outbreak that led to the discovery of Legionella.

Because Legionella transmission occurs from human-made environmental settings, the most effective strategy for the prevention of Legionnaires’ disease is through control of Legionella in building water systems. In 2015, ASHRAE (formerly known as the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) published a consensus industry standard for reducing the risk for Legionnaires’ disease called ASHRAE 188 (1). This document calls for the development and implementation of water management programs in large or complex building water systems. It is based on best practices and focuses on identifying hazardous conditions and applying control measures to interrupt Legionella amplification and transmission. The CDC and its partners developed a toolkit to facilitate implementation of this industry standard (2).

  1. ASHRAE. Legionellosis: risk management for building water systems. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE; 2015. https://www.ashrae.org
  2. CDC. Developing a water management program to reduce Legionella growth and spread in buildings: a practical guide to implementing industry standards. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/WMPtoolkit

Leptospirosis

In 2015, a total of 10 states, jurisdictions, and territories reported 96 leptospirosis cases. Puerto Rico reported the highest number of leptospirosis cases (45), followed by Hawaii (22) and Guam (11). Among the 40 cases reported from U.S. states and jurisdictions (territories excluded), 95% (38/40) were male, and a temporal peak of 10 cases was seen in August, with cases reported by five states and jurisdictions that month.

NNDSS began receiving case notifications for leptospirosis in 2014. In the first two years of notifications combined (2014–2015), the total case count for leptospirosis was 203 cases reported from 17 states, jurisdictions, and territories, with 114 total cases reported from Puerto Rico, 45 from Hawaii, and 11 from Guam. Comparatively, individual states and jurisdictions in the continental United States reported six or fewer cases over the 2-year period. Leptospirosis is not reportable in 14 states.

Leptospirosis, one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases, is caused by pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus. There are 22 Leptospira species, 10 of which are pathogenic, including more than 250 serovars known to cause disease (1,2). Most commercially available tests include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology using qualitative Immunoglobulin M (IgM)-based assays. While PCR is a confirmatory test, IgM-based assays are considered screening tests and should ideally be confirmed with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). MAT is the gold standard for leptospirosis serology, with acute infection confirmed by either a four-fold increase in titers between acute and convalescent sera or a single titer greater than or equal to 1:800. MAT can be performed at select reference laboratories around the country, including CDC. Culture is also confirmatory, however, this method is less commonly used because the bacteria is fastidious, requires specialized media, and might take several months to grow. The benefit of culture is the ability to perform various serovar identification techniques using the grown isolate. Although MAT is useful for confirming leptospirosis cases, it is not recommended for identifying the infecting serovar because of frequent cross-reaction between serovars (3). In 2014 and 2015, only 37% (40/107) and 49% (47/96) of leptospirosis cases, respectively, were reported as confirmed. Laboratory confirmation of probable leptospirosis cases is encouraged.

Disease presentation can vary from a mild, influenza-like illness to a severe and fatal disease with multiorgan failure. The nonspecific acute, febrile illness presentation of leptospirosis cases mimics that of many other infectious diseases, which can make initial recognition difficult. Continued efforts to increase awareness of leptospirosis in health care providers is needed to improve detection and reporting of the disease. If leptospirosis is suspected, treatment should be initiated early in the course of illness and not delayed while awaiting laboratory confirmation, as this might reduce the severity of the disease.

  1. Bourhy P, Collet L, Brisse S, Picardeau M. Leptospira mayottensis sp. nov ., a pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira isolated from humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014;64:4061–7. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Haake D, Levett P. Leptospira species (Leptospirosis). In: Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.; 2015: 2714–20.
  3. Levett PN. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:447–52. CrossRef PubMed

Listeriosis

Listeria monocytogenes infection (listeriosis) is rare but can cause severe invasive disease (e.g., bacteremia and meningitis). Listeriosis is predominately acquired through contaminated food and occurs most frequently among older adults, persons with certain immunocompromising conditions, and pregnant women and their newborns. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis can manifest as a relatively mild illness for the woman, but can result in fetal loss or severe neonatal disease.

Listeriosis has been nationally notifiable since 2000. In 2015, the incidence of listeriosis reported to NNDSS was 0.24 infections per 100,000 population. Progress toward the 2020 national target of 0.20 infections per 100,000 population (1) is measured through the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which conducts active, population-based surveillance for listeriosis in 10 U.S. states. FoodNet reported a preliminary annual incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in 2015 of 0.24 infections per 100,000 population, the same rate nationally reported through NNDSS (2).

The Listeria Initiative is an enhanced surveillance system designed to aid in the rapid investigation of listeriosis outbreaks by combining L. monocytogenes isolate molecular subtyping and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) results with epidemiologic data collected by state and local health departments (3). As part of the Listeria Initiative, CDC recommends that all clinical isolates of L. monocytogenes be forwarded routinely to a public health laboratory for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping and WGS, and that these results be submitted to PulseNet, the National Molecular Subtyping Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance (4). In addition, communicable disease programs are asked to interview all patients with listeriosis promptly using the standard Listeria Initiative questionnaire, which is available in English and Spanish (https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/surveillance.html).

Beginning in September 2013, whole genome sequencing has been performed on all clinical isolates as part of a project conducted by CDC, state and local health departments, the Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service, the National Institutes of Health, and international partners (5,6). All isolate sequences are deposited in publicly available databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Institutes of Health. The Listeria Initiative has aided in the timely identification and removal of contaminated food during several listeriosis investigations, including the first multistate outbreak linked to commercially produced ice cream in the U.S., causing 10 illnesses (7).

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020 objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2017. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=14
  2. Huang JY, Henao OL, Griffin PM, et al. Infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance—Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:368–71. CrossRef PubMed
  3. CDC. National Enteric Disease Surveillance: the Listeria Initiative. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/pdf/ListeriaInitiativeOverview_508.pdf
  4. CDC. PulseNet. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https:/www.cdc.gov/pulsenet
  5. Jackson BR, Tarr C, Strain E, et al. Implementation of nationwide real-time whole-genome sequencing to enhance listeriosis outbreak detection and investigation. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:380–6. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Carleton HA, Gerner-Smidt P. Whole-genome sequencing is taking over foodborne disease surveillance. Microbe 2016;11:311–7.
  7. CDC. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to Blue Bell Creameries products (final update). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/ice-cream-03-15/index.html

Lyme Disease

In 2015, a total of 38,069 confirmed and probable cases of Lyme disease were reported to CDC, an increased number compared with the number reported annually between 2010 and 2014; however, cases did not surpass the number reported in 2009, the year with the highest case counts. The geographic distribution of high incidence areas with Lyme disease appears to be expanding based on data reported to NNDSS. The number of counties with an incidence of ≥10 confirmed cases per 100,000 persons increased from 324 in 2008 to 424 in 2015.

Measles

Measles was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000. Since then, elimination has been maintained through high population immunity along with adequate disease surveillance and public health response capacity (1,2). Nonetheless, because measles remains endemic in much of the world, importations continue to result in sporadic cases and outbreaks in the United States, which can be costly to control (3). As in recent years, the majority of measles cases (97%) were import-associated (i.e., cases that are internationally imported, epidemiologically linked to an imported case, or for which viral genetic evidence indicates an imported genotype) in 2015 (4).

A measles outbreak is defined as a chain of transmission involving three or more cases. Six outbreaks occurred in 2015, accounting for 80% of the total (n = 150) cases. The largest outbreak originated in California in late December 2014, and was linked to two Disney theme parks (5,6). Cases were reported through early March 2015, including 113 cases reported in 2015. The outbreak spread to seven other U.S. states (Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington), and two bordering countries (Mexico and Canada) (6). The majority of measles cases associated with outbreaks in 2015 occurred in persons who were unvaccinated or whose vaccination status was unknown (5).

In the spring of 2015, an adult with a suppressed immune system died from pneumonia related to an undetected measles infection. One or two out of 1,000 persons with measles in the United States will die, even with the best supportive care. This measles case underscores the fact that the disease can cause serious complications and that immunocompromised persons are at higher risk for these complications.

  1. Papania MJ, Wallace GS, Rota PA, et al. Elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome from the Western hemisphere: the US experience. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:148–55. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Fiebelkorn AP, Redd SB, Gastañaduy PA, et al. A comparison of postelimination measles epidemiology in the United States, 2009–2014 versus 2001–2008. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017;6:40–8. PubMed
  3. Ortega-Sanchez IR, Vijayaraghavan M, Barskey AE, Wallace GS. The economic burden of sixteen measles outbreaks on United States public health departments in 2011. Vaccine 2014;32:1311–7. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Revision of measles, rubella, and congenital syndrome case classification as part of elimination goals in the United States. Position statement 2006-ID-16. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 2006.
  5. Clemmons NS, Gastañaduy PA, Fiebelkorn AP, Redd SB, Wallace GS. Measles—United States, January 4–April 2, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:373–6. PubMed
  6. Zipprich J, Winter K, Hacker J, Xia D, Watt J, Harriman K. Measles outbreak—California, December 2014–February 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:153–4. PubMed

Meningococcal Disease

Meningococcal disease is a serious and life-threatening infection, with a case-fatality ratio of 10%–15%; survivors often lose limbs or suffer brain damage. In 2015, rates of meningococcal disease continued to be at historic lows in the United States (0.12 cases per 100,000 population); however, during 2015, two outbreaks of serogroup B meningococcal disease occurred on college campuses in the United States, resulting in nine cases and one death. In 2015, CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine use of serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine in certain groups at increased risk for disease, including use during outbreaks of serogroup B meningococcal disease (1). ACIP also recommended that a MenB vaccine series may be administered to adolescents and young adults aged 16–23 years to provide short-term protection against most strains of serogroup B meningococcal disease (2). The preferred age for serogroup B meningococcal vaccination is age 16–18 years (2).

  1. Folaranmi T, Rubin L, Martin SW, Patel M, MacNeil JR. Use of serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccines in persons aged ≥10 years at increased risk for serogroup B meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:608–12. PubMed
  2. MacNeil JR, Rubin L, Folaranmi T, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Patel M, Martin SW. Use of serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccines in adolescents and young adults: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
    2015;64:1171–6. CrossRef PubMed

Mumps

A total of 1,329 mumps cases in the United States were reported during 2015 from 38 states, with the majority being from three states (Illinois, Iowa, and New York). Of these 1,329 cases, 705 (53%) came from eight outbreaks of 20 or more cases. The majority (88%) of the outbreaks occurred in close-contact settings including universities, high schools and athletic teams; 83% of the large outbreak case-patients were fully vaccinated.

Outbreaks of mumps among university settings are known to occur despite high 2-dose vaccine coverage (1). The reported vaccine-effectiveness for mumps vaccine is 78% for 1-dose and 88% for 2-doses (2). Close and prolonged contact likely facilitates mumps transmission.

  1. Dayan GH, Quinlisk MP, Parker AA, et al. Recent resurgence of mumps in the United States. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1580–9. CrossRef PubMed
  2. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, Wallace GS. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013;62(No. RR-4):1–34. PubMed

Novel Influenza A Virus Infections

In 2007, CSTE added human infection with a novel influenza A virus to the list of conditions reportable to NNDSS (1). Novel influenza A virus infections are human infections with influenza A viruses that are different from currently circulating human seasonal influenza viruses. These viruses include those that are subtyped as nonhuman in origin and those that cannot be subtyped with standard methods and reagents used for currently circulating influenza viruses.

Influenza viruses that normally circulate in swine are called swine influenza viruses when isolated from swine, but are called variant viruses when isolated from humans. During 2005–2015, all reported novel influenza A human infections in the United States involved variant viruses rather than avian-origin influenza viruses. Although most persons identified with variant influenza virus infection report contact with swine preceding their illness, suggesting swine-to-human spread, limited human-to-human transmission of these viruses has occurred (2). Because the implications of ongoing transmission of these novel viruses between humans are potentially severe, prompt and thorough investigation of human infections with novel influenza viruses is critical so that the potential public health risk can be more fully understood and appropriate public health measures can be taken (3).

In 2015, seven human infections with novel influenza A viruses were reported from five states (Iowa [one], Michigan [one], Minnesota [three], New Jersey [one], and Ohio [one]) (46). Four of these infections were associated with influenza A (H1N2) variant viruses (H1N2v) and three with influenza A (H3N2) variant viruses (H3N2v). The median age of patients was 27 years (range: 6–43 years), and six (85.7%) were male. Reported symptoms associated with infection were fever (85.7%), cough (85.7%), fatigue (42.9%), shortness of breath (71.4%), muscle aches (28.6%), and vomiting or diarrhea (57.1%); six (85.7%) cases reported influenza-like illness (e.g. fever (≥100°F [37.8°C] with cough and/or sore throat). Three (42.9%) cases had an underlying medical condition known to confer increased risk for complications from influenza (7). All seven patients sought health care for their illness and five (71.4%) were hospitalized. Six (85.7%) patients fully recovered from their illness and one patient died from complications of their infection. Four patients reported direct contact with (e.g., touching or handling) or proximity to (e.g., walking through an area or coming within 6 feet of) swine in the week preceding illness onset. Three patients worked, lived, or visited areas near where swine were housed, but no direct contact with swine in the week before illness onset was reported. No likely human-to-human transmission of novel influenza A viruses was identified.

Variant virus infections usually occurs among persons with direct, unprotected contact with swine or environments where swine are or have been present (e.g., agricultural fairs, farms, and petting zoos). CDC conducts year-round surveillance for human infections with novel influenza A viruses in conjunction with state and local public health laboratories and conducts extensive epidemiologic investigations on each report of human infection with a novel influenza virus. Any specimen with results suggestive of a novel influenza A virus infection or that cannot be subtyped using standard methods and reagents at a public health laboratory should be immediately submitted to CDC for further testing.

  1. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Public health reporting and national notification for novel influenza A virus infection. Position statement 13-ID-14. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 2012. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/13-ID-14.pdf
  2. Jhung MA, Epperson S, Biggerstaff M, et al. Outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1703–12. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Richards S, Glazier M, Masterson K, et al. Update: Influenza A (H3N2)v transmission and guidelines—five states, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;60:1741–4. PubMed
  4. Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, et al. Update: influenza activity—United States and worldwide, May 24–September 5, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1011–6. CrossRef PubMed
  5. Appiah GD, Blanton L, D’Mello T, et al. Influenza activity—United States, 2014–15 season and composition of the 2015–16 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:583–90. PubMed
  6. Davlin SL, Blanton L, Kniss K, et al. Influenza activity—United States, 2015–16 season and composition of the 2016–17 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:567–75. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2016–17 influenza season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-5):1–54. CrossRef

Pertussis

Reported pertussis incidence decreased 37.9% from 2014 (incidence: 10.3 per 100,000 population) to 2015 (6.5 per 100,000 population). Although overall reporting declined, pertussis incidence varies geographically, and 11 states reported increases in incidence, with two states (Washington and West Virginia) reporting more than double the number of cases they reported during 2014. The highest incidence of reported pertussis continues to be observed among infants aged <1 year (67.2 per 100,000 population); however, the greatest proportion of reported pertussis cases is contributed by adolescents aged 11–19 years (32%), likely the result of waning immunity among adolescents exclusively vaccinated with acellular pertussis vaccines (13). Six pertussis-related deaths were reported through NNDSS during 2015. Three deaths occurred among infants aged <3 months, and the remaining were reported from adolescents and adults with co-morbidities. Two of the three pertussis-related deaths among infants aged <3 months had known maternal Tdap status, and neither mother received Tdap during the recommended 27–36 weeks of gestation. Vaccinating women with Tdap during the third trimester of every pregnancy remains the primary recommendation for preventing pertussis among young infants (4).

  1. Misegades LK, Winter K, Harriman K, et al. Association of childhood pertussis with receipt of 5 doses of pertussis vaccine by time since last vaccine dose, California, 2010. JAMA 2012;308:2126–32. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Skoff TH, Martin SW. Impact of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccinations on reported pertussis cases among those 11 to 18 years of age in an era of waning pertussis immunity: a follow-up analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:453–8. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Acosta AM, DeBolt C, Tasslimi A, et al. Tdap vaccine effectiveness in adolescents during the 2012 Washington State pertussis epidemic. Pediatrics 2015;135:981–9. CrossRef PubMed
  4. CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:131–5. PubMed

Plague

Plague is a fulminant, life-threatening zoonosis caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Transmission to humans usually occurs through the bite of an infected rodent flea and less commonly through direct contact with tissues or inhalation of respiratory secretions from infected animals. Clinical presentation varies according to the route of infection, with bubonic plague being the most common. Bubonic and septicemic plague cannot be transmitted from person to person; however, persons with pneumonic plague can transmit Y. pestis via respiratory droplets (1).

In 2015, a total of 16 confirmed cases of plague were reported to CDC, the most since 2006; four cases were fatal. Cases were reported from residents of eight states: Arizona (two cases), California (one case), Colorado (four cases), Georgia (one case), Michigan (one case), New Mexico (four cases), Oregon (two cases), and Utah (one case). Two of the confirmed cases were linked to exposures in or near Yosemite National Park, the site of a plague epizootic in 2015 (2,3).

  1. Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al. ; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2000;283:2281–90. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Kwit N, Nelson C, Kugeler K, et al. Human plague—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:918–9. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Danforth M, Novak M, Petersen J, et al. Investigation of and response to 2 plague cases, Yosemite National Park, California, USA, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22. CrossRef PubMed

Rabies

During 2015, all 50 states reported a total of 5,491 rabid animals to CDC (1), representing a 9.1% decrease from the 6,033 rabid animals in 2014 (2). Two human rabies deaths occurred in 2015 (1,3), compared with one human rabies death reported in 2014. Of the 5,491 cases of animal rabies, 4,983 (90.7%) involved wildlife. Increases in the number of animals reported rabid were observed for the following species: foxes (4.5%), and dogs (13.6%) (1). Decreases in the number of animals reported rabid were observed for the following species: bats (3%), cats (10.3%), raccoons (11%), and skunks (14%) (1). There were no significant changes in the number of rabid cattle reported from 2014. Other reported rabid wildlife included six bobcats (Lynx rufus), 15 coyotes (Canis latrans), six deer (presumably Odocoileus virginianus), two opossums (Didelphis virginiana), two otters (presumably Lontra canadensis), one elk (Cervus elaphus), and one ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) (1). Rabid rodents and lagomorphs reported in 2015 included 25 groundhogs (Marmota monax), six rabbits (not specified), one squirrel (not specified), and two beavers (Castor canadensis) (1). There was a 4.1% decrease in the number of samples submitted for rabies testing in 2015 as compared with 2014. Two human rabies deaths occurred in 2015 (1,3). The first was a male aged 65 years in Massachusetts who was bitten by a dog while abroad. The second involved a female aged 77 years in Wyoming who had contact with a bat.

  1. Birhane MG, Cleaton JM, Monroe BP, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2015. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017;250:1117–30. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Monroe BP, Yager P, Blanton J, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2014. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:777–88. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Harrist A, Styczynski A, Wynn D, et al. Human rabies—Wyoming and Utah, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:529–33. CrossRef PubMed

Salmonellosis

In 2015, the incidence of salmonellosis in the United States was 17.2 laboratory-confirmed infections per 100,000 population, one and a half times the 2020 national health objectives target of 11.4 (1). Data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which conducts active surveillance for salmonellosis in 10 U.S. sites, showed a preliminary annual incidence of Salmonella of 15.9 in 2015, slightly lower than the rate reported to NNDSS (2). During 2015, as in previous years of surveillance, children aged <5 years had the highest reported incidence rate of salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is reported most frequently in late summer and early fall; in 2015, this seasonality was evident, with most reported infections occurring during July–October.

Salmonella causes an estimated 1.2 million illnesses annually in the United States; of these, an estimated 1 million are transmitted by food consumed in the United States (3). Salmonella can contaminate a wide range of foods, and different serotypes tend to have different animal reservoirs and food sources, making control challenging. The largest multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections in 2015 (serotype Poona) was traced to imported cucumbers; other notable outbreaks in 2015 were linked to small turtles (serotypes Sandiego and Poona), pork (serotypes I 4,[5],12:i:- and Infantis), live poultry (serotypes Enteritidis, Hadar, Indiana and Muenchen), raw, frozen, stuffed chicken entrees (serotype Enteritidis), frozen raw tuna (serotypes Paratyphi B variant L[+] tartrate[+] and Weltevreden), pet crested geckos (serotype Muenchen), and raw sprouted nut butter spreads (serotype Paratyphi B variant L[+] tartrate[+]) (4).

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020 objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2017. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/food-safety/objectives?topicId=14
  2. CDC. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/reports/data/infections.html
  3. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed
  4. CDC. Reports of selected salmonella outbreak investigations, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks-2015.html

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

In 2015, the incidence of laboratory-confirmed Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in the United States was 2.2 cases per 100,000 population. Preliminary data from FoodNet, an active, population-based surveillance system for enteric diseases, reported culture-confirmed STEC incidence of 2.6 in 2015 (1). As in previous years of FoodNet surveillance, the age group with the highest incidence of reported STEC infections was children aged 1–4 years (8.0 per 100,000 population). In 2015, multistate outbreaks of STEC infection were linked to rotisserie chicken salad (STEC O157:H7) and multiple outbreaks linked to an unidentified food or ingredient served at several locations of a national Mexican chain restaurant (STEC O26) (2).

Public health actions to monitor, prevent, and control STEC infections are based on serogroup characterization. Development of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a severe complication of STEC infection, is most strongly associated with STEC O157. Non-O157 STEC, a diverse group that varies in virulence, comprises approximately 50 other serogroups. Increased use of culture-independent diagnostic tests in recent years has led to increased detection and reporting of non-O157 STEC infection (3,4). STEC produces Shiga toxins (Stx): Stx1, Stx2, or both. In general, strains that produce certain types of Stx2 are the most virulent (5). Accounting for underdiagnosis, an estimated 96,000 illnesses are caused by STEC O157 and 168,000 illnesses by non-O157 STEC each year (6,7).

Stool specimens from patients with community-acquired diarrhea submitted to clinical laboratories should be tested routinely both by culture for STEC O157 and by an assay that detects Shiga toxins (or the genes that encode them). Detection of Shiga toxin alone is inadequate for clinical management and public health investigation; characterizing STEC isolates by serogroup and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern is important to detect, investigate, and control outbreaks.

  1. CDC. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/reports/data/infections.html
  2. CDC. Reports of selected E. coli outbreak investigations from 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2015-outbreaks.html
  3. Gould LH, Mody RK, Ong KL, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program Foodnet Working Group. Increased recognition of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the United States during 2000–2010: epidemiologic features and comparison with E. coli O157 infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10:453–60. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Iwamoto M, Huang JY, Cronquist AB, et al. Bacterial enteric infections detected by culture-independent diagnostic tests—FoodNet, United States, 2012–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:252–7. PubMed
  5. Mody RK, Griffin PM. Fecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli : what should be done to prevent secondary cases? Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:1141–4. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Heiman KE, Mody RK, Johnson SD, Griffin PM, Gould LH. Escherichia coli O157 Outbreaks in the United States, 2003–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:1293–301. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed

Shigellosis

In 2015, the probable case definition of shigellosis was updated to include cases detected by culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDT) in addition to cases epidemiologically linked to a probable or confirmed case of shigellosis. Incidence of shigellosis reported in the United States during 2015 was 7.3 culture-confirmed and CIDT-positive infections per 100,000 population. Preliminary 2015 data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which conducts active surveillance for shigellosis in 10 U.S. sites, showed an annual incidence of 6.5 culture-confirmed and CIDT-positive infections of Shigella per 100,000 population (1). As in previous years, the highest number of reported cases of shigellosis in 2015 occurred among children aged <10 years. Shigellosis does not demonstrate marked seasonality, likely reflecting the contribution of year-round person-to-person transmission.

Adjusting for underdiagnosis, Shigella causes an estimated 500,000 illnesses annually in the United States (2). Shigella is most often transmitted person-to-person, including through sexual contact between men who have sex with men (MSM), and also can be transmitted by contaminated food or contaminated water used for drinking or recreational purposes (35). Childcare-associated outbreaks are common and are often difficult to control (6). Homeless persons (4) and international travelers (7,8) are also at higher risk for infection.

Shigella species have caused multidrug-resistant outbreaks in the United States (810). In 2014, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) reported that among Shigella isolates tested for resistance to first-line antimicrobial agents, 2.4% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 4.7% were resistant to azithromycin; 15.3% of isolates were resistant to at least ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (11). MSM and HIV-infected persons appear to be at greater risk for antibiotic resistant Shigella infections than the general adult population (9,10,12,13).

When shigellosis is suspected, clinicians should obtain a relevant clinical history, including sexual history in sexually active patients; collect stool specimens for laboratory testing; base treatment, if indicated, on results of antimicrobial susceptibility; and counsel patients about prevention.

  1. Huang JY, Henao OL, Griffin PM, et al. Infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance—Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:368–71. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Gupta A, Polyak CS, Bishop RD, Sobel J, Mintz ED. Laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the United States, 1989-2002: epidemiologic trends and patterns. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1372–7. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Hines JZ, Pinsent T, Rees K, et al. Shigellosis outbreak among men who have sex with men and homeless persons—Oregon, 2015–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:812–3. CrossRef PubMed
  5. Baker KS, Dallman TJ, Ashton PM, et al. Intercontinental dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis
    2015;15:913–21. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Arvelo W, Hinkle CJ, Nguyen TA, et al. Transmission risk factors and treatment of pediatric shigellosis during a large daycare center-associated outbreak of multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei : implications for the management of shigellosis outbreaks among children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:976–80. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Gray MD, Lampel KA, Strockbine NA, Fernandez RE, Melton-Celsa AR, Maurelli AT. Clinical isolates of Shiga toxin 1a-producing Shigella flexneri with an epidemiological link to recent travel to Hispañiola. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1669–77. CrossRef PubMed
  8. Bowen A, Hurd J, Hoover C, et al. Importation and domestic transmission of Shigella sonnei
    resistant to ciprofloxacin—United States, May 2014–February 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:318–20. PubMed
  9. Heiman KE, Karlsson M, Grass J, et al. Notes from the field: Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men—United States, 2002–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:132–3. PubMed
  10. Bowen A, Eikmeier D, Talley P, et al. Notes from the field: outbreaks of Shigella sonnei
    infection with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men—Chicago and Metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
    2015;64:597–8. PubMed
  11. CDC. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for enteric bacteria (NARMS): human isolates surveillance report for 2014 (final report). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
  12. Bowen A, Grass J, Bicknese A, Campbell D, Hurd J, Kirkcaldy RD. Elevated risk for multidrug-resistant Shigella infections among men who have sex with men—United States, 2011–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1613–6. CrossRef PubMed
  13. Chiou CS, Izumiya H, Kawamura M, et al. The worldwide spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei among HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(4):383 e11–6.

Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis

Spotted fever group rickettsioses are a group of diseases caused by closely related bacteria in the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are spread to humans through the bite of infected arthropods, primarily ticks. Incidence of spotted fever rickettsioses rose 12% between 2014 and 2015 to the second highest level ever reported. American Indians continue to be disproportionately impacted by spotted fever rickettsioses. In 2015, incidence of spotted fever rickettsiosis among American Indians was more than twice that of whites, nine times higher than blacks, and 25 times higher than Asians and Pacific Islanders. Epidemics of Rocky Mountain spotted fever have been ongoing since 2003 on tribal lands of Arizona (1). High incidence in this region might contribute to the disproportionate burden of spotted fever rickettsiosis in American Indian populations.

  1. Demma LJ, Traeger MS, Nicholson WL, et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N Engl J Med 2005;353:587–94. CrossRef PubMed

Trichinellosis

In 2015, a total of 13* cases of trichinellosis were reported to CDC (10 confirmed and three probable). A known or suspected source of Trichinella infection was documented for 10 (77%) of these cases, and included bear (seven), commercial pork (one), pork from an unspecified source (one), and pork consumed during international travel (one).

Two outbreaks of trichinellosis were reported in 2015. The first outbreak included one confirmed and two probable cases in persons from Texas who reportedly consumed meat from a black bear hunted in Alaska. CDC’s laboratory detected Trichinella larvae in a sample of the leftover bear meat via microscopy. The second outbreak included two confirmed and one probable case (one confirmed and one probable from Colorado and one confirmed from Idaho), in persons who also reportedly consumed meat from a bear hunted in Alaska. Persons in both outbreaks reported cooking the bear meat via open-fire roasting or barbecue. The best way to prevent Trichinella infection is to thoroughly cook all meats to the USDA-recommended temperatures (as verified with a food thermometer) before consumption (1).

* This number differs from the denominator of 14 cases presented in tables below; one case from Wisconsin was reclassified as suspect from confirmed after the deadline for finalizing data.

  1. CDC. Trichinellosis: prevention and control. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/prevent.html

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s most common deadly airborne diseases. In 2015, an estimated 10.4 million persons worldwide had TB, and 1.4 million died from the disease (1). In 2014, an estimated 1.7 billion persons worldwide had latent TB infection (LTBI), which can later develop into active disease (2). Over one million persons were granted permanent U.S. residency in 2015, approximately one-third of whom were from countries identified as having a high burden of TB disease (3). CDC and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend screening persons who have lived in countries with a high burden of TB disease for LTBI (4).

In the United States, new cases of TB disease have been reported annually since 1953 to CDC’s National Tuberculosis Surveillance System (NTSS) (5). CDC receives data from 60 reporting jurisdictions (all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, New York City, and eight U.S.-affiliated islands) through a standardized data collection form, the Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis (RVCT). In 2009, the RVCT was revised, and NTSS transitioned into an online reporting system. TB case rates remained at approximately 3.0 cases/100,000 persons each year during 2013–2015 (5). For the first time since 1992, TB cases increased by 1.6% from 9,406 cases in 2014 to 9,557 in 2015 (5).

Among all TB cases in the United States, members of racial and ethnic minorities, especially persons who were born in countries with higher TB incidence than the United States, are disproportionately affected. In 2015, 66.4% (6,350 of 9,557) of persons with TB in the United States were foreign-born. Asians comprised 33.2% (3,177 of 9,557) of all cases and 47.8% (3,033 of 6,350) of cases among foreign-born persons. In 2015, the TB rate among Asians (18.2 per 100,000 persons) was 30 times as high as the rate (0.6) among non-Hispanic whites (5).

TB drug resistance continues to be a major concern. During 1996–2015, the percentage of primary multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB cases (i.e., cases in patients with no previous history of TB disease and with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate that was resistant to at least isoniazid [INH] and rifampin [RIF]) has fluctuated between 0.9% and 1.3% each year. The percentage of U.S.-born patients with primary MDR TB has remained <1.0%. However, of the total number of reported primary MDR-TB cases, the percentage occurring among foreign-born persons increased from 25.3% (103/407 persons) in 1993 to 86.3% (63/73 persons) in 2015, which is similar to the proportion in 2014. In addition, 16 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB cases (i.e., patients with isolates resistant to INH and RIF, plus resistance to any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line anti-TB drugs) have been reported since 2009 (5).

For TB elimination (<1 case/1,000,000 population) to be acheived (6), intensified efforts are needed to address the persistent disparities that exist in populations with a high risk for TB disease. Improved awareness, testing, and treatment of LTBI and TB disease among minorities and foreign-born populations are essential parts of these efforts. CDC is collaborating with partners in efforts to enhance TB testing, monitoring, and treatment of LTBI to prevent its progression to TB disease and accelerate the decrease in TB cases.

  1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en
  2. Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med 2016;13:e1002152. CrossRef PubMed
  3. US Department of Homeland Security. 2015 yearbook of immigration statistics, table 3. Persons obtaining lawful permanent resident status by region and country of birth: fiscal years 2013 to 2015. https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2015/table3
  4. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. ; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for latent tuberculosis infection in adults. JAMA 2016;316:962–9. CrossRef PubMed
  5. CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2015/default.htm
  6. CDC. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination strategic plan 2016–2020. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/strategicplan.htm

Tularemia

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Transmission to humans occurs through the bite of infected ticks or deer flies, direct contact with tissues of sick or dead animals, ingestion of contaminated water or undercooked meat, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols, including aerosols generated during laboratory procedures (1).

In 2015, a total of 314 tularemia cases were reported to CDC, the largest number since 1964 and a 74% increase relative to 2014. The majority of cases were reported from eight states: Arkansas (24 cases), Colorado (52 cases), Kansas (34 cases), Missouri (29 cases), Nebraska (25 cases), Oklahoma (23 cases), South Dakota (25 cases), and Wyoming (21 cases). A disproportionate increase in cases was noted in Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming, possibly related to increased rabbit populations (2).

  1. Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. ; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001;285:2763–73. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Pedati C, House J, Hancock-Allen J, et al. Notes from the field: increase in human cases of tularemia—Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming, January–September 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1317–8. CrossRef PubMed

Typhoid

Typhoid fever is rare in the United States. Since 2009, an annual average of fewer than 400 cases has been reported. In 2015, a total of 367 cases were reported. Approximately 86% of U.S. cases are associated with international travel, and the risk for infection is highest for travelers visiting friends and relatives in countries where typhoid fever is endemic, especially in southern Asia, where 82% of patients with typhoid travelled within 30 days preceding their illness (1). These persons might stay for extended periods and are less likely than other travelers to seek pretravel vaccination and to observe strict safe water and food practices, perhaps due to misperception of disease risk (2). Travelers face a risk for typhoid fever when visiting even for a short time areas where the disease is endemic (3) and should consult guidelines for prevention of typhoid at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid. Paratyphoid fever, although caused by different organisms and not nationally notifiable, is an illness similar to typhoid fever and is of similar concern to travelers in regions where the disease is endemic. There is no vaccine available for paratyphoid fever (1).

  1. Date KA, Newton AE, Medalla F, et al. Changing patterns in enteric fever incidence and increasing antibiotic resistance of enteric fever isolates in the United States, 2008–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:322–9. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Angell SY, Cetron MS. Health disparities among travelers visiting friends and relatives abroad. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:67–72. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, et al. Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:186–91. CrossRef PubMed

Varicella

Important declines in varicella incidence occurred during the first nine years of implementation of the 2-dose varicella vaccination program (13). Based on reports of varicella cases to CDC through NNDSS, varicella incidence has declined 85% from an average of 25.4 per 100,000 in 2005–2006 (the end of the 1-dose varicella vaccination program) to 3.8 per 100,000 in 2015. Statistically significant declines in incidence were reported for all age groups during this time, with the largest declines among children aged 5–9 years (91%) and 10–14 years (89%). During the same period, the number of states reporting varicella cases has increased from 27 in 2005 to 40 in 2015.

Varicella-specific variables important for monitoring impact of the varicella vaccination program include age, vaccination status, disease severity (e.g., number of lesions), outcome of the case (e.g., hospitalized), and whether the case is associated with an outbreak. In 2015, 96% (9,455/9,789) of cases reported to CDC from 38 states had data on at least one of the above mentioned varicella-specific variables. Of the 9,455 cases, completeness of reporting for these variables ranged from a low of 8% (n=780) for whether the case resulted in hospitalization to a high of 98% (n = 9,299) for age; completeness for other key variables was 53% (n = 4,982) for vaccination status, 43% (n = 4,028) for disease severity, and 68% (n=6,464) for whether the case was associated with an outbreak.

Among the 9,299 cases with data on age, 49% (4,553) were in persons 1–9 years, 20% (1,930) were in persons aged 10–19 years, and 21% (1,984) were in persons aged ≥20 years. Among cases for which information on vaccination status was available (n = 4,982), 58% (n = 2,900) of reported cases were in patients who had received at least 1 dose of varicella vaccine, and of those reported cases who received at least 1 dose of vaccine and had information on number of varicella doses received (n = 2,207), 57% (1,261) had received 2 doses. Mild disease (<50 lesions) was reported in 50% (2,008/4,028) of cases; 5% (36/780) of cases resulted in hospitalization; and 22% (1,446/6,464) of cases were associated with outbreaks. Less than one third of total reported cases had specimens tested for varicella (29%; 1,305/4,491), but 83% (1,086/1,305) of cases with testing were laboratory confirmed as varicella.

States are working to improve reporting of cases and completeness of varicella-specific variables (3), which will strengthen the use of national surveillance in monitoring the impact of the varicella vaccination program. Although states are sending varicella-specific data to CDC, findings describing patient characteristics should be interpreted with caution given the large proportion of missing data. Finally, increased testing of suspect cases of varicella will also improve reliability of varicella surveillance data.

  1. Bialek SR, Perella D, Zhang J, et al. Impact of a routine two-dose varicella vaccination program on varicella epidemiology. Pediatrics 2013;132:e1134–40. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Leung J, Lopez AS, Blostein J, et al. Impact of the US two-dose Varicella Vaccination Program on the epidemiology of varicella outbreaks: data from nine states, 2005–2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015;34:1105–9. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Lopez AS, Zhang J, Marin M. Epidemiology of varicella during the 2-dose Varicella Vaccination Program—United States, 2005–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:902–5. CrossRef PubMed

Vibriosis

Vibriosis, defined as infection caused by a species from the family Vibrionaceae other than toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139, is associated with consumption of seafood, primarily raw oysters, or direct exposure to salt water, marine wildlife, or seafood drippings. Although most infections result in mild gastrointestinal illness or skin infection, severe illness or death is possible and occurs more often in those with pre-existing conditions such as liver disease, immunodeficiency, or decreased stomach acid levels (1,2).

The incidence of vibriosis has shown an overall increase since becoming a nationally notifiable disease in 2007 (3). Cases reported to NNDSS increased from 0.25 cases per 100,000 in 2007 to 0.42 cases per 100,000 population in 2015. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which conducts active, population-based surveillance for vibriosis in 10 U.S. states also reported an increase in incidence from 0.24 per 100,000 in 2007 to a preliminary incidence of 0.39 per 100,000 population in 2015 (4). Incidence of vibriosis reported to FoodNet is used to track progress towards the Healthy People 2020 goal for vibriosis of 0.2 cases per 100,000 population (5). Of the 1,323 vibriosis cases reported to NNDSS, 386 (29.2%) were reported from Gulf coast states, and 374 (28.3%) were reported from Pacific coast states.

  1. Iwamoto M, Ayers T, Mahon BE, Swerdlow DL. Epidemiology of seafood-associated infections in the United States. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010;23:399–411. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Dechet AM, Yu PA, Koram N, Painter J. Nonfoodborne Vibrio infections: an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, 1997–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:970–6. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Newton A, Kendall M, Vugia DJ, Henao OL, Mahon BE. Increasing rates of vibriosis in the United States, 1996–2010: review of surveillance data from 2 systems. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S391–5. CrossRef PubMed
  4. Huang JY, Henao OL, Griffin PM, et al. Infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance—Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:368–71. CrossRef PubMed
  5. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020. FS-1.6 data details: reduce infections caused by Vibrio species transmitted commonly through food. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2017. https://www.healthypeople.gov/node/4480/data_details

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) is a group of acute febrile illnesses that are caused by over 30 viruses (1). Nationally notifiable VHFs are those with documented person to person transmission, such as: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), Lassa fever, Lujo, Marburg, and several New World Arenaviruses (Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, and Sabia).

In response to the West Africa EVD epidemic, enhanced screening of all airline passengers who had traveled to Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea within the previous 21 days continued into 2015; enhanced screening was progressively discontinued as control measures brought the epidemic to a close in these countries. Entry risk assessment and active monitoring was discontinued for travelers returning from Liberia in September and from Sierra Leone in December. Over the duration of the enhanced entry risk assessment and management program, approximately 38,000 travelers were assessed at U.S. ports of entry (2).

In May 2015, a returning traveler from Liberia presented to a New Jersey hospital with illness that was laboratory-confirmed to be Lassa fever. This patient later died. This is the eighth known imported case to the United States (3). Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa, with an estimated 100,000 to 300,000 cases and 5,000 deaths annually. Physicians should remain aware of the potential for VHF infections in recent travelers.

  1. Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Zaki S, Ksiazek TG. Arenaviruses and filoviruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Landry ML, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology, 11th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2015:1669–86.
  2. Cohen NJ, Brown CM, Alvarado-Ramy F, et al. Travel and border health measures to prevent the international spread of Ebola. MMWR Suppl 2016;65(No. Suppl 3);57–67.
  3. Amorosa V, MacNeil A, McConnell R, et al. Imported Lassa fever, Pennsylvania, USA, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:1598–600. CrossRef PubMed

Part 1

Summary of Notifiable Diseases in the United States, 2015

Return to your place in the textTABLE 1. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases* and rate per 100,000 population, excluding U.S. territories — United States, 2015
Disease No. Rate
Arboviral diseases
  Chikungunya virus disease
    neuroinvasive 4 (0.00)
    nonneuroinvasive 892 (0.28)
  Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 6 (0.00)
  Jamestown Canyon virus disease
    neuroinvasive 6 (0.00)
    nonneuroinvasive 5 (0.00)
  La Crosse virus disease
    neuroinvasive 51 (0.02)
    nonneuroinvasive 4 (0.00)
  Powassan virus disease
    neuroinvasive 6 (0.00)
    nonneuroinvasive 1 (0.00)
  St. Louis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 19 (0.01)
    nonneuroinvasive 4 (0.00)
  West Nile virus disease
    neuroinvasive 1,455 (0.45)
    nonneuroinvasive 720 (0.22)
Babesiosis, total 2,100 (0.96)
   confirmed 1,804 (0.82)
   probable 296 (0.14)
Botulism, total 195 (0.06)
   foodborne 37 (0.01)
   infant 138 (3.47)
   other (wound and unspecified) 20 (0.01)
Brucellosis 126 (0.04)
Campylobacteriosis 54,556 (17.68)
Chancroid§ 11 (0.00)
Chlamydia trachomatis infection§ 1,526,658 (474.97)
Cholera 5 (0.00)
Coccidioidomycosis 11,072 (8.82)
Cryptosporidiosis, total 9,735 (3.03)
   confirmed 6,145 (1.91)
   probable 3,590 (1.12)
Cyclosporiasis 645 (0.22)
Dengue virus infections
  dengue 929 (0.29)
  dengue-like illness 16 (0.00)
  severe dengue 6 (0.00)
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
   Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 3,656 (1.19)
  Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection 1,288 (0.42)
  Ehrlichia ewingii infection 14 (0.00)
  Undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis 179 (0.06)
Giardiasis 14,485 (5.74)
Gonorrhea§ 395,216 (122.96)
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
   All ages, serotypes 4,138 (1.29)
    Age <5 yrs
      serotype b 29 (0.15)
      nontypeable 175 (0.98)
      non-b serotype 135 (0.75)
      unknown serotype 167 (0.93)
Hansen’s disease 89 (0.03)
Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 3 (0.00)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 21 (0.01)
Hemolytic uremic syndrome postdiarrheal 274 (0.09)
Hepatitis
    A acute 1,390 (0.43)
    B acute 3,370 (1.06)
    B chronic** 14,147 (5.27)
    B perinatal infection 37 (0.01)
    C acute†† 2,447 (0.81)
    C past or present§§ 179,584 (72.64)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses¶¶ 33,817 (10.52)
Influenza-associated pediatric mortality*** 130 (0.18)
Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever 1 (0.00)
Legionellosis 6,079 (1.89)
Leptospirosis 40 (0.02)
Listeriosis 768 (0.24)
Lyme disease, total 38,069 (11.90)
  Confirmed 28,453 (8.89)
  Probable 9,616 (3.01)
Malaria 1,390 (0.43)
Measles, total 188 (0.06)
    Indigenous 162 (0.05)
    Imported 26 (0.01)
Meningococcal disease
    all serogroups 372 (0.12)
    serogroups ACWY 120 (0.04)
    serogroup B 111 (0.03)
    other serogroups 21 (0.01)
    unknown serogroup 120 (0.04)
Mumps 1,329 (0.41)
Novel influenza A virus infections 7 (0.00)
Pertussis 20,762 (6.46)
Plague 16 (0.00)
Psittacosis 4 (0.00)
Q fever, total 156 (0.05)
   acute 122 (0.04)
   chronic 34 (0.01)
Rabies
   animal††† 5,491 (1.71)
   human 2 (0.00)
Rubella 5 (0.00)
Rubella, congenital syndrome 1 (0.00)
Salmonellosis 55,108 (17.15)
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 7,059 (2.20)
Shigellosis 23,590 (7.34)
Spotted fever rickettsiosis, total 4,198 (1.31)
   confirmed 199 (0.06)
   probable 3,999 (1.25)
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 335 (0.16)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease
  all ages 16,163 (6.93)
  age <5 yrs 1,177 (7.87)
Syphilis, total, all stages§,§§§ 74,702 (23.24)
   congenital§ 487 (12.24)
   primary and secondary§ 23,872 (7.43)
Tetanus 29 (0.01)
Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) 64 (0.03)
Trichinellosis 14 (0.00)
Tuberculosis¶¶¶ 9,557 (2.97)
Tularemia 314 (0.10)
Typhoid fever 367 (0.11)
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus 183 (0.07)
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 3 (0.00)
Varicella morbidity 9,789 (3.76)
Varicella mortality**** 6 (0.00)
Vibriosis 1,323 (0.42)

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.
§ Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
Reportable in <25 states.
** Total number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
†† Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
§§ Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
¶¶ Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31, 2016.
*** Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), as of June 30, 2016
††† Totals reported to the Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID (National Rabies Surveillance System), as of December 31, 2016.
§§§ Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis.
¶¶¶ Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.
**** Totals reported to the Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, as of June 30, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2a. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Total resident population (in thousands) Arboviral diseases
Chikungunya virus disease Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease Jamestown Canyon virus disease La Crosse virus disease
Neuroinvasive Nonneuroinvasive Neuroinvasive Neuroinvasive Nonneuroinvasive Neuroinvasive Nonneuroinvasive
United States 321,417 4 892 6 6 5 51 4
New England 14,727 59 1 1
Connecticut 3,591 16
Maine 1,329 2 1
Massachusetts 6,794 34 1
New Hampshire 1,331 1
Rhode Island 1,056 5
Vermont 626 1
Mid. Atlantic 41,556 138 3 1
New Jersey 8,958 31 1
New York (upstate) 11,245 37 3
New York City 8,550 62
Pennsylvania 12,803 8
E. N. Central 46,787 1 53 3 2 29 1
Illinois 12,860 1 19
Indiana 6,620 7
Michigan 9,923 9
Ohio 11,613 10 1 23 1
Wisconsin 5,771 8 2 2 6
W.N. Central 21,121 1 40 1 2 1 1
Iowa 3,124 4 1
Kansas 2,912 11 1
Minnesota 5,490 15 1 1 1
Missouri 6,084 5
Nebraska 1,896 4
North Dakota 757 1 1
South Dakota 858
S. Atlantic 63,276 1 146 1 17 1
Delaware 946
District of Columbia 672
Florida 20,271 73
Georgia 10,215 9 2
Maryland 6,006 19
North Carolina 10,043 19 1 11
South Carolina 4,896 1 2 1
Virginia 8,383 24
West Virginia 1,844 3 1
E.S. Central 18,876 19 3 1
Alabama 4,859 1
Kentucky 4,425 8
Mississippi 2,992 1
Tennessee 6,600 9 3 1
W.S. Central 39,029 70 1 1
Arkansas 2,978 4
Louisiana 4,671 7 1 1
Oklahoma 3,911 4
Texas 27,469 55
Mountain 23,531 42 1
Arizona 6,828 24
Colorado 5,457 8
Idaho 1,655 5
Montana 1,033 1
Nevada 2,891 1
New Mexico 2,085
Utah 2,996 3
Wyoming 586 1
Pacific 52,514 1 325
Alaska 738 1
California 39,145 276
Hawaii 1,432 7
Oregon 4,029 3
Washington 7,170 1 38
Territories
American Samoa 54
C.N.M.I. 52
Guam 162
Puerto Rico 3,598 216
U.S. Virgin Islands 104 21

C.N.M.I.: Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands
* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2b. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Arboviral diseases
Powassan virus disease St. Louis encephalitis virus disease West Nile virus disease
Neuroinvasive Nonneuroinvasive Neuroinvasive Nonneuroinvasive Neuroinvasive Nonneuroinvasive
United States 6 1 19 4 1,455 720
New England 4 16 5
Connecticut 8 2
Maine 1 1
Massachusetts 3 7 3
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Mid. Atlantic 1 1 82 31
New Jersey 1 23 3
New York (upstate) 1 12 7
New York City 30 8
Pennsylvania 17 13
E. N. Central 1 112 48
Illinois 51 26
Indiana 16 5
Michigan 16 2
Ohio 23 12
Wisconsin 1 6 3
W. N. Central 82 135
Iowa 4 10
Kansas 12 22
Minnesota 3 6
Missouri 23 6
Nebraska 19 49
North Dakota 10 13
South Dakota 11 29
S. Atlantic 76 33
Delaware 6
District of Columbia 3 2
Florida 12 1
Georgia 13 2
Maryland 31 14
North Carolina 4
South Carolina
Virginia 13 8
West Virginia
E.S. Central 36 21
Alabama 5 4
Kentucky 1 1
Mississippi 25 13
Tennessee 5 3
W.S. Central 302 131
Arkansas 16 2
Louisiana 41 10
Oklahoma 49 40
Texas 196 79
Mountain 19 4 156 101
Arizona 19 4 67 36
Colorado 57 44
Idaho 5 8
Montana 3
Nevada 4 3
New Mexico 12 2
Utah 5 3
Wyoming 3 5
Pacific 593 215
Alaska
California 585 198
Hawaii
Oregon 1
Washington 8 16
Territories
American Samoa
C.N.M.I.
Guam
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2c. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Babesiosis Botulism Brucellosis
Total Confirmed Probable Total Foodborne Infant Other†
United States 2,100 1,804 296 195 37 138 20 126
New England 1,078 973 105 1 1 2
Connecticut 328 286 42
Maine 55 53 2
Massachusetts 443 425 18 2
New Hampshire 53 51 2
Rhode Island 190 151 39 1 1
Vermont 9 7 2
Mid. Atlantic 889 727 162 31 31 11
New Jersey 297 244 53 6 6
New York (upstate) 521 418 103 1 1 4
New York City 71 65 6 3 3 4
Pennsylvania N N N 21 21 3
E. N. Central 64 51 13 31 25 5 1 10
Illinois 3 3 2 2 5
Indiana 2
Michigan 3 2 1 1 1 1
Ohio 2 2 28 23 4 1 1
Wisconsin 56 46 10 1
W. N. Central 48 38 10 6 5 1 8
Iowa N N N 2 2 N 1
Kansas N N N 1 1
Minnesota 45 35 10 1 1 4
Missouri N N N
Nebraska 1
North Dakota 3 3 2 1 1 2
South Dakota
S. Atlantic 7 4 3 20 18 2 21
Delaware 1 1 2 2
District of Columbia N N N 4
Florida N N N 1 1 8
Georgia N N N 3
Maryland 4 1 3 10 9 1 1
North Carolina N N N 3 3 1
South Carolina 2 2 2
Virginia N N N 3 3 2
West Virginia 1 1
E.S. Central 3 2 1 7 7 6
Alabama 2 1 1 1 1 2
Kentucky 1 1 1
Mississippi N N N 1 1
Tennessee 1 1 4 4 3
W.S. Central 2 2 14 12 2 27
Arkansas 1
Louisiana 1 1 3 3 2
Oklahoma N N N 2 2 1
Texas 1 1 9 7 2 23
Mountain 20 4 15 1 6
Arizona N N N 3 2 1 1
Colorado N N N 3 3 1
Idaho N N N 2 2
Montana 1
Nevada N N N
New Mexico N N N 3 2 1
Utah 8 2 6 3
Wyoming 1 1
Pacific 9 7 2 65 8 44 13 35
Alaska N N N 5 4 1 1
California 5 5 50 1 36 13 29
Hawaii N N N 1 1 1
Oregon 2 1 1 3 3
Washington 2 1 1 6 6 4
Territories
American Samoa U U U
C.N.M.I
Guam
Puerto Rico N N N
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Includes cases reported as wound and unspecified botulism.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2d. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Campylobacteriosis Chancroid Chlamydia trachomatis infection Cholera Coccidioidomycosis§
United States 54,556 11 1,526,658 5 11,072
New England 3,114 3 50,762
Connecticut 780 13,126 N
Maine 221 3,965 N
Massachusetts 1,456 3 24,100
New Hampshire 252 3,095
Rhode Island 232 4,575
Vermont 173 1,901 N
Mid. Atlantic 8,005 188,412 1
New Jersey 1,907 31,337 N
New York (upstate) 1,982 40,860 1 N
New York City 1,716 62,755 N
Pennsylvania 2,400 53,460 N
E. N. Central 5,433 1 226,089 40
Illinois N 69,610 N
Indiana 914 1 28,886 N
Michigan 1,339 46,486 20
Ohio 1,722 56,726 13
Wisconsin 1,458 24,381 7
W.N. Central 5,092 88,804 108
Iowa 769 12,085 N
Kansas 679 11,464 N
Minnesota 1,407 21,243 80
Missouri 1,207 28,948 10
Nebraska 505 7,956 9
North Dakota 176 3,159 9
South Dakota 349 3,949 N
S. Atlantic 8,949 320,277 3 5
Delaware 156 4,605
District of Columbia 8 7,894
Florida 3,351 90,468 3 N
Georgia 1,093 57,639 N
Maryland 789 27,450 5
North Carolina 1,298 64,376 N
South Carolina 363 27,538 N
Virginia 1,564 35,349 N
West Virginia 327 4,958 N
E.S. Central 2,331 92,446
Alabama 589 26,359 N
Kentucky 788 17,444
Mississippi 195 17,371 N
Tennessee 759 31,272 N
W.S. Central 5,619 2 210,674 11
Arkansas 448 16,166 7
Louisiana 365 32,325 4
Oklahoma 862 21,025 N
Texas 3,944 2 141,158 N
Mountain 4,319 2 102,286 7,845
Arizona 1,379 1 32,387 7,622
Colorado 965 23,857 N
Idaho 409 5,631 N
Montana 323 4,184 12
Nevada 175 12,925 115
New Mexico 479 12,632 31
Utah 435 8,633 52
Wyoming 154 1 2,037 13
Pacific 11,694 3 246,908 1 3,063
Alaska 98 5,660 N
California 8,304 2 189,170 3,053
Hawaii 569 7,074 1 N
Oregon 882 16,305 10
Washington 1,841 1 28,699 N
Territories
American Samoa N
C.N.M.I.
Guam 4 881
Puerto Rico 28 5,295 N
U.S. Virgin Islands 743

