Skip directly to search Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to page options Skip directly to site content

Notes from the Field: Cluster of Tuberculosis Cases Among Marshallese Persons Residing in Arkansas — 2014–2015

Weekly / August 26, 2016 / 65(33);882–883


Article Metrics

Views equals page views plus PDF downloads

Views:

Citations:

Altmetric:

Metric Details

Laura Lester Rothfeldt, DVM1,2; Naveen Patil, MD2,3; Dirk T. Haselow, MD2,3,4; Sandy Hainline Williams, MA2; J. Gary Wheeler, MD2,3,4; Leonard N. Mukasa, MBChB2,3 (View author affiliations)

View suggested citation

During early September 2014, the Arkansas Department of Health identified an increased number of tuberculosis (TB) cases among a unique population in a well-circumscribed geographical area in northwest Arkansas. The Compact of Free Association Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-239, amended in 2003 by Public Law 108-188) established the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) as an independent nation, and persons from the RMI can travel freely (with valid RMI passport) to and from the United States as nonimmigrants without visas (1). Marshallese started settling in northwest Arkansas during the early 1990s because of employment and educational opportunities (2). According to the 2010 Census, an estimated 4,300 Marshallese resided in Arkansas (2), mostly within one county which ranked 6th in the United States for counties with the highest percentage of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (3). It is estimated that this number has been growing steadily each year since the 2010 Census; however, obtaining an accurate count is difficult. The RMI is a TB high-incidence country, with a case-rate of 212.7 per 100,000 persons for 2014, whereas the case-rate was 3.1 per 100,000 persons in Arkansas and 2.9 per 100,000 persons in the United States (4,5). Screening for either active TB or latent TB infection (LTBI) is not required for Marshallese entry to the United States (1).

A total of 107 active TB cases have been identified among Marshallese persons residing in Arkansas from 1997 through 2013. Despite establishment of an outreach team during 2002 and a satellite clinic during 2011, TB control among Marshallese residing in Arkansas remains challenging because of the high LTBI burden in this population, resulting in the increased likelihood of the development of active cases and exposure to persons with active disease. Outbreaks were identified during 2004 and again during 2014. During 2014, a total of 23 cases were identified among Marshallese persons, substantially above the average of six cases per year reported during the preceding 9 years. The Arkansas Department of Health identified an additional 11 cases through March 31, 2015, for a total of 34 TB cases, from self-reporting and contact tracing with targeted screening (tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay [T-Spot.TB test, Oxford Diagnostic Laboratories, Memphis, Tennessee]) of 412 contacts, which identified 165 additional persons (40%) with LTBI. Two deaths were reported, one of which occurred in a young child who died of TB meningitis after being symptomatic with cough for 3 months and altered mental status for 1 week, prompting an extensive review of contact investigations. Among 34 patients, 33 (97%) resided within two zip codes of a single county. TB incidence among the Marshallese community accounted for 25% of all TB cases in Arkansas for 2014 and 79% of all TB cases in the affected county (Table). Among the 23 patients born in the RMI, 50% developed TB within 2.4 years (95% confidence interval = 1.2–3.1) of arrival in Arkansas.

This cluster is characterized by a high number of cases in children aged ≤15 years (19/34; 55.9%), with 11 of 34 (32.4%) patients aged ≤4 years; 11 of 19 (57.9%) patients aged ≤15 years were born in the United States and had no history of travel outside of the United States. Eight of 14 (57.1%) culture-confirmed, genotyped cases had the G00017 genotype, which constitutes the majority of genotyped TB cases in the RMI (4) and has been found in Arkansas since 2006 (Table). Obtaining a Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate is less common for pediatric TB cases because of the low bacterial load and difficulty in sputum collection, therefore, only two of 19 (10.5%) pediatric cases versus 12 of 15 (80.0%) adult cases were genotyped.

The TB burden in the Marshallese community in Arkansas is substantially higher than that in the rest of the state. During 2014–2015, there was a substantial increase in the number of TB cases reported among Marshallese persons in Arkansas. The majority of these cases occurred among children; cases among children are widely considered to be indicative of ongoing transmission in a community (6). Cases in adults likely resulted from reactivation of LTBI or local acquisition of disease within Arkansas. Efforts to investigate this cluster are ongoing with an emphasis on informing targeted methods to decrease TB-associated morbidity and M. tuberculosis transmission.

Acknowledgments

Dr. Jose Romero, Arkansas Children’s Hospital; Marshallese Outreach Workers, Dr. Joseph H. Bates Outreach Clinic; Michelle Herndon, Marsha Majors, Nancy Brannon, Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) Tuberculosis (TB) Control Program; Jane Voyles, ADH Public Health TB Laboratory.

Corresponding author: Laura Lester Rothfeldt, laura.k.rothfeldt.mil@mail.mil, 270-798-4749.

1Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CDC; 2Arkansas Department of Health; 3University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; 4Arkansas Children’s Hospital.

References

  1. US Citizenship and Immigration Services. Status of citizens of the freely associated states of the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands fact sheet. Washington, DC: US Department of Homeland Security, US Citizenship and Immigration Services; 2015. https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/files/pressrelease/Micronesia_MarshallIslFS.pdf
  2. Jimeno S, Rafael A. A profile of the Marshallese community in Arkansas, volume 3. Little Rock, AR, and Fayetteville, AR: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation and University of Arkansas; 2013. http://www.wrfoundation.org/media/1355/immigrantstudy_vol3_resources.pdf
  3. Hixson L, Hepler BB, Kim MO. The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population: 2010 US Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, C2010BR-12. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration; 2012. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf
  4. CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2014/default.htm
  5. Salinas JL, Mindra G, Haddad MB, Pratt R, Price SF, Langer AJ. Leveling of tuberculosis incidence—United States, 2013–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:273–8. CrossRef PubMed
  6. CDC. Tuberculosis in children in the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/populations/tbinchildren/default.htm#signsSymptoms
Return to your place in the textTABLE. Demographic and clinical characteristics of reported tuberculosis (TB) cases among Marshallese in Arkansas — January 1, 2014–March 31, 2015 (N = 34)
Characteristic No. (%)
Born in Republic of the Marshall Islands 23 (67.6)
Male 16 (47.1)
Age group (yrs)
0–4 11 (32.4)
5–15 8 (23.5)
≥16 15 (44.1)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positive 14 (41.2)
National TB genotype G00017 (n = 14) 8 (57.1)
Proportion of TB cases in Arkansas, 2014 (n = 93) 23 (24.7)
Proportion of TB cases in affected county, 2014 (n = 29) 23 (79.3)

Suggested citation for this article: Rothfeldt LL, Patil N, Haselow DT, Williams SH, Wheeler JG, Mukasa LN. Notes from the Field: Cluster of Tuberculosis Cases Among Marshallese Persons Residing in Arkansas — 2014–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:882–883. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a7.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.

Format:
TOP
window.CDC.Policy.External.init();