Lactobacillus plantarum

Lactobacillus plantarum is a widespread member of the genus Lactobacillus, commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. It is also present in saliva (from which it was first isolated). L. plantarum is Gram positive, bacilli shaped bacterium. L. plantarum cells are rods with rounded ends, straight, generally 0.9–1.2 μm wide and 3–8 μm long, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains.[1] L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes known among the lactic acid bacteria and is a very flexible and versatile species. It is estimated to grow between pH 3.4 and 8.8.[2] Lactobacillus plantarum can grow in the temperature range 12 °C to 40 °C.[3]

Lactobacillus plantarum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Firmicutes
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Lactobacillales
Family:
Lactobacillaceae
Genus:
Lactobacillus
Species:
L. plantarum
Binomial name
Lactobacillus plantarum
(Orla-Jensen 1919)
Bergey et al. 1923

Metabolism

L. plantarum are aerotolerant Gram-positive bacteria that grow at 15 °C (59 °F), but not at 45 °C (113 °F), and produce both isomers of lactic acid (D and L). Lactobacilli are unusual in that they can respire oxygen, but have no respiratory chain or cytochromes[4] — the consumed oxygen ultimately ends up as hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide, it is presumed, acts as a weapon to exclude competing bacteria from the food source. In place of the protective enzyme superoxide dismutase present in almost all other oxygen-tolerant cells, this organism accumulates millimolar quantities of manganese polyphosphate. Manganese is also used by L. plantarum in a pseudo-catalase to lower reactive oxygen levels. Because the chemistry by which manganese complexes protect the cells from oxygen damage is subverted by iron, these cells contain virtually no iron atoms; in contrast, a cell of Escherichia coli of comparable volume contains over one-million iron atoms. Because of this, L. plantarum cannot be used to create active enzymes that require a heme complex, such as true catalases.[5]

Lactobacillus plantarum, like many lactobacillus species, can be cultured using MRS media.[6]

Genomes

The genome sequencing of the lactic acid bacterium L. plantarum WCFS1 shows more molecular details. The chromosome contains 3,308,274 base pairs.[7] The GC content of L. plantarum is 44.45% with the average protein count 3063. According to the experiment from Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, the rRNA number of L. plantarum WCFS1 is 15, and the number or tRNA is 70.[1]

Products

Silage

Lactobacillus plantarum is the most common bacterium used in silage inoculants. During the anaerobic conditions of ensilage, these organisms quickly dominate the microbial population, and, within 48 hours, they begin to produce lactic and acetic acids via the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway, further diminishing their competition. Under these conditions, L. plantarum strains producing high levels of heterologous proteins have been found to remain highly competitive. This quality could allow this species to be utilized as an effective biological pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass.[8]

Food products

L. plantarum is commonly found in milk products, meat and a lot of vegetable fermentations including sauerkraut, pickles, brined olives, Korean kimchi, Nigerian Ogi, sourdough, and other fermented plant material, and also some cheeses, fermented sausages, and stockfish. The high levels of this organism in food also makes it an ideal candidate for the development of probiotics. In a 2008 study by Juana Frias et al., L. plantarum was applied to reduce the allergenicity of soy flour. The result showed that, compared to other microbes, L. plantarum-fermented soy flour showed the highest reduction in IgE immunoreactivity (96–99%), depending upon the sensitivity of the plasma used. L. plantarum is also found in dadiah, a traditional fermented buffalo milk of the Minangkabau tribe, Indonesia.[9]

Therapeutics

Because it is abundant, of human origin, and easy to grow, L. plantarum has been tested for health effects. It has been identified as a probiotic, which suggests its value for further research and application.[10] L. plantarum has significant antioxidant activities and also helps to maintain intestinal permeability.[11] It is able to suppress the growth of gas-producing bacteria in the intestines and may benefit some patients who suffer from IBS.[12] It helps to create microbe balance and stabilize digestive enzyme patterns.[7] Lactobacillus plantarum has been found in experiments to increase hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor, which means L. plantarum may have a beneficial role in the treatment of depression.[13] The ability of L. plantarum to survive in the human gastro-intestinal tract makes it a possible in vivo delivery vehicle for therapeutic compounds or proteins.