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
§ Notifiable in <25 states.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2e. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Dengue virus infections
Total Confirmed Probable Dengue Dengue-like illness Severe dengue
United States 9,735 6,145 3,590 645 929 16 6
New England 443 394 49 40 22 2
Connecticut 82 82 16 4 1
Maine 34 24 10 N 4
Massachusetts 211 211 21 8
New Hampshire 36 23 13 3 1
Rhode island 25 25 3
Vermont 55 29 26 2 1
Mid. Atlantic 818 673 145 93 187 4 1
New Jersey 86 84 2 21 57 3
New York (upstate) 269 263 6 21 33
New York City 133 131 2 51 74 1 1
Pennsylvania 330 195 135 N 23
E. N. Central 1,672 1,182 490 45 63
Illinois 240 100 140 21 29
Indiana 188 123 65
Michigan 238 210 28 8 16
Ohio 424 167 257 2 11
Wisconsin 582 582 14 7
W.N. Central 1,794 826 968 20 36 1
Iowa 373 109 264 4 4
Kansas 179 94 85 6 4
Minnesota 318 232 86 1 20 1
Missouri 401 160 241 5 3
Nebraska 259 200 59 4 2
North Dakota 17 17 N 1
South Dakota 247 14 233 2
S. Atlantic 1,960 1,169 791 84 148 3 2
Delaware 15 10 5 1 1
District of Columbia 24 21 3 8 2 1
Florida 856 384 472 32 82
Georgia 350 350 34 8
Maryland 99 73 26 3 11 1 1
North Carolina 282 192 90 4 9
South Carolina 77 50 27 2 4
Virginia 234 72 162 8 24
West Virginia 23 17 6 1
E.S. Central 669 439 230 1 19
Alabama 261 147 114 N 3
Kentucky 95 52 43 1
Mississippi 35 34 1 N 2
Tennessee 278 206 72 1 13
W.S. Central 1,057 648 409 320 37 2
Arkansas 69 65 4 3 1
Louisiana 132 66 66 1 4
Oklahoma 116 48 68 N 2
Texas 740 469 271 316 30 2
Mountain 596 358 238 22 37 5
Arizona 62 49 13 1 12 5
Colorado 136 77 59 8 13
Idaho 95 85 10 N 3
Montana 39 39 3 4
Nevada 12 8 4 N 1
New Mexico 51 48 3 2 3
Utah 173 24 149 8 1
Wyoming 28 28
Pacific 726 456 270 20 380 2
Alaska 9 8 1 1
California 372 345 27 15 138
Hawaii 22 22 219
Oregon 213 15 198 3 2
Washington 110 66 44 5 19
Territories
American Samoa N N N N
C.N.M.I.
Guam
Puerto Rico 58
U.S. Virgin Islands 3

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Total number of reported laboratory-positive dengue cases including all confirmed cases [by anti-dengue virus (DENV) molecular diagnostic methods or seroconversion of anti-DENV IgM] and all probable cases (by a single, positive anti-DENV IgM). Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2f. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United State and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis Giardiasis Gonorrhea
Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection Ehrlichia Ewingii infection Undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis
United States 3,656 1,288 14 179 14,485 395,216
New England 1,438 77 1 3 1,151 7,302
Connecticut 120 N N 215 2,088
Maine 186 5 1 116 417
Massachusetts 767 12 678 3,817
New Hampshire 110 12 1 102 245
Rhode Island 116 44 40 580
Vermont 139 4 2 N 155
Mid. Atlantic 929 181 1 26 2,835 45,580
New Jersey 125 61 1 5 443 7,228
New York (upstate) 727 109 11 860 8,719
New York City 56 7 871 16,842
Pennsylvania 21 4 10 661 12,791
E. N. Central 563 74 82 1,493 57,127
Illinois 10 30 1 N 17,130
Indiana 20 178 7,843
Michigan 6 5 444 10,330
Ohio 1 17 1 383 16,564
Wisconsin 546 22 60 488 5,260
W. N. Central 637 286 9 32 1,487 21,257
Iowa N N N N 213 2,247
Kansas 5 46 2 1 108 2,536
Minnesota 613 4 21 617 4,097
Missouri 15 231 7 9 251 8,942
Nebraska 1 4 131 1,703
North Dakota 3 1 1 39 684
South Dakota 128 1,048
S. Atlantic 43 274 13 2,634 87,900
Delaware 4 14 28 1,310
District of Columbia N 1 121 2,742
Florida 5 18 1 1,038 24,125
Georgia 33 1 736 15,982
Maryland 4 30 251 6,858
North Carolina 19 74 N 19,809
South Carolina 1 3 125 8,206
Virginia 10 96 10 269 8,099
West Virginia 5 1 66 769
E.S. Central 17 132 1 16 188 26,035
Alabama 7 9 2 188 7,196
Kentucky 53 N 4,678
Mississippi 9 1 3 N 5,775
Tennessee 10 61 11 N 8,386
W.S. Central 19 264 2 2 352 61,321
Arkansas 16 192 1 119 4,780
Louisiana 2 2 233 10,282
Oklahoma 62 1 N 6,542
Texas 3 8 N 39,717
Mountain 3 3 1,128 21,804
Arizona 3 143 8,245
Colorado N N N N 370 4,387
Idaho N N N N 161 472
Montana 1 93 844
Nevada 53 3,630
New Mexico N N N N 77 2,489
Utah 2 196 1,562
Wyoming 35 175
Pacific 7 2 3,217 66,890
Alaska N N N N 94 1,113
California 3 1 2,150 54,135
Hawaii N N N N 38 1,239
Oregon 3 1 334 3,232
Washington 1 601 7,171
Territories
American Samoa N N N N
C.N.M.I
Guam N N N N 1 147
Puerto Rico N N N N 23 620
U.S. Virgin Islands 52

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito hemorrhagic fever; Junin hemorrhagic fever; Lujo virus; Machupo hemorrhagic fever; Marburg fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia-associated hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV); smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2g. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease Hansen’s disease (leprosy) Hantavirus infections
All ages, serotypes Age <5 years Non-Hantavirus Hantavirus
Serotype b Nontypeable Non-b serotype Unknown Pulmonary syndrome Pulmonary syndrome
United States 4,138 29 175 135 167 89 3 21
New England 259 1 8 9 1 1
Connecticut 42 3 N N
Maine 39 1 1 1 N
Massachusetts 122 4 5
New Hampshire 23 1 1 1
Rhode Island 20 1
Vermont 13 1 N
Mid. Atlantic 633 2 14 4 29 7
New Jersey 136 18 1 N
New York (upstate) 197 1 9 2
New York City 97 6 3
Pennsylvania 203 1 5 2 5 3
E. N. Central 723 8 39 20 8 4 2 1
Illinois 204 1 12 6 3 1
Indiana 119 4 4 3 1 1 1
Michigan 132 5 6 2 1
Ohio 161 2 12 3 2
Wisconsin 107 1 6 2 2 1
W. N. Central 334 1 3 12 26 1 1
Iowa 2
Kansas 48 3 5 N
Minnesota 105 11 1
Missouri 121 14
Nebraska 32 4 1
North Dakota 25 1 3 N 1
South Dakota 1
S. Atlantic 1,009 2 48 25 40 36
Delaware 18 3
District of Columbia 9 1 N
Florida 239 24 7 6 29
Georgia 210 1 10 8 6 3
Maryland 85 4 2
North Carolina 182 20 1
South Carolina 100 2 5 5 1
Virginia 121 1 5 3 2 N
West Virginia 45 2 N
E.S. Central 320 13 12 6 2
Alabama 80 3 2 1 1 N N
Kentucky 49 1 1 3
Mississippi 45 4 1
Tennessee 146 9 5 2
W.S. Central 245 4 17 10 3 22 2
Arkansas 56 6 3 1 2
Louisiana 61 1 3 2
Oklahoma 117 10 4 N N
Texas 11 4 N N N 20 2
Mountain 415 9 27 34 5 2 1 14
Arizona 133 3 13 18 2 1 1
Colorado 92 1 5 2 1 6
Idaho 27 1 3 1 1 N
Montana 15 2 4
Nevada 31 2
New Mexico 62 1 1 8 1
Utah 50 5 3 1 1 1 1
Wyoming 5 1 1
Pacific 200 2 6 9 49 14 3
Alaska 22 1 1 5
California 64 46 7 2
Hawaii 12 3 7
Oregon 97 3 2 N
Washington 5 1 2 2 N N 1
Territories
American Samoa N
C.N.M.I.
Guam 22 N
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2h. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and Area — United States and U.S. territories, U.S. territories
Area Hemolytic uremic syndrome, postdiarrheal Hepatitis
A, acute B, acute B, chronic B, perinatal infection C, acute§ C, past or present
United States 274 1,390 3,370 14,147 37 2,447 179,584
New England 11 60 43 412 2 295 11,067
Connecticut 2 9 6 38 1 15 3,291
Maine 7 8 9 51 30 1,486
Massachusetts 1 34 25 284 1 249 5,482
New Hampshire 2 U N N
Rhode Island 1 4 U U
Vermont 3 3 39 1 808
Mid. Atlantic 16 225 226 3,445 4 380 34,974
New Jersey 2 59 85 273 130 7,928
New York (upstate) 7 50 32 561 112 8,335
New York City 5 73 48 1,754 4 9 6,723
Pennsylvania 2 43 61 857 129 11,988
E. N. Central 39 172 658 1,748 2 438 34,672
Illinois 3 57 55 440 31 8,696
Indiana 10 19 133 68 138 N
Michigan 12 51 56 350 83 6,808
Ohio 3 36 409 890 122 19,165
Wisconsin 11 9 5 2 64 3
W. N. Central 39 66 96 1,045 4 75 13,786
Iowa 5 16 16 39 U 20
Kansas 5 7 19 130 22 1,697
Minnesota 10 21 19 186 3 37 2,015
Missouri 14 9 35 521 8 7,800
Nebraska 1 6 3 93 1 8 893
North Dakota 3 5 2 53 794
South Dakota 1 2 2 23 567
S. Atlantic 24 278 1,135 5,422 6 512 56,385
Delaware 2 8 122 U U
District of Columbia U U U U U U
Florida 5 108 432 1,423 126 22,793
Georgia 5 30 119 1,867 2 84 7,175
Maryland 2 19 40 566 38 7,425
North Carolina 3 45 165 507 1 144 N
South Carolina 4 16 30 156 5 4,515
Virginia 4 50 69 556 1 52 8,138
West Virginia 1 8 272 225 2 63 6,339
E.S. Central 28 55 556 1 362
Alabama 3 23 101 N 1 70 N
Kentucky 9 16 162 N 119 N
Mississippi 1 2 50 N U
Tennessee 15 14 243 N 173 N
W.S. Central 39 173 319 285 1 109 3,068
Arkansas 5 10 36 N 2 N
Louisiana 3 5 87 201 24 2,478
Oklahoma 17 11 37 84 35 590
Texas 14 147 159 N 1 48 N
Mountain 25 118 102 525 2 141 11,662
Arizona 2 54 25 133 U U
Colorado 4 25 28 163 1 40 3,561
Idaho 6 9 8 51 4 1,017
Montana 2 2 4 31 15 1,354
Nevada 7 11 25 1 12
New Mexico 6 2 41 40 3,680
Utah 4 8 10 64 30 1,578
Wyoming 3 U 42 U 472
Pacific 53 243 235 1,265 15 135 13,970
Alaska 4 3 N 1,604
California 38 179 160 1,008 11 59 1,182
Hawaii 6 14 U 1 U
Oregon 15 28 24 138 2 13 5,472
Washington N 26 34 119 1 63 5,712
Territories
American Samoa N N
C.N.M.I.
Guam 48 113 138
Puerto Rico N 2 24 9 N 960
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
§ Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2i. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area HIV diagnoses Influenza-associated pediatric mortality§ Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever Legionellosis Leptospirosis Listeriosis Lyme disease
Total Confirmed Probable
United States 33,817 130 1 6,079 40 768 38,069 28,453 9,616
New England 804 3 306 1 57 10,109 7,279 2,830
Connecticut 233 57 N 25 2,541 1,873 668
Maine 32 16 7 1,201 993 208
Massachusetts 456 1 162 19 4,224 2,922 1,302
New Hampshire 21 32 N 3 529 436 93
Rhode Island 50 2 21 1 3 904 564 340
Vermont 12 18 710 491 219
Mid. Atlantic 4,665 10 1 1,464 5 149 18,217 14,535 3,682
New Jersey 952 1 1 214 26 4,855 3,932 923
New York (upstate) 735 3 433 N 43 3,376 2,650 726
New York City 1,997 2 437 5 34 938 602 336
Pennsylvania 981 4 380 46 9,048 7,351 1,697
E. N. Central 3,360 17 1,434 4 128 2,621 1,935 686
Illinois 1,065 3 315 2 46 287 287
Indiana 567 2 177 2 19 138 102 36
Michigan 643 3 251 20 148 125 23
Ohio 877 4 572 27 154 112 42
Wisconsin 208 5 119 16 1,894 1,309 585
W.N. Central 1,078 15 299 16 2,200 1,342 858
Iowa 121 3 36 N 3 318 130 188
Kansas 129 1 31 N 3 23 11 12
Minnesota 252 7 51 3 1,805 1,174 631
Missouri 454 1 148 5 5 2 3
Nebraska 78 1 18 1 11 5 6
North Dakota 21 5 N 1 33 15 18
South Dakota 23 2 10 N 5 5
S. Atlantic 10,653 11 1,027 7 140 4,558 3,181 1,377
Delaware 99 24 4 435 334 101
District of Columbia 254 13 2 121 78 43
Florida 4,903 3 306 4 42 166 116 50
Georgia 1,421 121 16 8 8
Maryland 957 1 153 3 15 1,728 1,249 479
North Carolina 1,284 177 14 230 38 192
South Carolina 736 3 59 15 42 13 29
Virginia 931 3 139 N 22 1,539 1,102 437
West Virginia 68 1 35 10 289 243 46
E.S. Central 1,751 11 303 23 104 36 68
Alabama 350 59 5 25 14 11
Kentucky 261 3 87 N 3 49 12 37
Mississippi 493 1 38 N 6 4 4
Tennessee 647 7 119 N 9 26 6 20
W.S. Central 5,256 28 419 57 57 20 37
Arkansas 235 4 37 N 3
Louisiana 1,148 3 42 7 3 2 1
Oklahoma 279 7 48 6
Texas 3,594 14 292 N 41 54 18 36
Mountain 1,635 20 265 26 41 21 20
Arizona 663 2 93 5 12 8 4
Colorado 342 5 74 N 10
Idaho 29 13 4 9 3 6
Montana 18 8 1 5 2 3
Nevada 382 8 25 3 7 5 2
New Mexico 123 1 17 3
Utah 65 3 31 7 3 4
Wyoming 13 1 4 1 1
Pacific 4,615 15 562 23 172 162 104 58
Alaska 24 1 1 9 1 8
California 3,879 11 453 1 128 98 83 15
Hawaii 99 1 6 22 6 N N N
Oregon 182 1 47 16 31 3 28
Washington 431 1 56 21 24 17 7
Territories
American Samoa N N N N N
C.N.M.I.
Guam 1 11
Puerto Rico 437 14 45 2 N N N
U.S. Virgin Islands 8

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31, 2015.
§Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), as of June 30, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2j. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Malaria Measles Meningococcal disease
Total Indigenous Imported All serogroups Serogroups ACWY Serogroup B Other serogroups Unknown serogroup
United States 1,390 188 162 26 372 120 111 21 120
New England 92 27 7 14 6
Connecticut 12 5 1 2 2
Maine 7 4 2 2
Massachusetts 51 12 6 6
New Hampshire 6 1 1
Rhode Island 16 4 4
Vermont 1 1
Mid. Atlantic 381 11 4 7 34 4 13 17
New Jersey 86 3 3 8 8
New York (upstate) 58 1 1 9 2 7
New York City 200 6 1 5 8 8
Pennsylvania 37 1 1 9 2 6 1
E. N. Central 121 19 18 1 56 20 27 5 4
Illinois 50 17 17 15 10 3 2
Indiana 9 6 5 1
Michigan 20 1 1 8 4 2 2
Ohio 37 1 1 18 3 13 2
Wisconsin 5 9 3 4 2
W.N. Central 98 8 5 3 27 3 2 1 21
Iowa 17 5 1 1 3
Kansas 6 5 2 1 2
Minnesota 43 2 2 7 7
Missouri 19 1 1 7 7
Nebraska 4 3 3 2 2
North Dakota 5
South Dakota 4 2 2 1 1
S. Atlantic 336 11 5 6 66 31 16 5 14
Delaware 3 1 1
District of Columbia 17 3 2 1 3 1 2
Florida 40 5 3 2 23 15 6 1 1
Georgia 56 1 1 17 10 1 6
Maryland 122 2 1 1
North Carolina 27 6 3 2 1
South Carolina 3 3 2 1
Virginia 66 1 1 10 6 2 2
West Virginia 2 2 1 1
E.S. Central 31 13 3 5 1 4
Alabama 11 6 2 3 1
Kentucky 4 3 3
Mississippi 1
Tennessee 15 4 1 2 1
W.S. Central 131 2 2 40 18 14 8
Arkansas 9 2 2
Louisiana 11 5 1 2 2
Oklahoma 12 1 1 3 1 2
Texas 99 1 1 30 14 10 6
Mountain 58 18 17 1 15 9 2 3 1
Arizona 14 7 7 5 3 1 1
Colorado 21 1 1 4 2 1 1
Idaho 6
Montana 1 1 1
Nevada 6 9 9 1 1
New Mexico 3 1 1
Utah 6 1 1 2 1 1
Wyoming 1 1 1
Pacific 142 119 113 6 94 25 18 51
Alaska 3 4 4
California 97 109 103 6 46 46
Hawaii 1 4 1 1 2
Oregon 20 30 13 14 3
Washington 21 10 10 10 7 3
Territories
American Samoa
C.N.M.I.
Guam 1 1
Puerto Rico 7
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2k. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Mumps Novel influenza A virus infections Pertussis Plague Psittacosis Q fever
Total Acute Chronic
United States 1,329 7 20,762 16 4 156 122 34
New England 16 723
Connecticut 4 74 N
Maine 281
Massachusetts 6 251
New Hampshire 2 41 N N N
Rhode Island 3 27
Vermont 1 49 N
Mid. Atlantic 166 1 2,431 1 14 11 3
New Jersey 27 1 491 1 3 3
New York (upstate) 24 616 4 3 1
New York City 101 436
Pennsylvania 14 888 7 5 2
E. N. Central 528 2 2,998 1 18 16 2
Illinois 430 718 4 4
Indiana 6 223 1 1
Michigan 8 1 475 1 4 2 2
Ohio 18 1 827 4 4
Wisconsin 66 755 5 5
W.N. Central 451 4 2,033 2 19 15 4
Iowa 411 1 173 N N N
Kansas 421
Minnesota 6 3 598 2 2
Missouri 32 266 7 5 2
Nebraska 2 515 2 5 3 2
North Dakota 43
South Dakota 17 5 5
S. Atlantic 67 1,811 1 1 16 12 4
Delaware 2 20 1 1
District of Columbia 11 N
Florida 10 339 1 1 1
Georgia 244 1 3 3
Maryland 16 134 2 2
North Carolina 4 443 4 4
South Carolina 171 3 3
Virginia 34 369
West Virginia 1 80 2 1 1
E.S. Central 8 542 4 4
Alabama 1 160
Kentucky 4 184
Mississippi 12 1 1
Tennessee 3 186 3 3
W.S. Central 30 1,706 17 11 6
Arkansas 7 59 3 3 N
Louisiana 2 55
Oklahoma 1 88 1 1
Texas 20 1,504 N 13 8 5
Mountain 17 2,798 11 24 16 8
Arizona 2 580 2 7 4 3
Colorado 6 913 4 8 7 1
Idaho 8 194 1 1
Montana 230 5 3 2
Nevada 112 3 2 1
New Mexico 1 242 4
Utah 498 1
Wyoming 29
Pacific 46 5,720 3 44 37 7
Alaska 105
California 33 3,597 1 39 33 6
Hawaii 3 47
Oregon 3 589 2 2 2
Washington 7 1,382 3 2 1
Territories
American Samoa N N N N
C.N.M.I.
Guam 5 55 N N N
Puerto Rico 4 10 N
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2l. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Rabies Animal Rabies Human Rubella Rubella, congenital syndrome Salmonellosis Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia Coli§ Shigellosis
United States 5,491 2 5 1 55,108 7,059 23,590
New England 415 1 2,103 247 265
Connecticut 170 434 82 57
Maine 34 123 29 4
Massachusetts 145 1 1,153 69 165
New Hampshire 24 173 29 5
Rhode Island 17 144 9 28
Vermont 25 76 29 6
Mid. Atlantic 1,031 1 4,975 667 1,811
New Jersey 308 1,145 137 370
New York (upstate) 372 1,312 199 335
New York City 6 1 929 104 685
Pennsylvania 345 1,589 227 421
E. N. Central 196 1 5,806 927 2,641
Illinois 97 1,839 179 886
Indiana 13 667 136 278
Michigan 38 962 124 507
Ohio 26 1,359 262 693
Wisconsin 22 1 979 226 277
W.N. Central 234 1 3,760 1,031 2,658
Iowa 12 618 164 683
Kansas 100 509 121 150
Minnesota 28 970 268 299
Missouri 31 1 984 244 1,126
Nebraska 28 309 128 92
North Dakota 6 145 44 24
South Dakota 29 225 62 284
S. Atlantic 1,764 1 14,751 583 4,341
Delaware 11 159 5 21
District of Columbia 10 122 5 45
Florida 85 5,924 135 1,737
Georgia 266 2,154 107 1,302
Maryland 342 960 85 234
North Carolina 342 2,538 78 381
South Carolina 130 1 1,514 38 287
Virginia 528 1,181 107 317
West Virginia 50 199 23 17
E.S. Central 139 3,648 302 1,418
Alabama 87 1,151 41 679
Kentucky 11 537 74 417
Mississippi 4 1,066 22 100
Tennessee 37 894 165 222
W.S. Central 1,116 2 8,733 904 7,012
Arkansas 73 773 85 115
Louisiana 5 1,328 45 224
Oklahoma 86 905 164 1,050
Texas 952 2 5,727 610 5,623
Mountain 329 1 3,843 807 871
Arizona 120 1,160 128 549
Colorado 119 618 207 110
Idaho 10 588 157 31
Montana 22 195 85 14
Nevada 8 276 59 44
New Mexico 13 447 36 77
Utah 22 460 97 36
Wyoming 15 1 99 38 10
Pacific 267 7,489 1,591 2,573
Alaska 7 78 10 5
California 230 5,562 926 2,224
Hawaii 286 40 80
Oregon 20 528 229 112
Washington 10 1,035 386 152
Territories
American Samoa U
C.N.M.I.
Guam 18 14
Puerto Rico 17 1 641 2 19
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) (ArboNET Surveillance), as of December 31, 2015.
§ Includes Escherichia coli O157:H7; shiga toxin-positive, serogroup non-O157; and shiga toxin positive, not serogrouped.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2m. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States, and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Spotted fever rickettsiosis Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus pneumonia, invasive pneumococcal disease†,§ Syphilis
Total Confirmed Probable All ages Age <5 years All stages** Congenital Primary and secondary
United States 4,198 199 3,999 335 16,163 1,177 74,702 487 23,872
New England 21 2 19 50 1,086 45 1,783 5 664
Connecticut 5 1 4 23 238 6 220 1 92
Maine 1 1 13 135 5 38 28
Massachusetts 13 1 12 9 487 20 1,263 4 418
New Hampshire 1 102 7 84 40
Rhode Island 2 2 3 62 3 163 77
Vermont 1 62 4 15 9
Mid. Atlantic 119 7 112 30 2,474 135 10,889 19 3,033
New Jersey 63 1 62 15 538 27 1,306 372
New York (upstate) 36 6 30 14 805 41 1,540 3 502
New York City 4 4 664 39 6,255 9 1,504
Pennsylvania 16 16 1 467 28 1,788 7 655
E. N. Central 101 2 99 111 2,822 171 6,687 63 2,412
Illinois 52 1 51 70 N 3 3,289 30 1,085
Indiana 30 30 21 627 38 699 5 285
Michigan 2 2 11 779 43 1,089 11 403
Ohio 12 1 11 7 978 57 1,348 17 560
Wisconsin 5 5 2 438 30 262 79
W. N. Central 521 10 511 16 1,035 83 2,096 5 810
Iowa 8 8 N N 232 75
Kansas 146 1 145 173 13 240 87
Minnesota 10 10 10 530 36 653 2 246
Missouri 324 4 320 2 N 20 777 3 307
Nebraska 25 4 21 1 141 8 81 45
North Dakota 6 6 82 6 42 11
South Dakota 2 1 1 3 109 N 71 39
S. Atlantic 969 126 843 54 2,673 242 18,297 94 6,017
Delaware 19 19 77 6 110 1 41
District of Columbia 67 6 322 1 95
Florida 21 21 N 431 68 7,132 38 2,083
Georgia 114 114 20 991 76 4,156 21 1,413
Maryland 4 4 411 22 1,870 18 509
North Carolina 459 5 454 10 N N 2,741 9 1,196
South Carolina 47 2 45 4 439 21 834 3 294
Virginia 296 5 291 19 28 28 1,023 3 334
West Virginia 9 9 1 229 15 109 52
E.S. Central 1,127 20 1,107 5 1,628 123 3,091 9 993
Alabama 288 1 287 N 298 28 657 3 280
Kentucky 134 134 5 219 10 433 1 145
Mississippi 100 4 96 N 246 27 760 219
Tennessee 605 15 590 865 58 1,241 5 349
W.S. Central 1,272 15 1,257 3 2,371 234 11,733 114 2,719
Arkansas 889 5 884 324 25 500 5 134
Louisiana 15 1 14 3 354 30 2,465 53 696
Oklahoma 307 7 300 N N 19 521 7 209
Texas 61 2 59 N 1,693 160 8,247 49 1,680
Mountain 48 17 31 66 1,909 133 3,597 24 1,427
Arizona 17 10 7 1 678 49 1,496 14 589
Colorado 7 7 14 505 29 553 245
Idaho 3 3 5 N 11 102 57
Montana 9 5 4 4 60 20 13
Nevada 2 1 1 18 174 11 915 8 335
New Mexico 2 2 284 18 332 2 118
Utah 7 1 6 23 189 14 169 65
Wyoming 1 1 1 19 1 10 5
Pacific 20 20 165 11 16,529 154 5,797
Alaska N N N N 99 7 24 8
California 10 10 N N N 14,450 141 4,908
Hawaii N N N 66 4 163 2 91
Oregon 6 6 N N 783 6 345
Washington 4 4 N N N 1,109 5 445
Territories
American Samoa N N N N N
C.N.M.I
Guam N N N 21 1 2
Puerto Rico N N N N 1,267 5 531
U.S. Virgin Islands 25 8

