Smoking and HIV

Outlook for People Living With HIV

Smoking is a serious health threat for everyone, but it's especially dangerous for people living with HIV. Smoking raises your risk for heart disease, cancer, serious lung diseases and infections such as pneumonia, and other illnesses. People with HIV are more likely to develop these harmful consequences of smoking than those without HIV.^1,2

Quitting smoking can help people with HIV have a better quality of life and fewer HIV-related symptoms. When you quit, your risk goes down for many serious illnesses, including heart attacks and pneumonia.^1,3

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What Is HIV?

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. If HIV is not treated properly, it can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS.⁴ In the United States, HIV is spread mainly by having unprotected sex or by sharing needles or other drug equipment (works) with someone who has HIV.⁵

Once you have HIV, you have it for life. Your body cannot get rid of HIV.⁴

HIV harms your body's infection fighters—the cells of the immune system called CD4 cells, or T cells. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that your body can’t fight off infections and disease. When this happens, HIV leads to AIDS.⁴

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How Is Smoking Related to HIV?

Smoking causes one in every five deaths in the United States each year.⁶ About one in five Americans smokes cigarettes.⁶

If you smoke and have HIV, you're more likely to get HIV-related infections, including:¹

• Thrush (a mouth infection, also called oral candidiasis)
• Hairy leukoplakia (white mouth sores)
• Bacterial pneumonia
• Pneumocystis pneumonia, a dangerous lung infection

Smoking when you have HIV also makes you more likely to get other serious illnesses than nonsmokers with HIV. These illnesses can make you too sick to work (disabled) or even lead to an early death. They include:¹

• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a serious lung disease that causes severe breathing problems and includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
• Heart disease and stroke
• Lung cancer, head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, and anal cancer

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How Can HIV Be Prevented?

Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for HIV infection.⁷ You can lower your risk of becoming infected with HIV or spreading the virus to other people with these steps:

• Get tested regularly for HIV.^4,7
• Practice abstinence (not having sex).^7,8
• Remain faithful to your spouse or partner.^7,8
• Consistently use male latex or female polyurethane condoms.^7,8
• Do not share needles or other drug injection equipment (works).^7,8
• Limit the use of alcohol, and don’t use drugs that affect your judgment.⁸

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How Is HIV Treated?

HIV is treated with a mix of drugs called antiretroviral therapy (ART). You take these medicines daily to prevent the virus from multiplying and destroying your body's infection fighters—the CD4 cells. This, in turn, helps protect you from life-threatening illnesses, such as pneumonia and cancer.⁹

ART can't cure HIV, but it helps people with HIV live longer, healthier lives.¹⁰

It’s very important to take your HIV medicines exactly as directed. If you don’t, your CD4 count may go down and your viral load may go up. Not taking your medicines as directed can also make the HIV virus resistant, which means the medicines won’t help you anymore. Smoking may limit how well HIV medicines work to fight the virus.¹

Tell your doctor if your medicines are making you sick. He or she may be able to help you deal with side effects and feel better. Don’t just stop taking your medicines.¹¹

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The Benefits of Quitting Smoking

If you smoke, quit. Quitting smoking has major and immediate health benefits for all tobacco users, especially those living with HIV. Quitting reduces your chances of developing disease, helps you feel better, and improves your quality of life.¹

Also, stay away from secondhand smoke, which is smoke in the air from other people smoking. Secondhand smoke has immediate harmful effects on your blood and blood vessels, which can raise your risk for a heart attack. People who already have heart disease are at especially high risk for a heart attack. Secondhand smoke can also cause a stroke or lead to lung cancer.¹²

Talk with your health care provider about programs and products that can help you quit.

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References

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. AIDS.gov: HIV and Smoking [last revised 2013 Jul 5; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
2. Helleberg M, Afzal S, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen G, Pedersen C, Gerstoft J, Nordestgaard BG, Obel N. Mortality Attributable to Smoking Among HIV-1-Infected Individuals: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;56(5):727–34 [accessed Apr 17].
3. Petoumenos K, Worm S, Reiss P, de Wit S, d'Arminio Monforte A, Sabin C, Friis-Møller N, Weber R, Mercie P, Pradier C, El-Sadr W, Kirk O, Lundgren J, Law M; D:A:D Study Group. Rates of Cardiovascular Disease Following Smoking Cessation in Patients With HIV Infection: Results From the D:A:D Study. HIV Medicine. 2011;12(7):412–21 [accessed Apr 17].
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About HIV: What Is HIV? [last updated 2014 Feb 12; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Transmission [last updated 2014 Feb 12; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Current Estimates [last updated 2014 Feb 14; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
7. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. HIV/AIDS: Prevention [last updated 2009 Apr 28; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Prevention [last updated 2014 Mar 4; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
9. National Institutes of Health. HIV Treatment: The Basics [last updated 2013 Sept 29; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
10. National Institutes of Health. HIV/AIDS: The Basics [last reviewed 2013 Sept 27; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Act Against AIDS: Living with HIV [last updated 2013 Nov 20; accessed 2014 Apr 17].
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke [last updated 2014 Mar 5; accessed 2014 Apr 17].