L. plantarum is a constituent in VSL#3. This proprietary, standardized formulation of live bacteria may be used in combination with conventional therapies to treat ulcerative colitis and requires a prescription.[14]

Antimicrobial property

The ability of L. plantarum to produce antimicrobial substances helps them survive in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The antimicrobial substances produced have shown significant effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Activity against AIDS-defining illnesses

As a result of initial HIV infection, the gut has been found to be a prime center of immune activity.[15] The immune systems' Paneth cells of the gut attack HIV by producing Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), which results in extensive collateral damage — sloughing of tight intestinal lining, witnessed as severe diarrhea. This destruction of the gut lining allows other pathogens to invade, e.g., Cryptococcus species, resulting in an AIDS-defining illness such as cryptococcosis, representing 60% to 70% of all AIDS-defining cases,[16] but not necessarily only the gut. L. plantarum is able to reduce (destroy) IL-1β, resolving inflammation, and accelerating gut repair within hours.[15]

Biochemistry

The entire genome has recently been sequenced, and promoter libraries have been developed for both conditional and constitutive gene expression, adding to the utility of L. plantarum. It is also commonly employed as the indicative organism in niacin bioassay experiments, in particular, AOAC International Official Method 944.13, as it is a niacin auxotroph.[17][18]

See also

References
  1. Landete, José María; Rodríguez, Héctor; Curiel, José Antonio; De Las Rivas, Blanca; De Felipe, Félix López; Muñoz, Rosario (2010). "Degradation of Phenolic Compounds Found in Olive Products by Lactobacillus plantarum Strains". Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention. pp. 387–396. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374420-3.00043-7. ISBN 9780123744203.
  2. E Giraud, B Lelong and M Raimbault. 1991. Influence of pH and initial lactate concentration on the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 36(1):96–99.
  3. Z Matejčeková et al. 2016. Characterization of the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum in milk in dependence on temperature. Acta Chimica Slovaca. 9(2)104—108.
  4. Brooijmans, R. J. W.; De Vos, W. M.; Hugenholtz, J. (2009). "Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 Electron Transport Chains". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (11): 3580–3585. doi:10.1128/AEM.00147-09. PMC 2687314. PMID 19346351.
  5. Kono, Y.; Fridovich, I. (1983). "Functional significance of manganese catalase in Lactobacillus plantarum". Journal of Bacteriology. 155 (2): 742–6. PMC 217745. PMID 6874643.
  6. Wegkamp, A.; Teusink, B.; De Vos, W.M; Smid, E.J. (2010). "Development of a minimal growth medium for Lactobacillus plantarum". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 50 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02752.x. PMID 19874488.
  7. "Lactobacillus plantarum - microbewiki". microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  8. Kim, Jae-Han; Block, David E.; Mills, David A. (2010). "Simultaneous consumption of pentose and hexose sugars: An optimal microbial phenotype for efficient fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 88 (5): 1077–1085. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2839-1. PMC 2956055. PMID 20838789.
  9. Nybom, Sonja M. K.; Collado, M. Carmen; Surono, Ingrid S.; Salminen, Seppo J.; Meriluoto, Jussi A. O. (2008). "Effect of Glucose in Removal of Microcystin-LR by Viable Commercial Probiotic Strains and Strains Isolated from Dadih Fermented Milk". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (10): 3714–3720. doi:10.1021/jf071835x. PMID 18459790.
  10. "Lactobacillus plantarum | Viticulture & Enology". wineserver.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  11. Bested, Alison C.; Logan, Alan C.; Selhub, Eva M. (2013). "Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: from Metchnikoff to modern advances: Part II – contemporary contextual research". Gut Pathogens. 5 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-5-3. PMC 3601973. PMID 23497633.
  12. Bixquert Jiménez, M. (2009). "Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with probiotics: An etiopathogenic approach at last?". Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas. 101 (8). doi:10.4321/s1130-01082009000800006.
  13. Bested, Alison C.; Logan, Alan C.; Selhub, Eva M. (2013). "Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: From Metchnikoff to modern advances: Part III – convergence toward clinical trials". Gut Pathogens. 5 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-5-4. PMC 3605358. PMID 23497650.
  14. Dupont, Andrew; Richards, David M.; Jelinek, Katherine A.; Krill, Joseph; Rahimi, Erik; Ghouri, Yezaz (2014). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease". Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 7: 473–87. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530. PMC 4266241. PMID 25525379.
  15. Silvestri, G.; et al. (2014). "Early Mucosal Sensing of SIV Infection by Paneth Cells Induces IL-1β Production and Initiates Gut Epithelial Disruption". PLoS Pathogens. 10 (8): e1004311. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004311. PMC 4148401. PMID 25166758. Lay summary – Medical Xpress (August 30, 2014).
  16. CNS Cryptococcosis in HIV at eMedicine
  17. Tsuda, H.; Matsumoto, T.; Ishimi, Y. (2011). "Biotin, niacin, and pantothenic acid assay using lyophilized lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014". Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 57 (6): 437–40. doi:10.3177/jnsv.57.437. PMID 22472287.
  18. Leblanc, J.G.; et al. (2011). "B-Group vitamin production by lactic acid bacteria - current knowledge and potential applications". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 111 (6): 1297–1309. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05157.x. PMID 21933312.
  • Gharaei-Fa, Eshrat.; Eslamifar, Masoumeh (2011). "Isolation and Applications of One Strain of Lactobacillus paraplantarum from Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis)". American Journal of Food Technology. 6 (5): 429–434. doi:10.3923/ajft.2011.429.434.

Further reading
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