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Since January 1, 2010, "Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD)" has been nationally notifiable and separate notifications for "Drug-resistant S. pneumoniae" and "IPD in children <5 years of age" have been discontinued.
§ Invasive pneumococcal disease.
Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis.
*** Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2n. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Tetanus Toxic shock syndrome Trichinellosis Tuberculosis Tularemia Typhoid fever
United States 29 64 14 9,557 314 367
New England 330 5 23
Connecticut N 70 8
Maine 18
Massachusetts 192 4 14
New Hampshire 13 1
Rhode Island 30 1
Vermont 7
Mid. Atlantic 3 12 1 1,291 4 87
New Jersey 3 326 1 22
New York (upstate) 1 4 188 12
New York City 1 577 40
Pennsylvania 1 5 1 200 3 13
E. N. Central 3 10 2 802 16 45
Illinois 1 1 343 10 20
Indiana 2 1 116 3 6
Michigan 5 131 8
Ohio 1 1 143 1 7
Wisconsin 1 1 1 69 2 4
W.N. Central 2 14 375 118 18
Iowa 38 7
Kansas 36 34 1
Minnesota 10 150 3
Missouri 1 1 92 29 3
Nebraska 3 33 25 1
North Dakota 9 5 2
South Dakota 1 17 25 1
S. Atlantic 8 4 2 1,682 6 41
Delaware 1 22
District of Columbia 33
Florida 4 N 602 6
Georgia N 324 4
Maryland N 2 176 9
North Carolina 3 2 199 1 11
South Carolina 1 1 104
Virginia N 212 4 11
West Virginia 10 1
E.S. Central 1 6 391 4 4
Alabama 1 N 119
Kentucky 67 1 3
Mississippi N 74
Tennessee 6 131 3 1
W.S. Central 3 2 4 1,610 48 66
Arkansas 1 N 90 24 2
Louisiana 1 1 119 3
Oklahoma N 67 23 37
Texas 2 N 4 1,334 1 24
Mountain 5 8 4 464 99 13
Arizona 2 198 4 2
Colorado 2 7 2 73 52 6
Idaho 1 1 11 2
Montana 9 7
Nevada 85 3
New Mexico 1 47 8 1
Utah 1 37 5 1
Wyoming 4 21
Pacific 4 8 1 2,612 14 70
Alaska N 68 2
California 3 8 2,133 2 55
Hawaii N 127 4
Oregon 1 N 76 6 1
Washington N 1 208 4 10
Territories
American Samoa N N 4
C.N.M.I. 27
Guam 76
Puerto Rico 1 N N 52
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, as of June 8, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 2o. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by geographic division and area — United States and U.S. territories, 2015
Area Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Varicella Vibriosis
Morbidity Mortality
United States 183 3 9,789 6 1,323
New England 5 945 127
Connecticut 165 32
Maine 2 233 6
Massachusetts 3 365 78
New Hampshire N 96 6
Rhode Island 53 3
Vermont 33 2
Mid. Atlantic 45 1,207 1 117
New Jersey 4 466 34
New York (upstate) 13 N 1 48
New York City 24 18
Pennsylvania 4 741 17
E. N. Central 40 1,957 2 62
Illinois 21 443 26
Indiana N 173 3
Michigan 4 549 10
Ohio 11 458 15
Wisconsin 4 334 2 8
W.N. Central 53 859 1 33
Iowa N N N
Kansas 240 5
Minnesota 361 21
Missouri 51 170 1 5
Nebraska 25 1
North Dakota 36 1
South Dakota 2 27 N
S. Atlantic 18 1 1,666 345
Delaware 1 16 11
District of Columbia 28
Florida 4 740 196
Georgia 5 160 23
Maryland 3 N 37
North Carolina 2 N 25
South Carolina 3 208 11
Virginia 1 354 40
West Virginia 160 2
E.S. Central 5 178 1 42
Alabama 2 165 18
Kentucky N N N 5
Mississippi 1 13 14
Tennessee 2 N 1 5
W.S Central 16 2 1,799 166
Arkansas 198 3
Louisiana 4 1 110 56
Oklahoma 3 1 N 5
Texas 9 1,491 102
Mountain 1 1,001 57
Arizona 1 270 33
Colorado N 311 12
Idaho N N N N
Montana 132
Nevada N 3
New Mexico N N 57
Utah 217 9
Wyoming 14
Pacific 177 1 374
Alaska N 59 3
California N N 61 1 240
Hawaii 57 37
Oregon N N N 26
Washington N N 68
Territories
American Samoa N N N N
C.N.M.I.
Guam 29
Puerto Rico 103
U.S. Virgin Islands

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Viral Diseases (DVD), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), as of May 2, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 3. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases,* by month, excluding U.S. territories — United States, 2015
Disease Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Not stated Total
Arboviral diseases§
  Chikungunya virus disease
    Neuroinvasive 1 1 1 1 4
    Nonneuroinvasive 118 28 36 35 51 84 180 154 72 47 47 40 892
  Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 1 1 1 3 6
  Jamestown Canyon virus disease
    neuroinvasive 2 2 1 1 6
    nonneuroinvasive 1 1 3 5
  La Crosse virus disease
    neuroinvasive 1 5 6 22 16 1 51
    nonneuroinvasive 1 1 1 1 4
  Powassan virus disease
    neuroinvasive 2 1 1 2 6
    nonneuroinvasive 1 1
  St. Louis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 2 13 1 2 1 19
    nonneuroinvasive 1 2 1 4
  West Nile virus disease
    neuroinvasive 2 2 2 31 146 531 511 190 38 2 1,455
    nonneuroinvasive 5 20 113 293 210 62 14 3 720
Babesiosis, total 10 12 8 14 55 217 614 606 150 185 55 174 2,100
   confirmed 4 5 4 7 39 180 565 546 127 143 45 139 1,804
   probable 6 7 4 7 16 37 49 60 23 42 10 35 296
Botulism, total 11 11 15 35 20 7 17 22 11 14 13 19 195
   foodborne 3 24 6 1 3 37
   infant 11 8 10 11 13 5 11 17 10 13 11 18 138
   other (wound and unspecified) 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 2 1 20
Brucellosis 1 6 9 9 20 11 16 14 12 11 4 13 126
Campylobacteriosis 2,588 2,733 2,995 3,485 4,764 5,395 6,093 6,657 4,436 5,045 3,754 6,611 54,556
Chancroid 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 11
Chlamydia trachomatis infection 116,406 114,089 113,764 115,968 141,454 114,117 116,355 150,643 121,031 156,586 117,623 148,622 1,526,658
Cholera 1 1 1 1 1 5
Coccidioidomycosis** 602 594 586 664 934 757 929 1,212 1,198 1,373 1,023 1,200 11,072
Cryptosporidiosis, total 417 360 495 463 571 543 785 1,735 1,433 1,369 628 936 9735
   confirmed 279 230 312 282 340 356 498 1,126 943 828 393 558 6,145
   probable 138 130 183 181 231 187 287 609 490 541 235 378 3,590
Cyclosporiasis 2 5 2 5 27 139 264 141 19 18 9 14 645
Dengue virus infections§
dengue 47 27 34 31 37 48 53 101 90 137 159 165 929
dengue-like illness 1 2 3 4 3 3 16
severe dengue 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
   Anaplasma phagocytophilum
   Infection
20 13 19 48 465 875 841 397 186 285 282 225 3,656
  Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection 11 9 14 42 143 272 246 206 111 64 38 132 1,288
  Ehrlichia ewingii infection 4 4 3 1 1 1 14
  Undetermined
  ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis
4 2 5 6 34 28 41 23 20 5 6 5 179
Giardiasis 843 898 884 913 1,104 903 1,088 1,777 1,458 1,605 1,146 1,866 14,485
Gonorrhea 27,498 28,785 28,038 27,411 35,122 29,628 30,272 39,260 32,262 42,129 31,956 42,855 395,216
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
    all ages, serotypes 394 298 290 333 391 317 309 304 302 334 289 577 4,138
    age <5 yrs
      serotype b 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 2 2 6 29
      nontypeable 24 17 17 17 13 7 18 15 4 6 13 24 175
      non-b serotype 9 11 7 11 15 7 7 7 9 20 11 21 135
      unknown serotype 13 19 18 9 19 9 12 9 11 10 11 27 167
Hansen’s disease 3 6 7 6 4 5 13 9 7 7 5 17 89
Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 2 1 3
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 1 1 2 2 1 3 5 2 1 3 21
Hemolytic uremic syndrome postdiarrheal 8 13 8 16 21 25 36 36 25 36 23 27 274
Hepatitis
  A acute 90 95 88 114 120 113 111 156 100 108 103 192 1,390
  B acute 192 314 256 271 288 263 270 318 257 313 259 369 3,370
  B chronic†† 1,403 1,396 1,284 1,341 1,431 1,125 1,080 1,339 904 1,002 800 1,042 14,147
  B perinatal infection 5 5 2 1 1 1 3 4 3 5 1 6 37
  C acute§§ 173 155 217 191 234 164 188 220 169 240 169 327 2,447
  C past or present¶¶ 13,133 13,364 14,463 14,412 17,565 14,512 13,782 18,303 13,712 17,295 12,856 16,187 179,584
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses*** 3,135 2,993 3,310 3,334 3,044 3,419 3,407 3,187 3,124 2,733 1,663 467 1 33,817
Influenza-associated pediatric mortality††† 43 29 26 10 10 2 1 1 1 2 5 130
Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever 1 1
Legionellosis 281 295 295 289 462 464 885 937 645 657 384 485 6,079
Leptospirosis 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 10 5 5 3 4 40
Listeriosis 34 32 28 41 63 64 80 112 81 79 71 83 768
Lyme disease, total 626 687 725 974 2,263 5,854 9,522 7,581 3,200 2,970 1,688 1,979 38,069
  confirmed 435 458 505 680 1,593 4,516 7,542 5,807 2,316 2,053 1,202 1,346 28,453
  probable 191 229 220 294 670 1,338 1,980 1,774 884 917 486 633 9,616
Malaria 76 38 35 56 116 127 178 206 148 146 112 152 1,390
Measles, total 108 46 2 4 6 3 5 4 10 188
  indigenous 101 43 1 2 2 1 2 10 162
  imported 7 3 1 2 4 3 4 2 26
Meningococcal disease
  all serogroups 36 39 33 40 39 26 17 23 19 36 27 37 372
  serogroups ACWY 10 6 12 9 16 12 3 3 5 9 14 21 120
  serogroup B 10 13 12 13 9 6 4 11 4 12 6 11 111
  other serogroups 2 4 4 1 3 3 1 3 21
  unknown serogroup 14 16 9 14 13 5 7 8 10 12 7 5 120
Mumps 55 28 29 27 71 46 66 150 205 227 184 241 1,329
Novel influenza A virus infections 1 1 1 2 2 7
Pertussis 1,993 1,729 1,438 1,502 1,800 1,364 1,570 1,860 1,151 1,526 1,360 3,469 20,762
Plague 1 1 4 7 2 1 16
Psittacosis 1 1 1 1 4
Q fever, total 8 8 14 15 21 18 8 15 11 15 7 16 156
  acute 6 5 9 14 17 17 8 9 9 12 3 13 122
  chronic 2 3 5 1 4 1 6 2 3 4 3 34
Rabies
  animal§§§ 189 212 334 465 519 406 400 622 386 357 239 219 1,143 5,491
  human 1 1 2
Rubella 1 1 2 1 5
Rubella, congenital syndrome 1 1
Salmonellosis 2,167 2,142 2,518 2,917 4,559 4,722 5,607 7,872 6,516 6,311 3,895 5,882 55,108
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 226 244 305 387 632 678 811 960 623 793 485 915 7,059
Shigellosis 1,269 1,312 1,293 1,196 2,213 1,998 1,864 2,322 1,664 2,762 2,284 3,413 23,590
Spotted fever rickettsiosis, total 41 32 50 132 440 712 685 780 485 314 106 421 4,198
  confirmed 2 2 4 5 24 35 41 26 27 11 7 15 199
  probable 39 30 46 127 416 677 644 754 458 303 99 406 3,999
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 22 25 56 39 40 29 13 21 14 26 20 30 335
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease
  all ages 1,793 1,612 1,608 1,685 1,777 906 677 619 724 1,256 1,213 2,293 16,163
  age <5 yrs 106 104 112 109 127 62 46 49 84 109 114 155 1,177
Syphilis, total, all stages¶,¶¶¶ 5,026 5,335 5,700 5,738 6,851 6,006 5,893 7,598 5,891 7,628 5,653 7,383 74,702
  congenital 45 31 45 43 36 37 43 36 31 50 36 54 487
  primary and secondary 1,481 1,669 1,760 1,782 2,130 1,901 1,894 2,507 2,006 2,466 1,799 2,477 23,872
Tetanus 3 2 1 8 1 2 5 4 3 29
Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) 3 10 5 6 3 8 2 9 3 6 6 3 64
Trichinellosis 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 14
Tuberculosis**** 514 627 749 813 824 853 819 769 746 796 740 1,307 9,557
Tularemia 3 2 2 8 24 47 66 65 43 28 8 18 314
Typhoid fever 21 57 22 29 32 22 26 38 37 28 8 47 367
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus 10 7 16 22 19 17 11 14 20 17 13 17 183
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1 1 1 3
Varicella morbidity 721 831 782 786 1,073 579 498 643 925 1,060 854 1,037 9,789
Varicella mortality†††† 2 2 1 1 6
Vibriosis 34 37 42 67 84 126 185 258 166 133 48 143 1,323

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fevers; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Month is defined using MMWR week (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/document/MMWR_Week_overview.pdf). MMWR week calendars can be found at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/script/downloads.aspx.
§ Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.
Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
** Reportable in <25 states.
†† Total number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
§§ Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
¶¶ Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
*** Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31, 2016.
††† Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), as of June 30, 2016.
§§§ Totals reported to the Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID (National Rabies Surveillance System), as of December 31, 2016.
¶¶¶ Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis.
**** Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.
†††† Totals reported to the Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, as of June 30, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 4. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases* and rates per 100,000 population, by age group, excluding U.S. territories — United States, 2015
Disease <1 yr 1–4 yrs 5–14 yrs 15–24 yrs 25–39 yrs 40–64 yrs ≥65 yrs Age not stated Total
No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate
Arboviral diseases
  Chikungunya virus disease
    neuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 4
    nonneuroinvasive 1 (0.03) 4 (0.03) 36 (0.09) 84 (0.19) 181 (0.28) 464 (0.44) 122 (0.26) 892
  Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 1 (0.03) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 3 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 6
Jamestown Canyon virus disease
    neuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 3 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 6
    nonneuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 3 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 5
  La Crosse virus disease
    neuroinvasive 1 (0.03) 11 (0.07) 33 (0.08) 3 (0.01) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 51
    nonneuroinvasive (0.00) 2 (0.01) 1 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 4
  Powassan virus disease
    neuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 3 (0.00) 3 (0.01) 6
    nonneuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 1
  St. Louis virus disease
    neuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 8 (0.01) 10 (0.02) 19
    nonneuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 4
  West Nile virus disease
    neuroinvasive (0.00) 1 (0.01) 18 (0.04) 50 (0.11) 148 (0.23) 648 (0.62) 590 (1.24) 1,455
    nonneuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) 14 (0.03) 32 (0.07) 129 (0.20) 362 (0.35) 183 (0.38) 720
Babesiosis, total 7 (0.25) 3 (0.03) 27 (0.09) 51 (0.16) 116 (0.25) 923 (1.26) 962 (2.95) 11 2,100
   confirmed 7 (0.25) 2 (0.02) 21 (0.07) 35 (0.11) 94 (0.21) 769 (1.05) 868 (2.66) 8 1,804
   probable (0.00) 1 (0.01) 6 (0.02) 16 (0.05) 22 (0.05) 154 (0.21) 94 (0.29) 3 296
Botulism, total 141 (3.54) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 10 (0.02) 28 (0.03) 12 (0.03) 195
   foodborne 3 (0.08) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 6 (0.01) 15 (0.01) 12 (0.03) 37
   infant 138 (3.47) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 138
   other (wound and unspecified) (0.00) 1 (0.01) 1 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 4 (0.01) 13 (0.01) (0.00) 20
Brucellosis 1 (0.03) (0.00) 5 (0.01) 18 (0.04) 35 (0.05) 45 (0.04) 21 (0.04) 1 126
Campylobacteriosis 1,752 (45.83) 5,201 (33.99) 4,723 (11.97) 6,336 (15.05) 9,756 (15.76) 17,082 (17.07) 9,606 (20.91) 100 54,556
Chancroid§,¶ (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 6 (0.01) 4 (0.01) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 11
Chlamydia trachomatis infection§,¶ (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 981,359 (2238.08) 464,200 (719.56) 66,968 (64.22) 1,596 (3.34) 1,233 1,526,658
Cholera (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 5
Coccidioidomycosis** 6 (0.37) 52 (0.81) 332 (2.00) 913 (5.13) 1,888 (7.25) 4,495 (10.74) 3,356 (17.66) 30 11,072
Cryptosporidiosis, total 122 (3.07) 1,293 (8.12) 1,341 (3.26) 1,348 (3.07) 2,368 (3.67) 2,206 (2.12) 1,005 (2.10) 52 9,735
   confirmed 74 (1.86) 879 (5.52) 921 (2.24) 891 (2.03) 1,497 (2.32) 1,348 (1.29) 528 (1.11) 7 6,145
   probable 48 (1.21) 414 (2.60) 420 (1.02) 457 (1.04) 871 (1.35) 858 (0.82) 477 (1.00) 45 3,590
Cyclosporiasis (0.00) 3 (0.02) 7 (0.02) 42 (0.11) 155 (0.27) 342 (0.36) 88 (0.21) 8 645
Dengue virus infections
  dengue 3 (0.08) 6 (0.04) 61 (0.15) 142 (0.32) 237 (0.37) 371 (0.36) 107 (0.22) 2 929
  dengue-like illness (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 3 (0.01) 4 (0.01) 8 (0.01) (0.00) 16
  severe dengue (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) (0.00) 6
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
   Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection (0.00) 11 (0.07) 105 (0.27) 141 (0.34) 315 (0.51) 1,625 (1.63) 1,439 (3.16) 20 3,656
  Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection (0.00) 13 (0.09) 32 (0.08) 69 (0.16) 149 (0.24) 584 (0.59) 433 (0.95) 8 1,288
  Ehrlichia ewingii infection (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 10 (0.01) 3 (0.01) 14
   undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis (0.00) (0.00) 14 (0.04) 14 (0.03) 15 (0.02) 79 (0.08) 57 (0.13) 179
Giardiasis 64 (2.09) 1,534 (12.48) 1,760 (5.55) 1,788 (5.23) 3,054 (6.05) 4,728 (5.74) 1,481 (3.86) 76 14,485
Gonorrhea§ (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 196,593 (448.35) 154,685 (239.78) 39,856 (38.22) 1,191 (2.49) 353 395,216
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
    all ages, serotypes 299 (7.52) 207 (1.30) 117 (0.28) 99 (0.23) 254 (0.39) 1,032 (0.99) 2,129 (4.46) 1 4,138
    age <5 yrs
      serotype b 21 (0.53) 8 (0.05) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 29
      nontypeable 119 (3.33) 56 (0.35) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 175
      non-b serotype 62 (1.73) 73 (0.45) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 135
      unknown serotype 97 (2.71) 70 (0.43) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 167
Hansen’s disease (0.00) (0.00) 3 (0.01) 8 (0.02) 15 (0.03) 33 (0.04) 22 (0.05) 8 89
Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) (0.00) 3
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 6 (0.01) 8 (0.01) 5 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 21
Hemolytic uremic syndrome postdiarrheal 3 (0.08) 122 (0.79) 83 (0.21) 20 (0.05) 4 (0.01) 23 (0.02) 17 (0.04) 2 274
Hepatitis
  A acute (0.00) 16 (0.10) 57 (0.14) 211 (0.48) 381 (0.59) 465 (0.45) 257 (0.54) 3 1,390
  B acute 1 (0.03) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 123 (0.28) 1,336 (2.09) 1,719 (1.66) 169 (0.36) 21 3,370
  B chronic†† 7 (0.21) 17 (13.99) 99 (0.29) 870 (2.39) 5,122 (9.54) 6,593 (7.52) 1,248 (3.07) 191 14,147
  B perinatal infection 21 (0.53) 15 (0.09) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 37
  C acute§§ 5 (0.13) 1 (0.01) 3 (0.01) 542 (1.31) 1,238 (2.03) 609 (0.62) 47 (0.10) 2 2,447
  C past or present¶¶ 243 (8.09) 152 (1.26) 131 (0.42) 15,121 (45.15) 50,238 (101.42) 93,156 (115.35) 16,562 (44.39) 3,981 179,584
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses*** 35 (0.90) 20 (0.10) 69 (0.20) 7,397 (16.90) 14,598 (22.60) 10,975 (10.50) 723 (1.50) 33,817
Influenza-associated pediatric mortality††† 25 (0.63) 37 (0.23) 56 (0.14) 12 (0.10) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 130
Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 1
Legionellosis 3 (0.08) 5 (0.03) 4 (0.01) 57 (0.13) 404 (0.63) 2,844 (2.73) 2,559 (5.36) 203 6,079
Leptospirosis (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 9 (0.03) 11 (0.02) 18 (0.02) 1 (0.00) 1 40
Listeriosis 35 (0.88) 6 (0.04) 2 (0.00) 25 (0.06) 52 (0.08) 190 (0.18) 456 (0.95) 2 768
Lyme disease, total 31 (0.78) 1,462 (9.22) 6,245 (15.25) 3,637 (8.33) 4,676 (7.28) 13,684 (13.18) 7,505 (15.79) 829 38,069
  confirmed 25 (0.63) 1,259 (7.94) 4,988 (12.18) 2,572 (5.89) 3,415 (5.32) 10,214 (9.84) 5,280 (11.11) 700 28,453
   probable 6 (0.15) 203 (1.28) 1,257 (3.07) 1,065 (2.44) 1,261 (1.96) 3,470 (3.34) 2,225 (4.68) 129 9,616
Malaria 2 (0.05) 48 (0.30) 126 (0.31) 192 (0.44) 385 (0.60) 545 (0.52) 90 (0.19) 2 1,390
Measles, total 26 (0.65) 21 (0.13) 25 (0.06) 38 (0.09) 42 (0.07) 34 (0.03) 2 (0.00) 188
  indigenous 22 (0.55) 19 (0.12) 23 (0.06) 29 (0.07) 37 (0.06) 30 (0.03) 2 (0.00) 162
  imported 4 (0.10) 2 (0.01) 2 (0.00) 9 (0.02) 5 (0.01) 4 (0.00) (0.00) 26
Meningococcal disease
  all serogroups 45 (1.13) 31 (0.19) 15 (0.04) 53 (0.12) 67 (0.10) 97 (0.09) 63 (0.13) 1 372
  serogroups ACWY 9 (0.23) 10 (0.06) 2 (0.00) 11 (0.03) 28 (0.04) 29 (0.03) 31 (0.06) 120
  serogroup B 25 (0.63) 12 (0.08) 6 (0.01) 23 (0.05) 16 (0.02) 23 (0.02) 6 (0.01) 111
  other serogroups 1 (0.03) 1 (0.01) 1 (0.00) 5 (0.01) 5 (0.01) 7 (0.01) 1 (0.00) 21
  unknown serogroup 10 (0.25) 8 (0.05) 6 (0.01) 14 (0.03) 18 (0.03) 38 (0.04) 25 (0.05) 1 120
Mumps (0.00) 30 (0.19) 67 (0.16) 857 (1.95) 173 (0.27) 158 (0.15) 25 (0.05) 19 1,329
Novel influenza A virus infections (0.00) (0.00) 3 (0.01) (0.00) 3 (0.00) 1 (0.00) (0.00) 7
Pertussis 2,672 (67.17) 2,806 (17.62) 6,870 (16.71) 4,193 (9.56) 1,293 (2.00) 2,154 (2.07) 736 (1.54) 38 20,762
Plague (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 5 (0.01) (0.00) 5 (0.00) 4 (0.01) 1 16
Psittacosis (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 3 (0.01) (0.00) (0.00) 4
Q fever, total (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 8 (0.02) 20 (0.03) 85 (0.08) 41 (0.09) 2 156
  acute (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 7 (0.02) 17 (0.03) 69 (0.07) 28 (0.06) 1 122
  chronic (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 3 (0.00) 16 (0.02) 13 (0.03) 1 34
Rabies
  human (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 2
Rubella (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 3 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 5
Rubella, congenital syndrome 1 (0.03) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1
Salmonellosis 5,238 (131.67) 7,335 (46.05) 6,255 (15.22) 5,422 (12.37) 8,104 (12.56) 14,048 (13.47) 8,509 (17.82) 197 55,108
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 238 (5.98) 1,599 (10.04) 1,348 (3.28) 1,244 (2.84) 1,006 (1.56) 961 (0.92) 620 (1.30) 43 7,059
Shigellosis 357 (8.97) 5,964 (37.44) 7,188 (17.49) 1,763 (4.02) 3,988 (6.18) 3,315 (3.18) 908 (1.90) 107 23,590
Spotted fever rickettsiosis, total 1 (0.03) 39 (0.25) 238 (0.58) 320 (0.73) 731 (1.14) 1,954 (1.89) 910 (1.92) 5 4,198
  confirmed 1 (0.03) 2 (0.01) 16 (0.04) 14 (0.03) 33 (0.05) 93 (0.09) 40 (0.08) 199
  probable (0.00) 37 (0.23) 222 (0.54) 306 (0.70) 698 (1.09) 1,861 (1.80) 870 (1.83) 5 3,999
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 3 (0.12) 9 (0.09) 13 (0.05) 18 (0.06) 38 (0.09) 151 (0.22) 103 (0.32) 335
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease
  all ages 398 (13.85) 737 (6.41) 405 (1.36) 278 (0.88) 1,224 (2.64) 6,583 (8.66) 6,499 (18.44) 39 16,163
  age <5 yrs 391 (12.34) 727 (5.73) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 59 1,177
Syphilis, total, all stages§,¶,§§§ (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 15,591 (35.56) 33,966 (52.65) 23,011 (22.07) 1,567 (3.28) 15 74,702
  congenital§ 487 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 487
  primary and secondary§,¶ (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 5,914 (13.49) 11,199 (17.36) 6,538 (6.27) 207 (0.43) 2 23,872
Tetanus (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 9 (0.01) 9 (0.01) 3 (0.01) 5 29
Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) (0.00) 2 (0.02) 14 (0.05) 25 (0.08) 4 (0.01) 13 (0.02) 4 (0.01) 2 64
Trichinellosis (0.00) 1 (0.01) (0.00) 6 (0.01) 4 (0.01) 3 (0.00) (0.00) 14
Tuberculosis¶¶¶ 54 (1.36) 190 (1.19) 196 (0.48) 935 (2.13) 2,214 (3.43) 3,672 (3.52) 2,294 (4.80) 2 9,557
Tularemia 1 (0.03) 10 (0.06) 29 (0.07) 19 (0.04) 37 (0.06) 136 (0.13) 82 (0.17) 314
Typhoid fever 2 (0.05) 40 (0.25) 89 (0.22) 63 (0.14) 115 (0.18) 44 (0.04) 8 (0.02) 6 367
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus 3 (0.10) 4 (0.03) 4 (0.01) 11 (0.03) 23 (0.05) 80 (0.10) 55 (0.15) 3 183
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 3
Vibriosis (0.00) 11 (0.07) 100 (0.25) 94 (0.22) 263 (0.51) 520 (0.48) 326 (0.70) 9 1,323

* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.
§ Cases among persons aged <15 years are not shown (except for Syphilis, congenital); totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
Data are suppressed for those aged <15 years. The count displayed in the “Total” column reflects the total count across all age groups for this condition.
** Reportable in <25 states.
†† Total number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
§§ Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
¶¶ Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
*** Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31, 2016.
††† Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, as of June 30, 2016.
§§§ Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis. Totals reported to the DSTDP, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.
¶¶¶ Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 5. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases* and rates per 100,000 population, by sex, excluding U.S. territories — United States, 2015
Disease Male Female Sex not stated
.
Total
No. Rate No. Rate
Arboviral diseases
  Chikungunya virus disease
    neuroinvasive 2 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 4
    nonneuroinvasive 286 (0.18) 606 (0.37) 892
  Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 6 (0.00) (0.00) 6
Jamestown Canyon virus disease
    neuroinvasive 6 (0.00) (0.00) 6
    nonneuroinvasive (0.00) 5 (0.00) 5
  La Crosse virus disease
    neuroinvasive 29 (0.02) 22 (0.01) 51
    nonneuroinvasive 2 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 4
  Powassan virus disease
    neuroinvasive 4 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 6
    nonneuroinvasive 1 (0.00) (0.00) 1
  St. Louis virus disease
    neuroinvasive 14 (0.01) 5 (0.00) 19
    nonneuroinvasive 1 (0.00) 3 (0.00) 4
  West Nile virus disease
    neuroinvasive 903 (0.57) 552 (0.34) 1,455
    nonneuroinvasive 386 (0.24) 334 (0.20) 720
Babesiosis, total 1,393 (1.25) 704 (0.61) 3 2,100
   confirmed 1,220 (1.10) 582 (0.51) 2 1,804
   probable 173 (0.16) 122 (0.11) 1 296
Botulism, total 97 (0.06) 97 (0.06) 1 195
  foodborne 14 (0.01) 23 (0.01) 37
  infant 68 (3.34) 69 (3.55) 1 138
  other (wound and unspecified) 15 (0.01) 5 (0.00) 20
Brucellosis 76 (0.05) 50 (0.03) 126
Campylobacteriosis 28,952 (19.06) 25,326 (16.17) 278 54,556
Chancroid§ 6 (0.00) 5 (0.00) 11
Chlamydia trachomatis infection§ 478,981 (302.71) 1,045,143 (640.45) 2,534 1,526,658
Cholera 2 (0.00) 3 (0.00) 5
Coccidioidomycosis 5,659 (9.12) 5,395 (8.49) 18 11,072
Cryptosporidiosis, total 4,768 (3.01) 4,935 (3.02) 32 9,735
   confirmed 3,073 (1.94) 3,048 (1.87) 24 6,145
   probable 1,695 (1.07) 1,887 (1.16) 8 3,590
Cyclosporiasis 289 (0.20) 354 (0.24) 2 645
Dengue virus infections†
  dengue 443 (0.28) 486 (0.30) 929
  dengue-like illness 5 (0.00) 11 (0.01) 16
   severe dengue 6 (0.00) (0.00) 6
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
  Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 2,244 (1.49) 1,405 (0.90) 7 3,656
  Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection 774 (0.51) 506 (0.32) 8 1,288
  Ehrlichia ewingii infection 11 (0.01) 3 (0.00) 14
  Undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis 91 (0.06) 88 (0.06) 179
Giardiasis 8,997 (7.24) 5,409 (4.22) 79 14,485
Gonorrhea§ 221,070 (139.71) 173,514 (106.33) 632 395,216
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
  all ages, serotypes 1,927 (1.22) 2,182 (1.34) 29 4,138
    age <5 yrs
      serotype b 18 (0.18) 11 (0.11) 29
      nontypeable 92 (1.00) 82 (0.94) 1 175
      non-b serotype 73 (0.80) 60 (0.68) 2 135
      unknown serotype 91 (0.99) 73 (0.83) 3 167
Hansen’s disease 55 (0.04) 27 (0.02) 7 89
Hantavirus infection, non-Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 2 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 3
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 16 (0.01) 5 (0.00) 21
Hemolytic uremic syndrome postdiarrheal 114 (0.07) 160 (0.10) 274
Hepatitis
  A acute 726 (0.46) 662 (0.41) 2 1,390
  B acute 2,080 (1.32) 1,280 (0.79) 10 3,370
  B chronic** 8,068 (6.10) 5,949 (4.36) 130 14,147
  B perinatal infection 15 (0.01) 22 (0.01) 37
  C acute†† 1,339 (0.90) 1,102 (0.72) 6 2,447
  C past or present§§ 110,164 (90.54) 68,794 (54.80) 626 179,584
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses¶¶ 27,470 (17.36) 6,347 (3.89) 33,817
Influenza-associated pediatric mortality*** 66 (0.18) 64 (0.18) 130
Lassa viral hemorrhagic fever 1 (0.00) (0.00) 1
Legionellosis 3,748 (2.37) 2,328 (1.43) 3 6,079
Leptospirosis 38 (0.03) 2 (0.00) 40
Listeriosis 374 (0.24) 392 (0.24) 2 768
Lyme disease, total 22,038 (13.99) 15,572 (9.58) 459 38,069
  confirmed 16,450 (10.44) 11,662 (7.18) 341 28,453
  probable 5,588 (3.55) 3,910 (2.41) 118 9,616
Malaria 882 (0.56) 503 (0.31) 5 1,390
Measles, total 95 (0.06) 93 (0.06) 188
  indigenous 82 (0.05) 80 (0.05) 162
  imported 13 (0.01) 13 (0.01) 26
Meningococcal disease
  all serogroups 185 (0.12) 187 (0.11) 372
  serogroups ACWY 65 (0.04) 55 (0.03) 120
  serogroup B 57 (0.04) 54 (0.03) 111
  other serogroups 11 (0.01) 10 (0.01) 21
  unknown serogroup 52 (0.03) 68 (0.04) 120
Mumps 737 (0.47) 571 (0.35) 21 1,329
Novel influenza A virus infections 6 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 7
Pertussis 9,301 (5.88) 11,378 (6.97) 83 20,762
Plague 9 (0.01) 7 (0.00) 16
Psittacosis 1 (0.00) 3 (0.00) 4
Q fever, total 121 (0.08) 35 (0.02) 156
  acute 94 (0.06) 28 (0.02) 122
  chronic 27 (0.02) 7 (0.00) 34
Rabies
  human 1 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 2
Rubella 2 (0.00) 3 (0.00) 5
Rubella, congenital syndrome 0 (0.00) 1 (0.00) 1
Salmonellosis 25,771 (16.29) 29,094 (17.83) 243 55,108
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 3,176 (2.01) 3,865 (2.37) 18 7,059
Shigellosis 11,618 (7.34) 11,908 (7.30) 64 23,590
Spotted fever rickettsiosis, total 2,788 (1.77) 1,404 (0.87) 6 4,198
  confirmed 130 (0.08) 69 (0.04) 199
  Probable 2,658 (1.69) 1,335 (0.82) 6 3,999
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 159 (0.15) 176 (0.16) 335
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease
  all ages 8,331 (7.26) 7,736 (6.52) 96 16,163
    age <5 yrs 618 (8.09) 471 (6.45) 88 1,177
Syphilis, total, all stages§,††† 61,506 (38.87) 12,631 (7.74) 565 74,702
  congenital§ 10 (0.49) 8 (0.41) 469 487
  primary and secondary§ 21,547 (13.62) 2,298 (1.41) 27 23,872
Tetanus 23 (0.01) 6 (0.00) 29
Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) 17 (0.02) 47 (0.04) 64
Trichinellosis 9 (0.01) 5 (0.00) 14
Tuberculosis§§§ 5,724 (3.62) 3,827 (2.35) 6 9,557
Tularemia 220 (0.14) 93 (0.06) 1 314
Typhoid fever 202 (0.13) 165 (0.10) 367
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus 113 (0.09) 70 (0.06) 183
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 3
Vibriosis 891 (0.57) 420 (0.26) 12 1,323
* No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.
§ Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
Reportable in <25 states.
** Total number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
†† Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
§§ Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
¶¶ Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31, 2016.
***Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, as of June 30, 2016.

††† Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis.
§§§ Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 6. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases* and rates per 100,000 population, by race, excluding U.S. territories — United States, 2015
Disease American Indian or Alaska Native Asian or Pacific Islander Black White Other race Race not stated Total
No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate
Arboviral diseases
  Chikungunya virus disease
   nonneuroinvasive 2 (0.04) 41 (0.20) 17 (0.04) 442 (0.18) 94 296 892
  La Crosse virus disease
    neuroinvasive (0.00) (0.00) 2 (0.00) 47 (0.02) 2 51
  West Nile virus disease
    neuroinvasive 11 (0.24) 18 (0.09) 74 (0.16) 852 (0.34) 45 455 1,455
    nonneuroinvasive 9 (0.20) 9 (0.04) 9 (0.02) 470 (0.19) 15 208 720
Babesiosis, total 6 (0.20) 55 (0.35) 49 (0.17) 1,245 (0.70) 52 693 2,100
   confirmed 6 (0.20) 49 (0.31) 46 (0.16) 1,093 (0.61) 50 560 1,804
   probable (0.00) 6 (0.04) 3 (0.01) 152 (0.09) 2 133 296
Botulism, total 2 (0.04) 10 (0.05) 6 (0.01) 129 (0.05) 3 45 195
   foodborne 1 (0.02) 3 (0.01) (0.00) 28 (0.01) 5 37
   infant 1 (1.27) 6 (2.47) 5 (0.73) 90 (3.03) 3 33 138
Brucellosis 3 (0.07) 5 (0.02) 5 (0.01) 71 (0.03) 13 29 126
Campylobacteriosis 399 (8.89) 1,282 (6.62) 2,166 (5.05) 32,445 (13.42) 2,640 15,624 54,556
Chlamydia trachomatis infection§ 17,767 (388.11) 23,611 (117.45) 437,081 (974.25) 494,697 (196.41) 67,675 485,827 1,526,658
Coccidioidomycosis 179 (3.91) 229 (1.14) 338 (0.75) 2,858 (1.13) 374 7,094 11,072
Cryptosporidiosis, total 49 (1.07) 114 (0.57) 901 (2.01) 6,725 (2.67) 343 1,603 9,735
   confirmed 39 (0.85) 83 (0.41) 588 (1.31) 4,023 (1.60) 222 1,190 6,145
   probable 10 (0.22) 31 (0.15) 313 (0.70) 2,702 (1.07) 121 413 3,590
Cyclosporiasis 1 (0.03) 16 (0.08) 16 (0.04) 470 (0.21) 14 128 645
Dengue virus infections
  dengue 9 (0.20) 200 (0.99) 21 (0.05) 426 (0.17) 62 211 929
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
  Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 25 (0.62) 24 (0.13) 15 (0.03) 2,482 (1.04) 48 1,062 3,656
  Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection 14 (0.34) 8 (0.04) 32 (0.07) 905 (0.38) 26 303 1,288
  undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis 1 (0.02) 1 (0.01) 1 (0.00) 120 (0.05) 11 45 179
Giardiasis 79 (2.23) 475 (2.75) 1,156 (3.40) 7,073 (3.58) 566 5,136 14,485
Gonorrhea§ 4,835 (105.62) 4,783 (23.79) 168,799 (376.25) 116,032 (46.07) 15,853 84,914 395,216
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
  all ages, serotypes 43 (0.94) 71 (0.35) 517 (1.15) 2,674 (1.06) 105 728 4,138
    age <5 yrs
      serotype b 1 (0.26) (0.00) 2 (0.06) 22 (0.15) 4 29
      nontypeable 3 (0.82) 8 (0.69) 48 (1.53) 86 (0.65) 7 23 175
      non-b serotype 13 (3.57) 2 (0.17) 29 (0.92) 55 (0.41) 9 27 135
      unknown serotype 1 (0.27) 11 (0.95) 31 (0.99) 81 (0.61) 8 35 167
Hansen’s disease 1 (0.03) 20 (0.11) 6 (0.01) 44 (0.02) 2 16 89
Hemolytic uremic syndrome postdiarrheal (0.00) 7 (0.04) 5 (0.01) 220 (0.09) 16 26 274
Hepatitis
  A acute 6 (0.13) 114 (0.57) 71 (0.16) 855 (0.34) 89 255 1,390
  B acute 18 (0.40) 68 (0.34) 399 (0.90) 2,275 (0.91) 69 541 3,370
  B chronic** 38 (0.92) 3,451 (19.93) 1,987 (5.46) 2,351 (1.12) 650 5,670 14,147
  B perinatal infection (0.00) 29 (0.14) 1 (0.00) 2 (0.00) 1 4 37
  C acute†† 40 (1.00) 16 (0.08) 113 (0.27) 1,835 (0.77) 66 377 2,447
  C past or present§§ 1,746 (49.29) 1,212 (7.32) 13,417 (39.52) 62,301 (32.25) 7,078 93,830 179,584
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses¶¶ 184 (7.80) 833 (4.80) 15,062 (37.70) 9,394 (4,70) 8,344 33,817
Influenza-associated pediatric mortality*** 4 (0.29) 8 (0.18) 27 (0.22) 78 (0.14) 1 12 130
Legionellosis 18 (0.39) 86 (0.43) 1,111 (2.48) 3,761 (1.49) 150 953 6,079
Leptospirosis (0.00) 9 (0.05) 1 (0.00) 15 (0.01) 5 10 40
Listeriosis 3 (0.07) 56 (0.28) 76 (0.17) 506 (0.20) 37 90 768
Lyme disease, total 100 (2.19) 391 (2.04) 349 (0.78) 21,366 (8.50) 1,031 14,832 38,069
  confirmed 58 (1.27) 285 (1.49) 249 (0.56) 15,852 (6.30) 831 11,178 28,453
  probable 42 (0.92) 106 (0.55) 100 (0.22) 5,514 (2.19) 200 3,654 9,616
Malaria 4 (0.09) 88 (0.44) 690 (1.54) 201 (0.08) 51 356 1,390
Measles, total 2 (0.04) 13 (0.06) 4 (0.01) 122 (0.05) 11 36 188
  indigenous 2 (0.04) 3 (0.01) 3 (0.01) 115 (0.05) 10 29 162
  imported (0.00) 10 (0.05) 1 (0.00) 7 (0.00) 1 7 26
Meningococcal disease
  all serogroups 5 (0.11) 11 (0.05) 52 (0.12) 247 (0.10) 9 48 372
  serogroups ACWY 2 (0.04) 5 (0.02) 25 (0.06) 70 (0.03) 4 14 120
  serogroup B 2 (0.04) 3 (0.01) 7 (0.02) 83 (0.03) 2 14 111
  unknown serogroup 1 (0.02) 3 (0.01) 15 (0.03) 83 (0.03) 3 15 120
Mumps 1 (0.02) 53 (0.26) 79 (0.18) 604 (0.24) 18 574 1,329
Pertussis 173 (3.78) 362 (1.80) 870 (1.94) 13,937 (5.53) 688 4,732 20,762
Q fever, total 1 (0.02) 3 (0.02) 3 (0.01) 94 (0.04) 7 48 156
  acute (0.00) 3 (0.02) 3 (0.01) 73 (0.03) 6 37 122
  chronic 1 (0.02) (0.00) (0.00) 21 (0.01) 1 11 34
Salmonellosis 466 (10.18) 1,771 (8.81) 4,695 (10.47) 35,064 (13.92) 2,298 10,814 55,108
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 47 (1.03) 174 (0.87) 275 (0.61) 4,923 (1.95) 283 1,357 7,059
Shigellosis 238 (5.20) 354 (1.76) 4,898 (10.92) 12,943 (5.14) 1,039 4,118 23,590
Spotted fever rickettsiosis, total 100 (2.25) 18 (0.09) 106 (0.24) 2,785 (1.11) 76 1,113 4,198
  confirmed 12 (0.27) 2 (0.01) 3 (0.01) 122 (0.05) 6 54 199
  probable 88 (1.98) 16 (0.08) 103 (0.23) 2,663 (1.06) 70 1,059 3,999
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 3 (0.12) 10 (0.10) 46 (0.15) 225 (0.14) 9 42 335
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease
  all ages 243 (8.70) 201 (1.75) 2,550 (7.08) 9,686 (5.29) 381 3,102 16,163
    age <5 yrs 22 (8.10) 26 (3.33) 247 (8.70) 517 (4.68) 42 323 1,177
Syphilis, total, all stages§,††† 441 (9.63) 1,940 (9.65) 27,102 (60.41) 34,385 (13.65) 4,767 6,067 74,702
  congenital§ 4 (5.06) 17 (7.00) 216 (31.47) 214 (7.21) 10 26 487
  primary and secondary§ 147 (3.21) 590 (2.93) 8,551 (19.06) 11,698 (4.64) 1,330 1,556 23,872
Tetanus 1 (0.02) (0.00) 7 (0.02) 15 (0.01) 1 5 29
Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 41 (0.02) 1 22 64
Tuberculosis§§§ 156 (3.41) 3,198 (15.91) 2,056 (4.58) 3,799 (1.51) 256 92 9,557
Tularemia 12 (0.26) 0 (0.00) 4 (0.01) 237 (0.09) 9 52 314
Typhoid fever 3 (0.07) 219 (1.09) 19 (0.04) 50 (0.02) 29 47 367
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (0.00) (0.00) 36 (0.09) 98 (0.05) 2 47 183
Vibriosis 8 (0.18) 55 (0.28) 63 (0.14) 929 (0.38) 45 223 1,323

* Conditions for which <25 cases were reported for the year are not included in the table.   No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.
§ Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
Reportable in <25 states.
** Total number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
†† Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
§§ Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
¶¶ Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31, 2016.
*** Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, as of June 30, 2016.
††† Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis.
§§§ Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.

Return to your place in the textTABLE 7. Number of reported cases of notifiable diseases* and rates per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, excluding U.S. territories – United States, 2015
Disease Hispanic Non-Hispanic Ethnicity not stated Total
No. Rate No. Rate
Arboviral diseases
  Chikungunya virus disease
    nonneuroinvasive 506 (0.89) 199 (0.08) 187 892
  La Crosse virus disease
    neuroinvasive 2 (0.00) 44 (0.02) 5 51
  West Nile virus disease
    neuroinvasive 197 (0.35) 724 (0.27) 534 1,455
    nonneuroinvasive 52 (0.09) 413 (0.16) 255 720
Babesiosis, total 106 (0.24) 1,032 (0.57) 962 2,100
   confirmed 98 (0.23) 903 (0.50) 803 1,804
   probable 8 (0.02) 129 (0.07) 159 296
Botulism, total 33 (0.06) 110 (0.04) 52 195
   foodborne 2 (0.00) 29 (0.01) 6 37
   infant 25 (2.44) 75 (2.54) 38 138
Brucellosis 56 (0.10) 45 (0.02) 25 126
Campylobacteriosis 6,330 (11.63) 28,761 (11.32) 19,465 54,556
Chlamydia trachomatis infection§ 206,285 (364.51) 742,047 (280.20) 578,326 1,526,658
Coccidioidomycosis 1,197 (4.93) 2,648 (2.61) 7,227 11,072
Cryptosporidiosis, total 805 (1.42) 6,559 (2.48) 2,371 9,735
   confirmed 512 (0.90) 3,979 (1.50) 1,654 6,145
   probable 293 (0.52) 2,580 (0.97) 717 3,590
Cyclosporiasis 86 (0.16) 430 (0.18) 129 645
Dengue virus infections
  dengue 253 (0.45) 517 (0.20) 159 929
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
  Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 51 (0.09) 2,211 (0.88) 1,394 3,656
  Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection 30 (0.06) 896 (0.35) 362 1,288
  undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis 2 (0.00) 113 (0.05) 64 179
Giardiasis 970 (2.32) 7,478 (3.55) 6,037 14,485
Gonorrhea§ 44,550 (78.72) 236,759 (89.40) 113,907 395,216
Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease
  all ages, serotypes 208 (0.37) 2,646 (1.00) 1,284 4,138
    age <5 yrs
      serotype b 4 (0.08) 20 (0.14) 5 29
      nontypeable 31 (0.75) 110 (0.80) 34 175
      non-b serotype 9 (0.22) 84 (0.61) 42 135
      unknown serotype 25 (0.60) 95 (0.69) 47 167
Hansen’s disease 13 (0.02) 63 (0.03) 13 89
Hemolytic uremic syndrome postdiarrheal 31 (0.06) 203 (0.08) 40 274
Hepatitis
  A acute 219 (0.39) 852 (0.32) 319 1,390
  B acute** 175 (0.31) 2,387 (0.91) 808 3,370
  B chronic 321 (0.72) 6,224 (2.78) 7,602 14,147
  B perinatal infection 0 (0.00) 33 (0.01) 4 37
  C acute†† 148 (0.28) 1,616 (0.65) 683 2,447
  C past or present§§ 4,966 (12.05) 50,772 (24.65) 123,846 179,584
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses¶¶ 7,716 (13.60) 26,101 (9.90) 0 33,817
Influenza-associated pediatric mortality*** 23 (0.13) 86 (0.15) 21 130
Legionellosis 408 (0.72) 4,356 (1.64) 1,315 6,079
Leptospirosis 2 (0.00) 24 (0.01) 14 40
Listeriosis 91 (0.16) 543 (0.21) 134 768
Lyme disease, total 660 (1.17) 15,669 (5.95) 21,740 38,069
  confirmed 486 (0.86) 11,571 (4.39) 16,396 28,453
  probable 174 (0.31) 4,098 (1.55) 5,344 9,616
Malaria 41 (0.07) 1,106 (0.42) 243 1,390
Measles, total 52 (0.09) 107 (0.04) 29 188
  indigenous 50 (0.09) 86 (0.03) 26 162
  imported 2 (0.00) 21 (0.01) 3 26
Meningococcal disease
  all serogroups 53 (0.09) 252 (0.10) 67 372
  serogroups ACWY 13 (0.02) 89 (0.03) 18 120
  serogroup B 15 (0.03) 75 (0.03) 21 111
  unknown serogroup 23 (0.04) 72 (0.03) 25 120
Mumps 55 (0.10) 615 (0.23) 659 1,329
Pertussis 3,596 (6.35) 12,008 (4.53) 5,158 20,762
Q fever, total 20 (0.04) 87 (0.03) 49 156
  acute 16 (0.03) 71 (0.03) 35 122
  chronic 4 (0.01) 16 (0.01) 14 34
Salmonellosis 8,104 (14.32) 32,710 (12.35) 14,294 55,108
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 991 (1.75) 4,466 (1.69) 1,602 7,059
Shigellosis 5,735 (10.13) 12,761 (4.82) 5,094 23,590
Spotted fever rickettsiosis, total 98 (0.17) 2,866 (1.09) 1,234 4,198
  confirmed 9 (0.02) 119 (0.05) 71 199
  probable 89 (0.16) 2,747 (1.05) 1,163 3,999
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 24 (0.10) 238 (0.13) 73 335
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease
  all ages 1,009 (2.81) 9,323 (4.72) 5,831 16,163
  age <5 yrs 158 (4.62) 640 (5.55) 379 1,177
Syphilis, total, all stages§,††† 18,404 (32.52) 50,183 (18.95) 6,115 74,702
  congenital§ 140 (13.67) 319 (10.80) 28 487
  primary and secondary§ 5,012 (8.86) 17,169 (6.48) 1,691 23,872
Tetanus 2 (0.00) 16 (0.01) 11 29
Toxic shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) 2 (0.01) 34 (0.02) 28 64
Tuberculosis§§§ 2,694 (4.76) 6,849 (2.59) 14 9,557
Tularemia 17 (0.03) 219 (0.08) 78 314
Typhoid fever 36 (0.06) 285 (0.11) 46 367
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus 9 (0.02) 104 (0.05) 70 183
Vibriosis 152 (0.27) 891 (0.34) 280 1,323

* Conditions for which <25 cases were reported for the year are not included in the table. No cases of anthrax; Crimean-Congo viral hemorrhagic fever; diphtheria; eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, nonneuroinvasive; Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever; Guanarito viral hemorrhagic fever; Junin viral hemorrhagic fever; Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever; Machupo viral hemorrhagic fever; Marburg viral hemorrhagic fever; poliomyelitis, paralytic; poliovirus infection, nonparalytic; Sabia viral hemorrhagic fever; severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus disease; smallpox; western equine encephalitis virus disease, neuroinvasive and nonneuroinvasive; and yellow fever were reported in the United States during 2015.
Totals reported to the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance), as of July 1, 2016.
§ Totals reported to the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), as of June 8, 2016.
Reportable in <25 states.
**Total number of cases reported from 42 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases.
††Total number of cases reported from 42 states.
§§Total number of cases reported from 39 states. Reports might not reflect unique cases
¶¶Total number of HIV diagnoses reported to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, NCHHSTP through December 31,
2016.
*** Totals reported to the Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, as of June 30, 2016.
††† Includes the following categories: primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and congenital syphilis.
§§§ Totals reported to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, NCHHSTP, as of June 8, 2016.

PART 2

Graphs and Maps for Selected Notifiable Diseases in the United States, 2015

Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Graphs and Maps

U Data not available.
N Not reportable (i.e., report of disease not required in that jurisdiction).
DC District of Columbia
NYC New York City
AS American Samoa
CNMI Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands
GU Guam
PR Puerto Rico
VI U.S. Virgin Islands

ANTHRAX. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1960–2015*

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of anthrax cases by year in the United States from 1960 to 2015.

* One epizootic-associated cutaneous case was reported in 2001 from Texas.

In 2015, there were no reported human anthrax cases from zoonotic or other causes.

ARBOVIRAL DISEASES. Number* of reported cases of selected neuroinvasive disease, by year — United States, 2006–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of cases of neuroinvasive disease, broken down by La Crosse virus and Jamestown Canyon virus, from 2006 to 2015.

* Data from the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance). Only reported cases of neuroinvasive disease are shown.

During 2006–2015, an average of 66 La Crosse virus neuroinvasive disease cases were reported each year. La Crosse virus was the most common cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease among children. During that same time period, Jamestown Canyon virus caused an average of three neuroinvasive disease cases per year. Starting in 2013, following the implementation of routine antibody testing for Jamestown Canyon virus disease, the number of reported cases has increased.

ARBOVIRAL DISEASES, CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS. Number of reported cases, by year,* excluding U.S. territories — United States, 2010–2015

This figure is a bar graph that presents the number of cases of Chikungunya virus in the United States from 1010 to 2015.

* Chikungunya virus did not become a nationally notifiable condition until 2015.

In 2015, a total of 896 chikungunya virus disease cases were reported. One locally acquired case was reported from Texas. All other cases occurred in travelers returning from affected areas.

ARBOVIRAL DISEASES, WEST NILE VIRUS. Incidence* of reported cases of neuroinvasive disease, by age group—United States, 2015

This figure is a bar chart that presents the incidence of cases of neuroinvasive disease by age group from age 0 to >70 years in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population. Data from the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance).

In 2015, West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence increased with increasing age, from 0.04 per 100,000 among persons aged <18 years to 1.36 among those aged ≥70 years.

ARBOVIRAL DISEASES, WEST NILE VIRUS. Incidence* of reported cases of neuroinvasive disease—United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the incidence of reported cases per 100,000 population of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in each state in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population. Data from the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance).

In 2015, the states with the highest reported incidence of West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease were California (1.49 per 100,000), North Dakota (1.32), South Dakota (1.28), Oklahoma (1.25) and Colorado (1.04). Over half (61%) of all WNV neuroinvasive disease cases were reported from California (585 cases) and Texas (196).

 

ARBOVIRAL DISEASES, WEST NILE VIRUS. Incidence* of reported cases of neuroinvasive disease, by year—United States, 2006–2015

This figure is a bar graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of reported cases of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease from 2006 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population. Data from the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance).

Nationally, West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence in 2015 was similar to the median incidence during 2006–2014.

 

BABESIOSIS. Number of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of reported cases in each county in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

In 2015, babesiosis was reportable in 33 states. Twenty-four of the 33 states notified CDC of at least one case of babesiosis; however, 93% of the reported cases (n = 1,925/2,074) occurred in residents of seven of the states in which tickborne transmission of Babesia microti has been well documented (i.e., in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island in the Northeast; and Minnesota and Wisconsin in the upper Midwest).

 

BOTULISM, FOODBORNE. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1995–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of foodborne-related botulism cases in the United States from 1995 to 2015.

In 2015, most of the foodborne botulism cases, caused by ingestion of food containing preformed toxin, occurred in an outbreak associated with home-canned potatoes in a potato salad consumed at a church potluck. Pruno, which caused the 2011 and 2012 outbreaks in Utah and Arizona, respectively, is an illicit alcoholic beverage brewed by prison inmates.

 

BOTULISM, INFANT. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1995–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of botulism cases in U.S. infants from 1995 to 2015.

Infant botulism remains the most common type of botulism in the United States and accounted for most botulism cases in 2015. Reported cases have increased overall since 2010.

 

BOTULISM, OTHER. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 2005–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of wound-related and unspecified botulism cases in the United States from 2005 to 2015.

Annual number of cases of wound botulism and of botulism in “unspecified” transmission categories have remained generally unchanged since 2007.

 

BRUCELLOSIS. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of brucellosis cases in each state and territory in 2014.

Cases in Illinois, Florida, Texas, and California combined represent over half of the brucellosis cases reported to NNDSS during 2015 (65/126; 52%).

 

BRUCELLOSIS. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of brucellosis cases in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

The number of brucellosis cases reported to NNDSS has fluctuated since 1985, showing no particular trend.

 

CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of campylobacteriosis cases in each state and territory in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

* Per 100,000 population.

Incidence of confirmed and probable campylobacteriosis was highest in northern and western states.

 

CHLAMYDIA. Incidence* of reported cases among women aged 15–24 years — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of chlamydia among women aged 15–24 years in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population. Rate of reported cases for DC (5,974), New York City (4,296), Guam (466), and Virgin Island (1,009). Rates for AS and CNMI are not available.

The overall rate of reported cases of chlamydia among women aged 15–24 years, which is the population targeted for chlamydia screening, was 3,377.6 per 100,000 females (excluding U.S. territories). There was variation by state, with the Southern region reporting the highest case rates.

 

CHLAMYDIA. Incidence* of reported cases, by age group and sex — United States, 2015

This figure is a bar graph that presents the number of chlamydia cases in the United States in 2015, broken down by age group and sex.

* Per 100,000 population.

The highest age-specific rates of reported cases of chlamydia among women in 2015 were in those aged 20–24 years (3,764.3 cases per 100,000 females) followed by those aged 15–19 years (2,986.4 cases per 100,000 females). The age-specific rates of reported cases of chlamydia among men, despite being consistently about half the rate of women, were similarly highest in men aged 20–24 years (1,476.8 cases per 100,000 males) followed by men aged 15–19 years (766.5 cases per 100,000 males).

 

CHOLERA. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of cholera cases in each state and territory in 2015.

In 2015, five cases of cholera were reported from three states. Four cases were travel-associated, and one case was associated with the consumption of imported seafood.

 

COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of reported cases in each state and territory in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

In the United States, coccidioidomycosis is endemic in the Southwestern states. The fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis has also been found in south-central Washington State. Cases reported from states outside the endemic area usually occur among travelers returning from areas in which the disease is endemic.

 

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 2004–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents incidence per 100,000 population of cryptosporidiosis cases in the United States from 2004 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

The incidence of reported cryptosporidiosis after 2007 remains elevated (>2.5 cases per 100,000 population) relative to the baseline observed before 2005 (<1.5). Whether this increase reflects a change in the true incidence of cryptosporidiosis or changing diagnosis, testing, or reporting patterns is unclear.

 

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the incidence range per 100,000 population of cryptosporidiosis cases in each state and territory in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

* Per 100,000 population.

Cryptosporidiosis is widespread geographically in the United States. Although incidence appears to be consistently higher in certain states, differences in incidence among states might reflect differences in risk factors; the number of cases associated with outbreaks; or the capacity to detect, investigate, and report cases.

 

CYCLOSPORIASIS. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map that provides the number of reported cases of cyclosporiasis in the United States and in U.S. territories in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

In 2015, a total of 644 cyclosporiasis cases (599 confirmed and 45 probable) were reported from 32 states and New York City. This number differs slightly from the denominator of 645 cases reported in the tables. One erroneous report was not retracted before the deadline for finalizing the data. Of the 644 cases, 394 (61%) were domestically acquired (i.e., they occurred in persons with no history of travel outside the United States and Canada during the 14-day incubation period), at least 357 (91%) of which occurred in persons with illness onset during May–August. A vehicle of infection (fresh cilantro from Mexico) was identified for 61 restaurant-associated cases in a multistate outbreak involving Georgia, Texas, and Wisconsin. An additional 29 probable cases were associated with this multicluster outbreak but were not reported to NNDSS or included here.

 

DENGUE. Number* of reported cases, by age group — United States, 2015

This figure is a bar chart that presents the number of reported cases of dengue virus infection by age group in the United States in 2015.

* Data from the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance). Two age-unknown cases of dengue. No age-unknown cases of dengue-like illness and severe dengue.

In 2015, a total of 929 dengue cases were reported in all age groups, but most (77%) cases were among adults aged 18–64 years. Sixteen cases of dengue-like illness were reported, 14 (88%) of which were in adults aged 18–64 years. Six cases of severe dengue were reported in patients aged 12–48 years.

 

DENGUE. Number* of reported cases, by location of residence — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of cases of dengue in the United States and its territories in 2015.

* Number of dengue/dengue-like illness/severe dengue cases. Data from the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (ArboNET Surveillance). The reported cases for DC (8/2/1), NYC (74/1/1), and VI (3/0/0).

In 2015, a total of 951 laboratory-positive dengue cases were reported from 48 of the 50 states, two of the five territories, and the District of Columbia. Sixteen cases of dengue-like illness and six cases of severe dengue were reported, all in travelers and none in residents of U.S. territories. The states that reported the most travel-associated cases of dengue, dengue-like illness, or severe dengue were California (138), Florida (81), New York City (76), New Jersey (60), and Texas (32). States that reported locally acquired dengue cases were Hawaii (200) and Florida (1).

 

DIPHTHERIA. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a bar graph that presents the number of reported cases of diphtheria, by year, in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

Diphtheria is rare in the United States. No cases were reported during 2015.

 

EHRLICHIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS, ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM. Number of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of ehrlichiosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) cases by county in 2015.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is primarily transmitted by Ixodes scapularis in the eastern United States and Ixodes pacificus in the west. Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York and Massachusetts continue to report the highest number of anaplasmosis cases.

 

EHRLICHIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS, EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS. Number of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) cases by county in 2015.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the most common cause of human ehrlichiosis in the United States. Cases are primarily distributed within the central United States within the known distribution of the principle vector, Amblyomma americanum.

 

EHRLICHIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS, EHRLICHIA EWINGII. Number of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia ewingii) cases in by county in 2015.

Ehrlichia ewingii is a less commonly reported cause of human ehrlichiosis. Cases of Ehrlichia ewingii are primarily reported from the Midwest and have recently expanded to include regions such as the Northeast.

 

EHRLICHIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS, UNDERTERMINED. Number of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of Ehrlichiosis (undetermined) cases by county in 2015.

The reporting category of undetermined ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis is used in situations where multiple Ehrlichia or Anaplasma species might be present yet laboratory evidence is unable to provide species differentiation. Cases in this category are reported throughout the United States.

 

GIARDIASIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 2004–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents incidence per 100,000 population of giardiasis cases in the United States from 2004 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population

The incidence of giardiasis in 2015 is similar to previous years, following a decline in 2011. The incidence of giardiasis can be affected by actual changes in disease transmission, changes in diagnostics, and changes in surveillance priorities in some states.

 

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, INVASIVE DISEASE. Incidence* of reported cases among persons aged <5 years, by serotype — United States, 2002–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence rates for all invasive Haemophilus influenzae (serotype b (Hib), non-b, and nontypeable) in the United States among persons aged ˂5 years, from 2002 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population. Cases for which serotype was not tested or is unknown are excluded.

Rates of all invasive Haemophilus influenza disease remain low; the majority of cases of invasive disease in children aged <5 years are caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Haemophilus influenza type b incidence remains below the Healthy People 2020 goal of 0.27 per 100,000 population among those aged <5 years.

 

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, INVASIVE DISEASE. Incidence* of reported cases among persons aged ≥5 years, by serotype — United States, 2002–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence of invasive Haemophilus influenzae (serotype b (Hib), non-b, and nontypeable) in the United States, with separate lines for persons aged ≥5 years, from 2002 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population. Cases for which serotype was not tested or is unknown are excluded.

Rates of all invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease remain low; the majority of cases of invasive disease in persons aged ≥5 years are caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.

 

HANSEN’S DISEASE (LEPROSY). Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1995–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of cases of Hansen’s disease, also known as leprosy, in the United States from 1995 to 2015.

After a decrease in reported Hansen’s disease cases during 2010–2011, the number of reported cases has remained fairly stable. In the last decade, the highest number of Hansen’s disease cases reported was in 2009. Reported cases for 2014 and 2015 remained stable.

 

HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME, POSTDIARRHEAL. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of hemolytic uremic, postdiarrheal cases in each state and territory in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

In 2015, a total of 42 of 56 jurisdictions (states, districts, and territories) reported hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cases to NNDSS, and four jurisdictions had missing data. Most cases of postdiarrheal HUS are caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC).

 

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DIAGNOSES. Percentage of diagnosed cases, by race/ethnicity — United States, 2015

This figure is a pie chart that presents the percentage of diagnosed cases of HIV by race/ethnicity in the United States in 2015. The race/ethnicities included are black, white, Hispanic/Latino, Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and multiple races.

Among persons with HIV infection diagnosed in 2015, the greatest percentage was among blacks/African Americans, followed by whites, Hispanics/Latinos, Asians/Pacific Islanders, persons of multiple races, and American Indians/Alaska Natives.

 

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DIAGNOSES. Diagnosis incidence* — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the rates per 100,000 population of diagnosed HIV cases in each state and territory in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

The highest rates (i.e., ≥15 diagnoses per 100,000 population) of HIV diagnoses were in certain states in the Southeast and Northeast. A rate of ≥15 diagnoses per 100,000 population also was observed in the District of Columbia.

 

INFLUENZA-ASSOCIATED PEDIATRIC MORTALITY. Incidence* of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the incidence range per 100,000 population of influenza-associated pediatric deaths in each state and territory in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

In 2015, New York City and 39 states reported 130 influenza-associated pediatric deaths for an overall incidence rate of 0.18 deaths per 100,000 children aged <18 years.

 

LEGIONELLOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 2000–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of legionellosis cases in the United States from 2000 to 2015

* Per 100,000 population.

From 2014 to 2015, the reported incidence of Legionellosis rose over 16%, continuing an upward trend that began in 2003. The incidence in 2015 was more than four times that in 2000. More diagnostic testing and more disease transmission might have contributed to this increase.

 

LEPTOSPIROSIS. Number of reported cases, by year — United States and U.S. territories, 1947–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of cases of leptospirosis in the United States and U.S. territories from 1947 to 2015.

In 2015, a total of 96 leptospirosis cases were reported, of which 45 (47%) were reported by Puerto Rico and 22 (23%) were reported by Hawaii. A temporal peak in case incidence occurred in August, with 10 cases reported that month in five states and jurisdictions (excluding cases reported from territories).

Note: Although leptospirosis was first notifiable starting in 1947, territories did not begin reporting leptospirosis cases until 1959. Territory data for 1970 and 1978 are not available.
 

LISTERIOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of listeriosis cases in each state and territory during 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

In 2015, a total of 46 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City reported 768 cases of Listeriosis to NNDSS for an overall incidence rate in the United States of 0.24 infections per 100,000, which is unchanged from 2014.

 

LYME DISEASE. Incidence* of reported confirmed cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of Lyme disease cases in each county in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

Lyme disease was the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in 2015; however, risk for infection is highly variable, with little to no risk in many parts of the United States. Cases are concentrated in the northeast and upper Midwest regions of the United States. In 2015, 95% of confirmed Lyme disease cases were reported from 14 states: Connecticut (1,873 cases), Delaware (334 cases), Maine (993 cases), Maryland (1,249 cases), Massachusetts (2,922 cases), Minnesota (1,174 cases), New Hampshire (436 cases), New Jersey (3,932 cases), New York (3,252 cases), Pennsylvania (7,351 cases), Rhode Island (564 cases), Vermont (491 cases), Virginia (1,102 cases), and Wisconsin (1,309 cases). Lyme disease cases are reported to CDC by state of patient residence; therefore, travel-associated cases might be reported from states where risk for infection is absent.

 

MEASLES. Incidence* of reported cases by year — United States, 1980–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of measles cases in the United States from 1980 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

Although measles incidence rates declined substantially soon after licensure of a measles vaccine in the United States in 1963, outbreaks continued to be reported across the country through the 1980s, and a resurgence of measles occurred during 1989–1991. Improvements in vaccination coverage in the early and mid-1990s led to a record low number of cases in ensuing years, and a declaration of measles elimination in 2000. Since 1997, the reported annual incidence has been <1 case per 1 million population, except in 2014, when measles was introduced into several communities with pockets of unvaccinated persons, which allowed spread and outbreaks to occur.

 

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of meningococcal disease cases in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

In 2015, meningococcal disease incidence continued to decline; incidence remains at a historic low in the United States (0.12 cases per 100,000 population.

 

MUMPS. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 1990–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of mumps cases in the United States from 1990 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

The widespread use of a second dose of mumps vaccine beginning in 1989 was followed by historically low morbidity until 2006, when the United States experienced the largest mumps outbreak in two decades. The 2006 outbreak of approximately 6,000 cases primarily affected college students in the Midwest. A second large outbreak occurred during 2009–2010 and affected Orthodox Jewish communities in the Northeast. Multiple outbreaks have occurred in the following years, mostly in close-contact settings.

 

PERTUSSIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by age — United States, 2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence of pertussis in 2015 per 100,000 population in 5-year increments between ages 0 and 85 years.

* Per 100,000 population.

During 2015, pertussis incidence remained highest among infants, and increased incidence continues to be observed among adolescents.

 

PERTUSSIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of pertussis cases in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

Incidence of reported pertussis declined from 2014 to 2015; however, overall incidence remains elevated compared with rates observed during the 1990s and early 2000s.

 

RABIES, ANIMAL. Number* of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States that presents the number of rabies cases, by county, among wild and domestic animals in the United States in 2015.

* Data from the Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

In 2015, rabid animals were reported in all jurisdictions except Hawaii. Because reporting is based on the number of animals tested, the burden of disease is likely underestimated.

 

SALMONELLOSIS AND SHIGELLOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of salmonellosis and shigellosis cases in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

Incidence of salmonellosis has been stable since the mid-1990s. Incidence of shigellosis decreased overall between 1995 and 2013 and increased between 2013 and 2015.

 

SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI (STEC). Incidence* of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the incidence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli cases in each state and territory in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli incidence rates were generally highest in the northern and western states. States with the highest incidence rates were Idaho, Montana, and South Dakota.

 

SPOTTED FEVER RICKETTSIOSIS. Number of reported cases, by county — United States, 2015

This figure is a map that presents the number of spotted fever rickettsiosis cases by county in the United States in 2015.

Most spotted fever rickettsiosis cases originating in the United States are attributed to infection with Rickettsia rickettsii (the causative agent for Rocky Mountain spotted fever). However, rickettsioses caused by other spotted fevers including Rickettsia parkeri, Rickettsia species 364D (provisionally called Rickettsia philipii) and Rickettsia akari are being diagnosed and reported more frequently.

 

TRICHINELLOSIS. Number of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of trichinellosis cases in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

In 2015, a total of 13 trichinellosis cases were reported. This number differs from the denominator of 14 cases presented in the tables; one case from Wisconsin was reclassified as suspect from confirmed, which was not changed before the deadline for finalizing data. Two outbreaks of three cases each occurred in persons who consumed black bear hunted in Alaska. Overall, a majority of reported trichinellosis cases occurred in persons with a history of consumption of undercooked wild game meat.

TUBERCULOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the incidence range per 100,000 population of tuberculosis cases in each state and territory in 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

Seven states, New York City, the District of Columbia, and three territories (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam) had a tuberculosis incidence rate above the national average of 3.0 cases per 100,000 population.

 

TUBERCULOSIS. Incidence* of reported cases, by race/ethnicity — United States, 2005–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence per 100,000 population of tuberculosis cases by race/ethnicity in the United States from 2005 to 2015. The race/ethnicities include black non-Hispanic, white non-Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Natives non-Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islanders non-Hispanic, and Hispanic.

* Per 100,000 population. Data from the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.

After approximately 20 consecutive years of declining tuberculosis incidence, the decline in incidence for most race/ethnicities has slowed over the past few years.

 

TUBERCULOSIS. Number* of reported cases among U.S.-born and foreign-born persons, by year — United States, 2005–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of cases of tuberculosis cases, separated by U.S.-born and foreign-born persons, in the United States from 2005 to 2015.

* Number represented is in thousands. Data from the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.

For 2015, the origin of birth for 18 patients was unknown.

The number of U.S.-born tuberculosis cases was similar in 2015, compared with 2014, after consistent declines since 2005, while the number of foreign-born cases increased slightly.

 

TULAREMIA. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of tularemia cases in each state and territory in 2015.

In 2015, a total of 314 cases of tularemia were reported to CDC, the most since 1964. The majority of cases were reported from states in the central United States; cases reported from Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming increased substantially compared with 2014.

 

TYPHOID FEVER. Incidence* of reported cases, by year — United States, 1985–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the incidence of cases of typhoid fever per 100,000 population in the United States from 1985 to 2015.

* Per 100,000 population.

In the United States, typhoid fever remains primarily a disease of travelers to countries where typhoid fever is endemic, for whom vaccination against typhoid fever is recommended. During the last 30 years, the annual number of typhoid fever cases peaked in 1990 (552 cases; 0.22 per 100,000) and then declined to a low of 321 (0.11 per 100,000) cases in 2002. Case counts then returned to levels observed in the early 1990s, followed by a 5% increase from 349 (0.11 per 100,000) in 2014 to 367 in 2015 (0.11 per 100,000).

 

VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX). Number of reported cases — Illinois, Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia, 1993–2015

This figure is a line graph that presents the number of cases of varicella, also known as chickenpox, in Illinois, Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia from 1993 to 2015.

In four states (Illinois, Michigan, Texas, and West Virginia), the number of varicella cases reported in 2015 was 15.5% lower than 2014, 87.6% lower than the average annual number reported during the mature 1-dose varicella vaccination era of 2000–2006, and 96.9% lower than the average annual number reported during the prevaccine years of 1993–1995.

 

VIBRIOSIS. Number of reported cases — United States and U.S. territories, 2015

This figure is a map of the United States and U.S. territories that presents the number of cases of vibriosis in each state and territory in 2015.

Abbreviation: N = not reportable.

In 2015, a total of 1,323 cases of vibriosis were reported. California, Florida, Texas, and Massachusetts reported the greatest number of cases.

 

Selected Reading for 2015

General

Adekoya N, Truman BI, Ajani UA. Completeness of reporting of race and ethnicity data in the nationally notifiable diseases surveillance system, United States, 2006–2010. J Public Health Manag Pract 2015;21:E16–22. CrossRef PubMed

Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, et al. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions—United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;63. CrossRef

Beltran VM, Harrison KM, Hall HI, Dean HD. Collection of social determinant of health measures in U.S. national surveillance systems for HIV, viral hepatitis, STDs, and TB. Public Health Rep 2011;126(Suppl 3):41–53. PubMed

Blau DM, Clark SC, Nolte KB; National Association of Medical Examiners Ad-hoc Committee for Bioterrorism and Infectious Diseases. Infectious disease surveillance by medical examiners and coroners. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:821–2. CrossRef PubMed

Boehmer TK, Patnaik JL, Burnite SJ, Ghosh TS, Gershman K, Vogt RL. Use of hospital discharge data to evaluate notifiable disease reporting to Colorado’s Electronic Disease Reporting System. Public Health Rep 2011;126:100–6. PubMed

Buehler JW, Hopkins RS, Overhage JM, Sosin DM, Tong V; CDC Working Group. Framework for evaluating public health surveillance systems for early detection of outbreaks: recommendations from the CDC Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004;53(No. RR-5):1–11. PubMed

CDC. CDC’s vision for public health surveillance in the 21st century. MMWR Suppl 2012;2012:61(July 27, 2012).

CDC. Comparison of provisional with final notifiable disease case counts—National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:747–51. PubMed

Adekoya N, Truman B, Landen M. Incidence of notifiable diseases among American Indians/Alaska Natives—United States, 2007–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:16–9. PubMed

CDC. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. 6th ed. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/index.html

National Electronic Disease Surveillance System Working Group. National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS): a standards-based approach to connect public health and clinical medicine. J Public Health Manag Pract 2001;7:43–50. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss

CDC. NNDSS Modernization Initiative (NMI). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/nmi/index.html

CDC. Potential effects of electronic laboratory reporting on improving timeliness of infectious disease notification—Florida, 2002–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:1325–8. PubMed

CDC. Reporting race and ethnicity data—National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance, 1994–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:305–12. PubMed

CDC. State electronic disease surveillance systems—United States, 2007 and 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1421–3. PubMed

German RR, Lee LM, Horan JM, Milstein RL, Pertowski CA, Waller MN; Guidelines Working Group. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep 2001;50(No. RR-13):1–35, quiz CE1–7. PubMed

Lamb E, Satre J, Hurd-Kundeti G, et al. Update on progress in electronic reporting of laboratory results to public health agencies—United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:328–30. PubMed

CDC. Use of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance: summary of the CDC/ATSDR workshop. MMWR Recomm Rep 1993;42(No. RR-10).

Cronquist AB, Mody RK, Atkinson R, et al. Impacts of culture-independent diagnostic practices on public health surveillance for bacterial enteric pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S432–9. CrossRef PubMed

Dato V, Wagner MM, Fapohunda A. How outbreaks of infectious disease are detected: a review of surveillance systems and outbreaks. Public Health Rep 2004;119:464–71. CrossRef PubMed

Dixon BE, Siegel JA, Oemig TV, Grannis SJ. Electronic health information quality challenges and interventions to improve public health surveillance data and practice. Public Health Rep 2013;128:546–53. PubMed

Effler P, Ching-Lee M, Bogard A, Ieong MC, Nekomoto T, Jernigan D. Statewide system of electronic notifiable disease reporting from clinical laboratories: comparing automated reporting with conventional methods. JAMA 1999;282:1845–50. CrossRef PubMed

Fairchild A, Bayer R, Colgrove J. Privacy and public health surveillance: the enduring tension. Virtual Mentor 2007;9:838–41. CrossRef PubMed

Friedman DJ, Parrish RG, Ross DA. Electronic health records and US public health: current realities and future promise. Am J Public Health 2013;103:1560–7. CrossRef PubMed

German RR. Sensitivity and predictive value positive measurements for public health surveillance systems. Epidemiology 2000;11:720–7. CrossRef PubMed

Greene SK, Peterson ER, Kapell D, Fine AD, Kulldorff M. Daily reportable disease spatiotemporal cluster detection, New York City, New York, USA, 2014–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1808–12. CrossRef PubMed

Government Accountability Office. Emerging infectious diseases: review of state and federal disease surveillance efforts. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office; 2004. GAO-04-877. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04877.pdf

Heymann DL, editor. Control of communicable diseases manual. 20th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2014.

Hopkins RS. Design and operation of state and local infectious disease surveillance systems. J Public Health Manag Pract 2005;11:184–90. CrossRef PubMed

Jajosky RA, Groseclose SL. Evaluation of reporting timeliness of public health surveillance systems for infectious diseases. BMC Public Health 2004;4:29. CrossRef PubMed

Krause G, Brodhun B, Altmann D, Claus H, Benzler J. Reliability of case definitions for public health surveillance assessed by Round-Robin test methodology. BMC Public Health 2006;6:129. CrossRef PubMed

Lazarus R, Klompas M, Campion FX, et al. Electronic Support for Public Health: validated case finding and reporting for notifiable diseases using electronic medical data. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009;16:18–24. CrossRef PubMed

Lee LM, Teutsch SM, Thacker SB, St Louis ME, eds. Principles and practice of public health surveillance. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010:1–17.

Lee LM, Thacker SB. The cornerstone of public health practice: public health surveillance, 1961–2011. MMWR Surv Summ 2011;60(No. Suppl 4):15–21.

Levin-Rector A, Wilson EL, Fine AD, Greene SK. Refining historical limits method to improve disease cluster detection, New York City, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:265–72. CrossRef PubMed

Jajosky RA, Ward J. National, state, and local public health surveillance systems. In: M’ikanatha NM, Iskander J, eds. Concepts and methods in infectious disease surveillance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2015.

M’ikanatha NM, Lynfield R, Van Beneden CA, de Valk H. Infectious disease surveillance. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley; 2013.

Nguyen TQ, Thorpe L, Makki HA, Mostashari F. Benefits and barriers to electronic laboratory results reporting for notifiable diseases: the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene experience. Am J Public Health 2007;97(Suppl 1):S142–5. CrossRef PubMed

Overhage JM, Grannis S, McDonald CJ. A comparison of the completeness and timeliness of automated electronic laboratory reporting and spontaneous reporting of notifiable conditions. Am J Public Health 2008;98:344–50. CrossRef PubMed

Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015.

Roush SW, Murphy TV; Vaccine-Preventable Disease Table Working Group. Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA 2007;298:2155–63. CrossRef PubMed

Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed

Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ, Poole C, MacDonald PD, Maillard JM. Completeness of communicable disease reporting, North Carolina, USA, 1995–1997 and 2000–2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:23–9. CrossRef PubMed

Silk BJ, Berkelman RL. A review of strategies for enhancing the completeness of notifiable disease reporting. J Public Health Manag Pract 2005;11:191–200. CrossRef PubMed

Struelens MJ, Brisse S. From molecular to genomic epidemiology: transforming surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Euro Surveill 2013;18:20386. PubMed

Vogel J, Brown JS, Land T, Platt R, Klompas M. MDPHnet: secure, distributed sharing of electronic health record data for public health surveillance, evaluation, and planning. Am J Public Health 2014;104:2265–70. CrossRef PubMed

Zhou H, Burkom H, Katz S, et al. Comparing historical limits method with regression model for weekly monitoring of notifiable diseases, Seattle, WA, August 8–13, 2015, Joint Statistical Meetings, and Published on the JSM Conference proceeding, 2015.

Anthrax

Bower W, Hendricks K, Pillai S, Guarnizo J, Meaney-Delman D. Clinical framework and medical countermeasure use during an anthrax mass-casualty incident: CDC recommendations. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-4).

Bradley JS, Peacock G, Krug SE, et al. ; AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases and Disaster Preparedness Advisory Council. Pediatric anthrax clinical management. Pediatrics 2014;133:e1411–36. CrossRef PubMed

Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, et al. ; Workgroup on Anthrax Clinical Guidelines. Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20: . CrossRef PubMed

Katharios-Lanwermeyer S, Holty JE, Person M, et al. Identifying meningitis during an anthrax mass casualty incident: systematic review of systemic anthrax since 1880. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:1537–45. CrossRef PubMed

Meaney-Delman D, Zotti ME, Creanga AA, et al. ; Workgroup on Anthrax in Pregnant and Postpartum Women. Special considerations for prophylaxis for and treatment of anthrax in pregnant and postpartum women. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:e130611. CrossRef PubMed

Pillai SK, Huang E, Guarnizo JT, et al. Antimicrobial treatment for systemic anthrax: analysis of cases from 1945 to 2014 identified through a systematic literature review. Health Secur 2015;13:355–64. CrossRef PubMed

Arboviral, Neuroinvasive and Nonneuroinvasive

Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 2014;134:e642–50. CrossRef PubMed

Hahn MB, Monaghan AJ, Hayden MH, et al. Meteorological conditions associated with increased incidence of West Nile virus disease in the United States, 2004–2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92:1013–22. CrossRef PubMed

Healy JM, Reisen WK, Kramer VL, et al. Comparison of the efficiency and cost of West Nile virus surveillance methods in California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015;15:147–55. CrossRef PubMed

Krow-Lucal E, Lindsey NP, Lehman J, Fischer M, Staples JE. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:51–5. CrossRef PubMed

Lindsey NP, Fischer M, Neitzel D, et al. Hospital-based enhanced surveillance for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Epidemiol Infect 2016;1:1–6. PubMed

Lindsey NP, Prince HE, Kosoy O, et al. Chikungunya virus infections among travelers-United States, 2010–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92:82–7. CrossRef PubMed

Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Delorey MJ, Fischer M. Lack of evidence of increased West Nile virus disease severity in the United States in 2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90:163–8. CrossRef PubMed

Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M. Surveillance for West Nile virus disease—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surv Summ 2010;59(No. SS-2).

Pastula DM, Hoang Johnson DK, White JL, Dupuis AP 2nd, Fischer M, Staples JE. Jamestown Canyon virus disease in the United States—2000–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93:384–9. CrossRef PubMed

Reimann CA, Hayes EB, DiGuiseppi C, et al. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79:974–9. PubMed

Staples JE, Shankar MB, Sejvar JJ, Meltzer MI, Fischer M. Initial and long-term costs of patients hospitalized with West Nile virus disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90:402–9. CrossRef PubMed

Venkat H, Krow-Lucal E, Hennessey M, et al. Notes from the field: concurrent outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus disease—Arizona, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1349–50. PubMed

Yendell SJ, Fischer M, Staples JE. Colorado tick fever in the United States, 2002–2012. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015;15:311–6. CrossRef PubMed

Babesiosis

Acosta ME, Ender PT, Smith EM, Jahre JA. Babesia microti infection, eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1105–7. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Babesiosis surveillance—18 states, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:505–9. PubMed

Herwaldt BL, Linden JV, Bosserman E, Young C, Olkowska D, Wilson M. Transfusion-associated babesiosis in the United States: a description of cases. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:509–19. CrossRef PubMed

Joseph JT, Purtill K, Wong SJ, et al. Vertical transmission of Babesia microti, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:1318–21. CrossRef PubMed

Vannier E, Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2397–407. CrossRef PubMed

Botulism

Arnon SS, Barzilay EJ. Clostridial infections: botulism and infant botulism. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2009 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009:259–62.

CDC. Infant botulism—New York City, 2001–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:21–4. PubMed

Fagan RP, McLaughlin JB, Castrodale LJ, et al. Endemic foodborne botulism among Alaska Native persons—Alaska, 1947–2007. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:585–92. CrossRef PubMed

Newkirk RW, Hedberg CW. Rapid detection of foodborne botulism outbreaks facilitated by epidemiological linking of cases: implications for food defense and public health response. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9:150–5. CrossRef PubMed

Rao A, Jackson KA. Botulism. In: DL Heymann, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association Press; 2015.

Sobel S. Botulism. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1167–73. CrossRef PubMed

Sobel J, Tucker N, Sulka A, McLaughlin J, Maslanka S. Foodborne botulism in the United States, 1990–2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1606–11. CrossRef PubMed

Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Becher J, Swerdlow DL. Botulism surveillance and emergency response. A public health strategy for a global challenge. JAMA 1997;278:433–5. CrossRef PubMed

Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Swerdlow DL. Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:221–8. CrossRef PubMed

Werner SB, Passaro D, McGee J, Schechter R, Vugia DJ. Wound botulism in California, 1951–1998: recent epidemic in heroin injectors. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1018–24. CrossRef PubMed

Brucellosis

Ashford DA, di Pietra J, Lingappa J, et al. Adverse events in humans associated with accidental exposure to the livestock brucellosis vaccine RB51. Vaccine 2004;22:3435–9. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Brucellosis. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010. https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/brucellosis

CDC. Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis, abortus, suis, and canis). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012.

CDC. Brucellosis case definition. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/brucellosis/case-definition/2010

CDC. Brucella suis infection associated with feral swine hunting—three states, 2007-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:618–21. PubMed

CDC. Laboratory-acquired brucellosis—Indiana and Minnesota, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:39–42. PubMed

CDC. Public health consequences of a false-positive laboratory test result for Brucella—Florida, Georgia, and Michigan, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:603–5. PubMed

Glynn MK, Lynn TV. Brucellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:900–8. CrossRef PubMed

Traxler RM, Lehman MW, Bosserman EA, Guerra MA, Smith TL. A literature review of laboratory-acquired brucellosis. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:3055–62. CrossRef PubMed

Yagupsky P, Baron EJ. Laboratory exposures to brucellae and implications for bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1180–5. CrossRef PubMed

Campylobacteriosis

Davis KR, Dunn AC, Burnett C, et al. Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with raw milk consumption—Utah, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:301–5. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Multistate outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with undercooked chicken livers—northeastern United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:874–6. PubMed

Noormohamed A, Fakhr MK. Incidence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Campylobacter in retail chicken livers and gizzards. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9:617–24. CrossRef PubMed

Ailes E, Scallan E, Berkelman RL, Kleinbaum DG, Tauxe RV, Moe CL. Do differences in risk factors, medical care seeking, or medical practices explain the geographic variation in campylobacteriosis in Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites? Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S464–71. CrossRef PubMed

Samuel MC, Vugia DJ, Shallow S, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. Epidemiology of sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States and declining trend in incidence, FoodNet 1996–1999. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(Suppl 3):S165–74. CrossRef PubMed

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.

Lee KC, Ngo-Metzger Q, Wolff T, Chowdhury J, LeFevre ML, Meyers DS. Sexually transmitted infections: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Am Fam Physician 2016;94:907–15. PubMed

Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:187–93. CrossRef PubMed

Torrone E, Papp J, Weinstock H. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection among persons aged 14–39 years—United States, 2007–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:834–8. PubMed

Cholera

Besser RE, Feikin DR, Eberhart-Phillips JE, Mascola L, Griffin PM. Diagnosis and treatment of cholera in the United States. Are we prepared? JAMA 1994;272:1203–5. CrossRef PubMed

Loharikar A, Newton AE, Stroika S, et al. Cholera in the United States, 2001–2011: a reflection of patterns of global epidemiology and travel. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:695–9. CrossRef PubMed

Mintz ED, Guerrant RL. A lion in our village—the unconscionable tragedy of cholera in Africa. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1060–3. CrossRef PubMed

Newton AE, Heiman KE, Schmitz A, et al. Cholera in United States associated with epidemic in Hispaniola. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:2166–8. CrossRef PubMed

Siddique AK, Nair GB, Alam M, et al. El Tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to Asia and beyond. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:347–52. CrossRef PubMed

Steinberg EB, Greene KD, Bopp CA, Cameron DN, Wells JG, Mintz ED. Cholera in the United States, 1995–2000: trends at the end of the twentieth century. J Infect Dis 2001;184:799–802. CrossRef PubMed

Tappero JW, Tauxe RV. Lessons learned during public health response to cholera epidemic in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:2087–93. CrossRef PubMed

World Health Organization. Cholera, 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2013;88:321–34. PubMed

Coccidioidomycosis

Engelthaler DM, Roe CC, Hepp CM, et al. local population structure and patterns of western hemisphere dispersal for Coccidioides spp., the fungal cause of valley fever. MBio 2016;7:e00550-16. CrossRef PubMed

Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Blair JE, et al. 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guideline for the treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:e112–46. CrossRef PubMed

Sondermeyer GL, Lee LA, Gilliss D, Vugia DJ. Coccidioidomycosis-associated deaths in California, 2000–2013. Public Health Rep 2016;131:531–5. CrossRef PubMed

Cryptosporidiosis

CDC. CryptoNet: molecular-based tracking to better understand U.S. Cryptosporidium transmission. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/cryptonet.html

CDC. DPDx: Laboratory identification of parasitic diseases of public health concern: diagnostic procedures for cryptosporidiosis. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/diagnosticProcedures/stool/antigendetection.html

Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, et al. Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:668–72. PubMed

Painter JE, Gargano JW, Yoder JS, Collier SA, Hlavsa MC. Evolving epidemiology of reported cryptosporidiosis cases in the United States, 1995–2012. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144:1792–802. CrossRef PubMed

Painter JE, Hlavsa MC, Collier SA, Xiao L, Yoder JS. Cryptosporidiosis surveillance—United States, 2011-2012. MMWR Suppl 2015;64(No. SS-3):1–14. PubMed

Roy SL, DeLong SM, Stenzel SA, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2944–51. CrossRef PubMed

Cyclosporiasis

Abanyie F, Harvey RR, Harris JR, et al. ; Multistate Cyclosporiasis Outbreak Investigation Team. 2013 multistate outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections associated with fresh produce: focus on the Texas investigations. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:3451–8. CrossRef PubMed

Hall RL, Jones JL, Herwaldt BL. Surveillance for laboratory-confirmed sporadic cases of cyclosporiasis—United States, 1997–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 2011;60(No. SS-2):1–11. PubMed

Hall RL, Jones JL, Hurd S, Smith G, Mahon BE, Herwaldt BL. Population-based active surveillance for Cyclospora infection—United States, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 1997–2009. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S411–7. CrossRef PubMed

Herwaldt BL. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1040–57. CrossRef PubMed

Herwaldt BL. The ongoing saga of U.S. outbreaks of cyclosporiasis associated with imported fresh produce: what Cyclospora cayetanensis has taught us and what we have yet to learn. In: Institute of Medicine. Addressing foodborne threats to health: policies, practices, and global coordination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006:85–115, 133–40.

Dengue

Simmons CP, Farrar JJ, Nguyen V, Wills B. Dengue. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1423–32. CrossRef PubMed

Stanaway JD, Shepard DS, Undurraga EA, et al. The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:712–23. CrossRef PubMed

Diphtheria

DeWinter LM, Bernard KA, Romney MG. Human clinical isolates of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans collected in Canada from 1999 to 2003 but not fitting reporting criteria for cases of diphtheria. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3447–9. CrossRef PubMed

Tiwari TW, Wharton M. Diphtheria toxoid In: Plotkin O, Orenstein W, Offitt P, eds. Vaccines. Edinburgh, UK: Saunders, 2012.

Wagner KS, Stickings P, White JM, et al. A review of the international issues surrounding the availability and demand for diphtheria antitoxin for therapeutic use. Vaccine 2009;28:14–20. CrossRef PubMed

Wagner KS, White JM, Crowcroft NS, De Martin S, Mann G, Efstratiou A. Diphtheria in the United Kingdom, 1986–2008: the increasing role of Corynebacterium ulcerans. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:1519–30. CrossRef PubMed

Wagner KS, White JM, Lucenko I, et al. ; Diphtheria Surveillance Network. Diphtheria in the postepidemic period, Europe, 2000–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:217–25. CrossRef PubMed

Zakikhany K, Efstratiou A. Diphtheria in Europe: current problems and new challenges. Future Microbiol 2012;7:595–607. CrossRef PubMed

Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States: a practical guide for health care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-2).

Dahlgren FS, Heitman KN, Drexler NA, Massung RF, Behravesh CB. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: a summary of national surveillance data. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93:66–72. CrossRef PubMed

Dahlgren FS, Nichols Heitman K, Drexler N, Massung RF, Barton Behravesh C. Undetermined ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States, 2008–2012: a catch-all for passive surveillance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;94:299–301. CrossRef PubMed

Harris RM, Couturier BA, Sample SC, Coulter KS, Casey KK, Schlaberg R. Expanded geographic distribution and clinical characteristics of Ehrlichia ewingii infections, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:862–5. CrossRef PubMed

Johnson DK, Schiffman EK, Davis JP, et al. Human infection with Ehrlichia muris-like pathogen, United States, 2007–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:1794–9. CrossRef PubMed

Nichols Heitman K, Dahlgren FS, Drexler NA, Massung RF, Behravesh CB. Increasing incidence of Ehrlichiosis in the United States: a summary of national surveillance of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii infections in the United States, 2008–2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;94:52–60. CrossRef PubMed

Giardiasis

Adam EA, Yoder JS, Gould H, Hlavsa MC. Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011. Epidemiol Infect 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26750152

Anonymous. Drugs for parasitic infections. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2010;8:e5.

Cantey PT, Roy S, Lee B, et al. Study of nonoutbreak giardiasis: novel findings and implications for research. Am J Med 2011;124:1175.e1–8. CrossRef PubMed

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Procedures for the recovery and identification of parasites from the intestinal tract; approved guideline. CLSI document M28-A2, 2nd ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2005.

Gonorrhea

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats15/default.htm

LeFevre ML; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Chlamydia and gonorrhea: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:902–10. CrossRef PubMed

Torrone EA, Johnson RE, Tian LH, Papp JR, Datta SD, Weinstock HS. Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among persons 14 to 39 years of age, United States, 1999 to 2008. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:202–5. CrossRef PubMed

Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3):1–137. PubMed

Haemophilus influenzae

Blain, A, MacNeil, J, Wang, X et al. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults ≥65 years, United States, 2011. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2014;1:ofuo44.

Briere EC, Jackson M, Shah SG, et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and vaccine booster dose deferral, United States, 1998–2009. Pediatrics 2012;130:414–20. CrossRef PubMed

Briere EC, Rubin L, Moro PL, Cohn A, Clark T, Messonnier N. Prevention and control of haemophilus influenzae type b disease: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(No. RR-1):1–14. PubMed

MacNeil JR, Cohn AC, Farley M, et al. Current epidemiology and trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease—United States, 1989-2008. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:1230–6. CrossRef PubMed

Schuchat A, Messonnier NR. From pandemic suspect to the postvaccine era: the Haemophilus influenzae story. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:817–9. CrossRef PubMed

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Britton WJ, Lockwood DN. Leprosy. Lancet 2004;363:1209–19. CrossRef PubMed

Hartzell JD, Zapor M, Peng S, Straight T. Leprosy: a case series and review. South Med J 2004;97:1252–6. CrossRef PubMed

Hastings R, editor. Leprosy. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1994.

Scollard DM, Adams LB, Gillis TP, Krahenbuhl JL, Truman RW, Williams DL. The continuing challenges of leprosy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:338–81. CrossRef PubMed

Scollard D, Stryjewska B. Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of leprosy. UpToDate 2015. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-leprosy

Sharma R, Singh P, Loughry WJ, et al. Zoonotic leprosy in the Southeastern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:2127–34. CrossRef PubMed

Woodall P, Scollard D, Rajan L. Hansen disease among Micronesian and Marshallese persons living in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1202–8. CrossRef PubMed

Worobec SM. Current approaches and future directions in the treatment of leprosy. Res Rep Trop Med 2012;3:79–91. CrossRef

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Gould LH, Demma L, Jones TF, et al. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and death in persons with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, foodborne diseases active surveillance network sites, 2000–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1480–5. CrossRef PubMed

Luna-Gierke RE, Wymore K, Sadlowski J, et al. Multiple-aetiology enteric infections involving non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli—FoodNet, 2001–2010. Zoonoses Public Health 2014;61:492–8. CrossRef PubMed

Mody RK, Gu W, Griffin PM, et al. Postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome in United States children: clinical spectrum and predictors of in-hospital death. J Pediatr 2015;166:1022–9. CrossRef PubMed

Mody RK, Luna-Gierke RE, Jones TF, et al. Infections in pediatric postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome: factors associated with identifying shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166:902–9. CrossRef PubMed

Ong KL, Apostal M, Comstock N, et al. Strategies for surveillance of pediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2000–2007. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S424–31. CrossRef PubMed

Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1073–86. PubMed

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnoses

CDC. HIV Surveillance Report, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2015-vol-27.pdf

CDC. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data—United States and 6 dependent areas—2014. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2016;21(No.4).

Schneider E, Whitmore S, Glynn KM, Dominguez K, Mitsch A, McKenna MT. Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years—United States, 2008. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57(No. RR-10):1–12. PubMed

CDC. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection—United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(No. RR-3):1–10. PubMed

Cohen SM, Gray KM, Ocfemia MC, Johnson AS, Hall HI. The status of the National HIV Surveillance System, United States, 2013. Public Health Rep 2014;129:335–41. PubMed

Frieden TR, Foti KE, Mermin J. Applying public health principles to the HIV epidemic—how are we doing? N Engl J Med 2015;373:2281–7. CrossRef PubMed

Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality

Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, et al. ; Influenza Special Investigations Team. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003–2004. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2559–67. CrossRef PubMed

Blanton L, Peacock G, Cox C, Jhung M, Finelli L, Moore C. Neurologic disorders among pediatric deaths associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza. Pediatrics 2012;130:390–6. CrossRef PubMed

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 04-ID-04: Influenza-associated pediatric mortality 2004. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 2004. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/04-ID-04-FINAL.pdf

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Position statement 07-ID-14: Influenza-associated pediatric mortality 2007. Atlanta, GA: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 2007. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/07-ID-14.pdf

Cox CM, Blanton L, Dhara R, Brammer L, Finelli L. 2009 Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) deaths among children—United States, 2009–2010. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(Suppl 1):S69–74. CrossRef PubMed

Finelli L, Fiore A, Dhara R, et al. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality in the United States: increase of Staphylococcus aureus coinfection. Pediatrics 2008;122:805–11. CrossRef PubMed

Guarner J, Paddock CD, Shieh WJ, et al. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of fatal influenza virus infection in children during the 2003–2004 season. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:132–40. CrossRef PubMed

Peebles PJ, Dhara R, Brammer L, Fry AM, Finelli L. Influenza-associated mortality among children—United States: 2007–2008. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2011;5:25–31. CrossRef PubMed

Quandelacy TM, Viboud C, Charu V, Lipsitch M, Goldstein E. Age- and sex-related risk factors for influenza-associated mortality in the United States between 1997–2007. Am J Epidemiol 2014;179:156–67. CrossRef PubMed

Wong KK, Jain S, Blanton L, et al. Influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the United States, 2004-2012. Pediatrics 2013;132:796–804. CrossRef PubMed

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013

CDC. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children aged 6–18 years with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:521–4. PubMed

CDC. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:816–9. PubMed

Kobayashi M, Bennett NM, Gierke R, et al. Intervals between PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:944–7. CrossRef PubMed

Moore MR, Link-Gelles R, Schaffner W, et al. Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: analysis of multisite, population-based surveillance. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:301–9. CrossRef PubMed

Nuorti JP, Whitney CG. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children—use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;(No. RR-11).

Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:822–5. PubMed

Tomczyk S, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, et al. Prevention of antibiotic-nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:1119–25. CrossRef PubMed

Legionellosis

ASHRAE. Legionellosis: Risk management for building water systems. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE; 2015. https:www.ashrae.org

Beer KD, Gargano JW, Roberts VA, et al. Outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined water exposures—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:849–51. CrossRef PubMed

Beer KD, Gargano JW, Roberts VA, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:842–8. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Legionellosis—United States, 2000–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1083–6. PubMed

CDC. Surveillance for travel-associated legionnaires disease—United States, 2005–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:1261–3. PubMed

Department of Veterans Affairs. Prevention of healthcare-associated Legionella disease and scald injury from potable water distribution systems. VHA Directive. 1061;2014. https://www.va.gov/vhapublications/ViewPublication.asp?pub_ID=3033

Dooling KL, Toews KA, Hicks LA, et al. Active Bacterial Core surveillance for legionellsois—United States, 2011–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1190–3. CrossRef PubMed

Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE. Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:506–26. CrossRef PubMed

Garrison LE, Kunz JM, Cooley LA, et al. Vital signs: deficiencies in environmental control identified in outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease—North America, 2000–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:576–84. CrossRef PubMed

Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, et al. Outbreaks of illness associated with recreational water—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:668–72. PubMed

Kozak-Muiznieks NA, Lucas CE, Brown E, et al. Prevalence of sequence types among clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in the United States from 1982 to 2012. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:201–11. CrossRef PubMed

Kunz J, Cooley L. Preventing Legionnaires’ disease: environmental health expertise is key. J Environ Health 2016;79:24–6.

Marston BJ, Lipman HB, Breiman RF. Surveillance for Legionnaires’ disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2417–22. CrossRef PubMed

Weiss D, Boyd C, Rakeman JL, et al. ; South Bronx Legionnaires’ Disease Investigation Team. A large community outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease associated with a cooling tower in New York City, 2015. Public Health Rep 2017;132:241–50. CrossRef PubMed

Leptospirosis

Adler B, editor. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. New York, NY: Springer; 2015.

Bharti AR, Nally JE, Ricaldi JN, et al. ; Peru-United States Leptospirosis Consortium. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3:757–71. CrossRef PubMed

Haake D, Levett P. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis). In: Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.; 2015: 2714–20.

Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:296–326. CrossRef PubMed

Levett PN. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:447–52. CrossRef PubMed

Listeriosis

Cartwright EJ, Jackson KA, Johnson SD, Graves LM, Silk BJ, Mahon BE. Listeriosis outbreaks and associated food vehicles, United States, 1998–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1–9, quiz 184. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks—United States, 2009-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:448–52. PubMed

Heiman KE, Garalde VB, Gronostaj M, et al. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis caused by imported cheese and evidence of cross-contamination of other cheeses, USA, 2012. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144:2698–708. CrossRef PubMed

Jackson KA, Biggerstaff M, Tobin-D’Angelo M, et al. Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes associated with Mexican-style cheese made from pasteurized milk among pregnant, Hispanic women. J Food Prot 2011;74:949–53. CrossRef PubMed

Jackson KA, Iwamoto M, Swerdlow D. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:1503–9. CrossRef PubMed

Jackson KA, Stroika S, Katz LS, et al. Use of whole genome sequencing and patient interviews to link a case of sporadic listeriosis to consumption of prepackaged lettuce. J Food Prot 2016;79:806–9. CrossRef PubMed

de Noordhout CM, Devleesschauwer B, Angulo FJ, et al. The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:1073–82. CrossRef PubMed

Matanock A, Katz LS, Jackson KA, et al. Two Listeria monocytogenes pseudo-outbreaks caused by contaminated laboratory culture media. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:768–70. CrossRef PubMed

McCollum JT, Cronquist AB, Silk BJ, et al. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with cantaloupe. N Engl J Med 2013;369:944–53. CrossRef PubMed

Pouillot R, Hoelzer K, Jackson KA, Henao OL, Silk BJ. Relative risk of listeriosis in Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites according to age, pregnancy, and ethnicity. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S405–10. CrossRef PubMed

Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:7–15. CrossRef PubMed

Silk BJ, Date KA, Jackson KA, et al. Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004–2009: further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S396–404. CrossRef PubMed

Silk BJ, McCoy MH, Iwamoto M, Griffin PM. Foodborne listeriosis acquired in hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:532–40. CrossRef PubMed

Lyme Disease

Bacon RM, Kugeler KJ, Mead PS. Surveillance for Lyme disease—United States, 1992–2006. MMWR Surveill Summ 2008;57(No. SS-10):1–9. PubMed

Bjork J, Brown C, Friedlander H, Schiffman E, Neitzel D. Validation of random sampling as an estimation procedure for Lyme disease surveillance in Massachusetts and Minnesota. Zoonoses Public Health 2016. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Three sudden cardiac deaths associated with Lyme carditis—United States, November 2012–July 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:993–6. PubMed

Hayes EB, Piesman J. How can we prevent Lyme disease? N Engl J Med 2003;348:2424–30. CrossRef PubMed

Hinckley AF, Connally NP, Meek JI, et al. Lyme disease testing by large commercial laboratories in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:676–81. CrossRef PubMed

Kugeler KJ, Farley GM, Forrester JD, Mead PS. Geographic distribution and expansion of human Lyme disease, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:1455–7. CrossRef PubMed

Mead P, Hinckley A, Hook S, Beard CB. TickNET-A collaborative public health approach to tickborne disease surveillance and research. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:1574–7. CrossRef PubMed

Nelson C, Hojvat S, Johnson B, et al. Concerns regarding a new culture method for Borrelia burgdorferi not approved for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:333. PubMed

Nelson CA, Saha S, Kugeler KJ, et al. Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Lyme disease, United States, 2005–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:1625–31. CrossRef PubMed

Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, et al. Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:556–64. CrossRef PubMed

Rutz HJ, Wee S, Feldman KA. Characterizing Lyme disease surveillance in an endemic state. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; Published online July 29, 2016. PubMed

White J, Noonan-Toly C, Lukacik G, et al. Lyme disease surveillance in New York State: an assessment of case underreporting. Zoonoses Public Health 2016. CrossRef PubMed

Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1089–134. CrossRef PubMed

Malaria

Abanyie FA, Arguin PM, Gutman J. State of malaria diagnostic testing at clinical laboratories in the United States, 2010: a nationwide survey. Malar J 2011;10:340. CrossRef PubMed

Cullen KA, Mace KE, Arguin PM. Malaria surveillance—United States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ 2016;65(No. SS-2):1–22. CrossRef PubMed

Hwang J, Cullen KA, Kachur SP, Arguin PM, Baird JK. Severe morbidity and mortality risk from malaria in the United States, 1985–2011. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014;1:ofu034. CrossRef PubMed

Jensenius M, Han PV, Schlagenhauf P, et al. ; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers—a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996–2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013;88:397–404. CrossRef PubMed

Krause G, Schöneberg I, Altmann D, Stark K. Chemoprophylaxis and malaria death rates. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:447–51. CrossRef PubMed

Mace KE, Arguin PM. Malaria Surveillance—United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2017;66(No. SS-12):1–24. CrossRef PubMed

Tan KR, Cullen KA, Koumans EH, Arguin PM. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of malaria among travelers returning from Africa during the Ebola epidemic—United States, 2014–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:27–9. CrossRef PubMed

Measles

McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, Wallace GS. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013;62(No.RR-4):1–34. PubMed

Papania MJ, Wallace GS, Rota PA, et al. Elimination of endemic measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome from the Western hemisphere: the US experience. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:148–55. CrossRefPubMed

Meningococcal Disease

Cohn AC, MacNeil JR, Clark TA, et al. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2013;62(No.RR-2):1–28. PubMed

Cohn AC, MacNeil JR, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in Neisseria meningitidis disease epidemiology in the United States, 1998–2007: implications for prevention of meningococcal disease. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:184–91. CrossRef PubMed

Rosenstein NE, Perkins BA, Stephens DS, Popovic T, Hughes JM. Meningococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1378–88. CrossRef PubMed

Mumps

Fiebelkorn AP, Lawler J, Curns AT, Brandeburg C, Wallace GS. Mumps postexposure prophylaxis with a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Orange County, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1411–7. CrossRef PubMed

Parker Fiebelkorn AP, Rosen JB, Brown C, et al. Environmental factors potentially associated with mumps transmission in yeshivas during a mumps outbreak among highly vaccinated students: Brooklyn, New York, 2009-2010. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013;9:189–94. CrossRef PubMed

Novel Influenza A Virus Infections

Bowman AS, Workman JD, Nolting JM, Nelson SW, Slemons RD. Exploration of risk factors contributing to the presence of influenza A virus in swine at agricultural fairs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014;3:e5. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Antibodies cross-reactive to influenza A (H3N2) variant virus and impact of 2010–11 seasonal influenza vaccine on cross-reactive antibodies—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:237–41. PubMed

Ducatez MF, Hause B, Stigger-Rosser E, et al. Multiple reassortment between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and endemic influenza viruses in pigs, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1624–9. CrossRef PubMed

Epperson S, Jhung M, Richards S, et al. ; Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Investigation Team. Human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus in the United States, 2011–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57(Suppl 1):S4–11. CrossRef PubMed

Jhung MA, Epperson S, Biggerstaff M, et al. Outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1703–12. CrossRef PubMed

Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC. Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1084–8. CrossRef PubMed

National Assembly of State Animal Health Officials; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Measures to minimize influenza transmission at swine exhibitions. Arlington, VA: National Assembly of State Animal Health Officials; 2014. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/swineflu/influenza-transmission-swine-exhibitions-2014.pdf

Olsen CW. The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America. Virus Res 2002;85:199–210. CrossRef PubMed

Rajão DS, Gauger PC, Anderson TK, et al. Novel reassortant human-like H3N2 and H3N1 influenza A viruses detected in pigs are virulent and antigenically distinct from swine viruses endemic to the United States. J Virol 2015;89:11213–22. CrossRef PubMed

Schicker RS, Rossow J, Eckel S, et al. Outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) variant virus infections among persons attending agricultural fairs housing infected swine—Michigan and Ohio, July–August 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1157–60. CrossRef PubMed

Shinde V, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, et al. Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) in humans in the United States, 2005–2009. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2616–25. CrossRef PubMed

Vincent AL, Ma W, Lager KM, Janke BH, Richt JA. Swine influenza viruses a North American perspective. Adv Virus Res 2008;72:127–54. CrossRef PubMed

Vincent AL, Swenson SL, Lager KM, Gauger PC, Loiacono C, Zhang Y. Characterization of an influenza A virus isolated from pigs during an outbreak of respiratory disease in swine and people during a county fair in the United States. Vet Microbiol 2009;137:51–9. CrossRef PubMed

Pertussis

Acosta AM, DeBolt C, Tasslimi A, et al. Tdap vaccine effectiveness in adolescents during the 2012 Washington State pertussis epidemic. Pediatrics 2015;135:981–9. CrossRef PubMed

Breakwell L, Kelso P, Finley C, et al. Pertussis vaccine effectiveness in the setting of pertactin-deficient pertussis, Vermont. Pediatrics 2016;137:e20153973. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:468–70. PubMed

CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:131–5. PubMed

Skoff TH, Kenyon C, Cocoros N, et al. Sources of infant pertussis infection in the United States. Pediatrics 2015;136:635–41. CrossRef PubMed

Skoff TH, Martin SW. Impact of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccination on reported pertussis cases among adolescents 11–18 years of age in an era of waning pertussis immunity: a follow-up analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:453–8. CrossRef PubMed

Plague

Dennis DT, Gage KL, Gratz N, Poland JD, Tikhomirov E. Plague manual: epidemiology, distribution, surveillance, and control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.

Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al. ; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2000;283:2281–90. CrossRef PubMed

Kugeler KJ, Staples JE, Hinckley AF, Gage KL, Mead PS. Epidemiology of human plague in the United States, 1900–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:16–22. CrossRef PubMed

Kwit N, Nelson C, Kugeler K, et al. Human plague—United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:918–9. CrossRef PubMed

Runfola JK, House J, Miller L, et al. Outbreak of human pneumonic plague with dog-to-human and possible human-to-human transmission—Colorado, June–July 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:429–34. PubMed

Tourdjman M, Ibraheem M, Brett M, et al. Misidentification of Yersinia pestis by automated systems, resulting in delayed diagnoses of human plague infections—Oregon and New Mexico, 2010–2011. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:e58–60. CrossRef PubMed

Q Fever

Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q Fever—United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever working group. MMWR Recomm Rep 2013;62(No. RR-3):1–30. PubMed

Dahlgren FS, Haberling DL, McQuiston JH. Q fever is underestimated in the United States: a comparison of fatal Q fever cases from two national reporting systems. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92:244–6. CrossRef PubMed

Dahlgren FS, McQuiston JH, Massung RF, Anderson AD. Q fever in the United States: summary of case reports from two national surveillance systems, 2000–2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92:247–55. CrossRef PubMed

Eldin C, Mélenotte C, Mediannikov O, et al. From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017;30:115–90. CrossRef PubMed

Rabies

CDC. Human rabies prevention—United States, 2008: recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57(No. RR-3).

Brown CM, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, Sidwa TJ, Sorhage FE; National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians; Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control Committee. Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:505–17. CrossRef PubMed

Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, Brown CM, et al. Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59(No. RR-2):1–9. PubMed

Salmonellosis

Chai SJ, White PL, Lathrop SL, et al. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis: increasing incidence of domestically acquired infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S488–97. CrossRef PubMed

Guo C, Hoekstra RM, Schroeder CM, et al. Application of Bayesian techniques to model the burden of human salmonellosis attributable to U.S. food commodities at the point of processing: adaptation of a Danish model. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011;8:509–16. CrossRef PubMed

Jackson BR, Griffin PM, Cole D, Walsh KA, Chai SJ. Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica serotypes and food commodities, United States, 1998–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1239–44. CrossRef PubMed

Jones TF, Ingram LA, Cieslak PR, et al. Salmonellosis outcomes differ substantially by serotype. J Infect Dis 2008;198:109–14. CrossRef PubMed

Painter JA, Hoekstra RM, Ayers T, et al. Attribution of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to food commodities by using outbreak data, United States, 1998–2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:407–15. CrossRef PubMed

Scallan E, Mahon BE, Hoekstra RM, Griffin PM. Estimates of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths caused by major bacterial enteric pathogens in young children in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:217–21. PubMed

Medalla F, Gu W, Mahon BE, et al. Estimated incidence of antimicrobial drug–resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, United States, 2004–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;23:29–37. CrossRef PubMed

Iwamoto M, Reynolds J, Karp BE, et al. Ceftriaxone-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella from humans, retail meats, and food animals in the United States, 1996–2013. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017;14:74–83. CrossRef PubMed

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

Gould LH, Mody RK, Ong KL, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program Foodnet Working Group. Increased recognition of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the United States during 2000–2010: epidemiologic features and comparison with E. coli O157 infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013;10:453–60. CrossRef PubMed

Hale CR, Scallan E, Cronquist AB, et al. Estimates of enteric illness attributable to contact with animals and their environments in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S472–9. CrossRef PubMed

Iwamoto M, Huang JY, Cronquist AB, et al. Bacterial enteric infections detected by culture-independent diagnostic tests—FoodNet, United States, 2012–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:252–7. PubMed

Jones TF, Gerner-Smidt P. Nonculture diagnostic tests for enteric diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:513–4. CrossRef PubMed

Mody RK, Griffin PM. Fecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: what should be done to prevent secondary cases? Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:1141–4. CrossRef PubMed

Mody RK, Griffin PM. Increasing evidence that certain antibiotics should be avoided for shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli infections: more data needed. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:1259–61. CrossRef PubMed

Mody RK, Luna-Gierke RE, Jones TF, et al. Infections in pediatric postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome: factors associated with identifying shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166:902–9. CrossRef PubMed

Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1073–86. PubMed

Shigellosis

Arvelo W, Hinkle CJ, Nguyen TA, et al. Transmission risk factors and treatment of pediatric shigellosis during a large daycare center-associated outbreak of multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei: implications for the management of shigellosis outbreaks among children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:976–80. CrossRef PubMed

Baker KS, Dallman TJ, Ashton PM, et al. Intercontinental dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:913–21. CrossRef PubMed

Bowen A, Hurd J, Hoover C, et al. Importation and domestic transmission of Shigella sonnei resistant to ciprofloxacin—United States, May 2014–February 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:318–20. PubMed

CDC. Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis associated with day care centers—Kansas, Kentucky, and Missouri, 2005. MMWR Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:1068–71.

CDC. Notes from the field: Outbreak of infections caused by Shigella sonnei with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin—Los Angeles, California, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:171. PubMed

Bowen A, Eikmeier D, Talley P, et al. . Notes from the field: outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men—Chicago and Metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:597–8. PubMed

Folster JP, Pecic G, Bowen A, Rickert R, Carattoli A, Whichard JM. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among Shigella isolates in the United States, 2006 to 2009. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:1758–60. CrossRef PubMed

Garrett V, Bornschlegel K, Lange D, et al. A recurring outbreak of Shigella sonnei among traditionally observant Jewish children in New York City: the risks of daycare and household transmission. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:1231–6. CrossRef PubMed

Gray MD, Lampel KA, Strockbine NA, Fernandez RE, Melton-Celsa AR, Maurelli AT. Clinical isolates of Shiga toxin 1a-producing Shigella flexneri with an epidemiological link to recent travel to Hispañiola. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1669–77. CrossRef PubMed

Gupta A, Polyak CS, Bishop RD, Sobel J, Mintz ED. Laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the United States, 1989-2002: epidemiologic trends and patterns. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1372–7. CrossRef PubMed

Huang JY, Henao OL, Griffin PM, et al. Infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance–Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:368–71. CrossRef PubMed

Lederer I, Taus K, Allerberger F, et al. Shigellosis in refugees, Austria, July to November 2015. Euro Surveill 2015;20:30081. CrossRef PubMed

Nygren BL, Schilling KA, Blanton EM, Silk BJ, Cole DJ, Mintz ED. Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998–2008. Epidemiol Infect 2013;141:233–41 . CrossRef PubMed

Scallan E, Mahon BE, Hoekstra RM, Griffin PM. Estimates of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths caused by major bacterial enteric pathogens in young children in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:217–21. PubMed

Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis

CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States: a practical guide for health care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-2).

Dahlgren FS, Paddock CD, Springer YP, Eisen RJ, Behravesh CB. Expanding range of Amblyomma americanum and simultaneous changes in the epidemiology of spotted fever group Rickettsiosis in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;94:35–42. CrossRef PubMed

Drexler NA, Dahlgren FS, Heitman KN, Massung RF, Paddock CD, Behravesh CB. National surveillance of spotted fever group Rickettsiosis in the United States, 2008–2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016;94:26–34. CrossRef PubMed

Herrick KL, Pena SA, Yaglom HD, et al. Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsiosis, Arizona, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:780–5. CrossRef PubMed

Johnston SH, Glaser CA, Padgett K, et al. Rickettsia spp. 364D causing a cluster of eschar-associated illness, California. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:1036–9. CrossRef PubMed

Paddock CD, Goddard J. The evolving medical and veterinary importance of the Gulf Coast tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2015;52:230–52. CrossRef PubMed

Padgett KA, Bonilla D, Eremeeva ME, et al. The Eco-epidemiology of Pacific Coast Tick Fever in California. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10:e0005020. CrossRef PubMed

Straily A, Feldpausch A, Ulbrich C, et al. Notes from the field: Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsiosis—Georgia, 2012–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:718–9. CrossRef PubMed

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

CDC. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Group A Streptococcus—2014. https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/gas14.pdf

CDC. Investigating clusters of group A streptococcal disease. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2009. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/outbreaks/calculator

Nelson GE, Pondo T, Toews KA, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections in the United States, 2005–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:478–86. CrossRef PubMed

Prevention of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections Workshop Participants. Prevention of invasive group A streptococcal disease among household contacts of case patients and among postpartum and postsurgical patients: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:950–9 . CrossRef PubMed

Smit MA, Nyquist AC, Todd JK. Infectious shock and toxic shock syndrome diagnoses in hospitals, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1855–8. CrossRef PubMed

Steer AC, Carapetis JR, Dale JB, et al. Status of research and development of vaccines for Streptococcus pyogenes. Vaccine 2016;34:2953–8. CrossRef PubMed

Syphilis

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.

Patton ME, Su JR, Nelson R, Weinstock H. Primary and secondary syphilis—United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:402–6. PubMed

Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3):1–137. PubMed

Syphilis, Congenital

Bowen V, Su J, Torrone E, Kidd S, Weinstock H. Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis—United States, 2012–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1241–5. CrossRef PubMed

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.

Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3):1–137. PubMed

Tetanus

CDC. Tetanus—Puerto Rico, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:613–5. PubMed

Khetsuriani N, Zakikhany K, Jabirov S, et al. Seroepidemiology of diphtheria and tetanus among children and young adults in Tajikistan: nationwide population-based survey, 2010. Vaccine 2013;31:4917–22. CrossRef PubMed

McQuillan GM, Kruszon-Moran D, Deforest A, Chu SY, Wharton M. Serologic immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:660–6. CrossRef PubMed

Pascual FB, McGinley EL, Zanardi LR, Cortese MM, Murphy TV. Tetanus surveillance—United States, 1998–2000. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003;52(No. SS-3):1–8. PubMed

Roper M, Wassilak S, Tiwari T, Orenstein W. Tetanus toxoid. In: Plotkin O, Orenstein W, Offitt P, eds. Vaccines. Edinburgh: Saunders, 2012.

Trichinellosis

Greene YG, Padovani T, Rudroff JA, Hall R, Austin C, Vernon M. Trichinellosis caused by consumption of wild boar meat—Illinois, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:451. PubMed

Gamble HR, Bessonov AS, Cuperlovic K, et al. International Commission on Trichinellosis: recommendations on methods for the control of Trichinella in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption. Vet Parasitol 2000;93:393–408. CrossRef PubMed

Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:127–45. CrossRef PubMed

Holzbauer SM, Agger WA, Hall RL, et al. Outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in Iowa. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:1750–6. CrossRef PubMed

Kennedy ED, Hall RL, Montgomery SP, Pyburn DG, Jones JL. Trichinellosis surveillance—United States, 2002–2007. MMWR Surveill Summ 2009;58(No. SS-9):1–7. PubMed

Roy SL, Lopez AS, Schantz PM. Trichinellosis surveillance—United States, 1997–2001. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003;52(No. SS-6):1–8. PubMed

Wilson NO, Hall RL, Montgomery SP, Jones JL. Trichinellosis surveillance—United States, 2008–2012. MMWR Surveill Summ 2015;64(No. SS-1):1–8. PubMed

Tuberculosis

CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2015. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.

France AM, Grant J, Kammerer JS, Navin TR. A field-validated approach using surveillance and genotyping data to estimate tuberculosis attributable to recent transmission in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2015;182:799–807. CrossRef PubMed

Manangan LP, Tryon C, Magee E, Miramontes R. Innovative quality-assurance strategies for tuberculosis surveillance in the United States. Tuberc Res Treat 2012:2012:481230.

Salinas JL, Mindra G, Haddad MB, Pratt R, Price SF, Langer AJ. Leveling of tuberculosis incidence—United States, 2013–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:273–8. CrossRef PubMed

Woodruff RS, Winston CA, Miramontes R. Predicting U.S. tuberculosis case counts through 2020. PLoS One 2013;8:e65276. CrossRef PubMed

Yelk Woodruff RS, Pratt RH, Armstrong LR. The US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System: A descriptive assessment of the completeness and consistency of data reported from 2008 to 2012. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2015;1:e15. CrossRef PubMed

Yuen CM, Kammerer JS, Marks K, Navin TR, France AM. Recent transmission of tuberculosis—United States, 2011–2014. PLoS One 2016;11:e0153728. CrossRef PubMed

Tularemia

CDC. Tularemia—United States, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:963–6. PubMed

Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. ; Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001;285:2763–73. CrossRef PubMed

Kugeler KJ, Mead PS, Janusz AM, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Francisella tularensis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:863–70. CrossRef PubMed

Pedati C, House J, Hancock-Allen J, et al. Notes from the field: increase in human cases of tularemia—Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming, January–September 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1317–8. CrossRef PubMed

Tarnvik A. WHO guidelines on tularemia. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.

Weber IB, Turabelidze G, Patrick S, Griffith KS, Kugeler KJ, Mead PS. Clinical recognition and management of tularemia in Missouri: a retrospective records review of 121 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:1283–90. CrossRef PubMed

Typhoid

Date KA, Newton AE, Medalla F, et al. Changing patterns in enteric fever incidence and increasing antibiotic resistance of enteric fever isolates in the United States, 2008–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:322–9. CrossRef PubMed

Imanishi M, Newton AE, Vieira AR, et al. Typhoid fever acquired in the United States, 1999–2010: epidemiology, microbiology, and use of a space-time scan statistic for outbreak detection. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:2343–54. CrossRef PubMed

Loharikar A, Newton A, Rowley P, et al. Typhoid fever outbreak associated with frozen mamey pulp imported from Guatemala to the western United States, 2010. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:61–6. CrossRef PubMed

Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, et al. Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999–2006. JAMA 2009;302:859–65. CrossRef PubMed

Mahon BE, Newton AE, Mintz ED. Effectiveness of typhoid vaccination in US travelers. Vaccine 2014;32:3577–9. CrossRef PubMed

Olsen SJ, Bleasdale SC, Magnano AR, et al. Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960–99. Epidemiol Infect 2003;130:13–21. CrossRef PubMed

Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, et al. Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:186–91. CrossRef PubMed

Varicella

Bialek SR, Perella D, Zhang J, et al. Impact of a routine two-dose varicella vaccination program on varicella epidemiology. Pediatrics 2013;132:e1134–40. CrossRef PubMed

Lopez AS, Zhang J, Brown C, Bialek S. Varicella-related hospitalizations in the United States, 2000–2006: the 1-dose varicella vaccination era. Pediatrics 2011;127:238–45. CrossRef PubMed

Lopez AS, Zhang J, Marin M. Epidemiology of varicella during the 2-dose Varicella Vaccination Program—United States, 2005–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:902–5. CrossRef PubMed

Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, CDC. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2007;56(No. RR-4):1–40. PubMed

Marin M, Zhang JX, Seward JF. Near elimination of varicella deaths in the US after implementation of the vaccination program. Pediatrics 2011;128:214–20. CrossRef PubMed

Vibriosis

Crowe SJ, Newton AE, Gould LH, et al. Vibriosis, not cholera: toxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 infections in the United States, 1984–2014. Epidemiol Infect 2016;144:3335–41. CrossRef PubMed

Daniels NA, MacKinnon L, Bishop R, et al. Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in the United States, 1973–1998. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1661–6. CrossRef PubMed

Dechet AM, Yu PA, Koram N, Painter J. Nonfoodborne Vibrio infections: an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, 1997–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:970–6. CrossRef PubMed

McLaughlin JB, DePaola A, Bopp CA, et al. Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1463–70. CrossRef PubMed

Newton AE, Garrett N, Stroika SG, Halpin JL, Turnsek M, Mody RK. Increase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of Atlantic Coast shellfish—2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:335–6. PubMed

Newton A, Kendall M, Vugia DJ, Henao OL, Mahon BE. Increasing rates of vibriosis in the United States, 1996–2010: review of surveillance data from 2 systems. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 5):S391–5. CrossRef PubMed

Shapiro RL, Altekruse S, Hutwagner L, et al. ; Vibrio Working Group. The role of Gulf Coast oysters harvested in warmer months in Vibrio vulnificus infections in the United States, 1988–1996. J Infect Dis 1998;178:752–9. CrossRef PubMed

Tobin-D’Angelo M, Smith AR, Bulens SN, et al. Severe diarrhea caused by cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae serogroup O75 infections acquired in the southeastern United States. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1035–40. CrossRef PubMed

Vugia DJ, Tabnak F, Newton AE, Hernandez M, Griffin PM. Impact of 2003 state regulation on raw oyster-associated Vibrio vulnificus illnesses and deaths, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:1276–80. CrossRef PubMed

Suggested citation for this article: Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, et al. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;64:1–143. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.

TOP
window.CDC.Policy.External.init();