Human blood group systems

The term human blood group systems is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them",[1] and include the common ABO and Rh (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; thirty-five major human systems are identified as of November 2014.[2]

For a less technical article on the common blood types, see Blood type.

In addition to the ABO and Rh systems, the antigens expressed on blood cell membrane surfaces include 346 red blood cell antigens and 33 platelet antigens, as defined serologically.[3] The genetic basis for most of these antigens lie in 46 red blood cell and 6 platelet genes. An individual, for example, can be AB RhD positive, and at the same time M and N positive in the MNS system, K positive in the Kell system, and Lea or Leb positive in the Lewis system, where these and many of the systems are named for patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were first detected.

Blood grouping postulates

Cells
Platelets

Blood is composed of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. Suspended in the plasma are three types of cells:

Antigens

The most common type of grouping is the ABO blood group system. The varieties of glycoprotein and glycolipid coating on red blood cells divides blood into four groups:

  • A (A oligosaccharide is present)
  • B (B oligosaccharide is present)
  • AB (A and B oligosaccharides are present)
  • O (neither A nor B, only their precursor H oligosaccharide present)

Another antigen, the Rh factor, plays an important part in the grouping of blood. If this is present, the particular blood type is called Rh-positive. If it is absent, it is called Rh-negative.

Rare blood types

In addition to the ABO and Rh blood group systems, there are more than two hundred minor blood groups that can complicate blood transfusions. These are known as rare blood types. Whereas common blood types are expressed in a letter or two, which may be a plus or a minus, a smaller number of people express their blood type in an extensive series of letters in addition to their AB± type designation.

For example, the h/h blood group, also known as Oh or the Bombay blood group, is a rare blood type.[4]

Blood group systems
ISBT №[2] System name System symbol Epitope or carrier, notes Chromosome
001 ABO ABO Carbohydrate (N-Acetylgalactosamine, galactose). A, B and H antigens mainly elicit IgM antibody reactions, although anti-H is very rare, see the Hh antigen system (Bombay phenotype, ISBT #18). 9q34.2
002 MNS MNS GPA / GPB (glycophorins A and B). Main antigens M, N, S, s. 4q31.21
003 P P Glycolipid. Three antigens: P1, P, and Pk 22q13.2
004 Rh RH Protein. C, c, D, E, e antigens (there is no "d" antigen; lowercase "d" indicates the absence of D). 1p36.11
005 Lutheran LU Protein (member of the immunoglobulin superfamily). Set of 21 antigens. 19q13.32
006 Kell KEL Glycoprotein. K1 can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell), which can be severe. 7q34
007 Lewis LE Carbohydrate (fucose residue). Main antigens Lea and Leb — associated with tissue ABH antigen secretion. 19p13.3
008 Duffy FY Protein (chemokine receptor). Main antigens Fya and Fyb. Individuals lacking Duffy antigens altogether are immune to malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi. 1q23.2
009 Kidd JK Protein (urea transporter). Main antigens Jka and Jkb. 18q12.3
010 Diego DI Glycoprotein (band 3, AE 1, or anion exchange). Positive blood is found only among East Asians and Native Americans. 17q21.31
011 Yt YT Protein (AChE, acetylcholinesterase). 7q22.1
012 XG XG Glycoprotein. Xp22.33
013 Scianna SC Glycoprotein. 1p34.2
014 Dombrock DO Glycoprotein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI, or glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol). 12p12.3
015 Colton CO Aquaporin 1. Main antigens Co(a) and Co(b). 7p14.3
016 Landsteiner-Wiener LW Protein (member of the immunoglobulin superfamily). 19p13.2
017 Chido CH C4A C4B (complement fractions). 6p21.3
018 Hh H Carbohydrate (fucose residue). 19q13.33
019 XK XK Glycoprotein. Xp21.1
020 Gerbich GE GPC / GPD (Glycophorins C and D). 2q14.3
021 Cromer CROM Glycoprotein (DAF or CD55, regulates complement fractions C3 and C5, attached to the membrane by GPI). 1q32.2
022 Knops KN Glycoprotein (CR1 or CD35, immune complex receptor). 1q32.2
023 Indian IN Glycoprotein (CD44 adhesion function?). 11p13
024 Ok OK Glycoprotein (CD147). 19p13.3
025 Raph RAPH Transmembrane glycoprotein. 11p15.5
026 JMH JMH Protein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI). Also known as Semaphorin 7A or CD108. 15q24.1
027 Ii I Branched (I) / unbranched (i) polysaccharide. 6p24.2
028 Globoside GLOB Glycolipid. Antigen P. 3q26.1
029 GIL GIL Aquaporin 3. 9p13.3
030 Rh-associated glycoprotein RHAg Rh-associated glycoprotein. 6p21-qter
031 Forssman FORS Globoside alpha-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (GBGT1) 9q34.13
032 Langereis[5] LAN ABCB6, human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, mitochondrial porphyrin transporter.[5] 2q36
033 Junior JR ABCG2. Multi-drug transporter protein. 4q22
034 Vel Vel Human red cell antigens 1p36.32
035 CD59 CD59 — 11p13
036 Augustine AUG Protein (transporter).[6] 6p21.1
037 KANNO[7][8] PRNP — 20p13

References
  1. ISBT (2016). "International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Committee on Terminology for Red Cell Surface Antigens, Terminology Home Page". Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  2. ISBT (2014). "Table of Blood Group Systems v4.0 (November)" (PDF). International Society of Blood Transfusion. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  3. Lane, W.J.; Westhoff, C.M.; Uy, J.M.; Aguad, M.; Smeland-Wagman, R.; Kaufman, R.M.; Rehm, H.L.K.; Green, R.C.; Silberstein, L.E. (2015). "Comprehensive Red Blood Cell and Platelet Antigen Prediction from Whole Genome Sequencing: Proof of Principle". Transfusion. 56 (3): 743–54. doi:10.1111/trf.13416. PMC 5019240. PMID 26634332.
  4. This blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay, now known as Mumbai, in India, by Dr. Y. M. Bhende in 1952.
  5. Helias, V.; Saison, C.; Ballif, B.A.; Peyrard, T.; Takahashi, J.; Takahashi, H.; Tanaka, M.; Deybach, J.C.; Puy, H.; Le Gall, M.; Sureau, C.; Pham, B.N.; Le Pennec, P.Y.; Tani, Y.; Cartron, J.P. & Arnaud, L. (2012). "ABCB6 is Dispensable for Erythropoiesis and Specifies the New Blood Group System Langereis". Nature Genetics. 44 (2, January 15): 170–173. doi:10.1038/ng.1069. PMC 3664204. PMID 22246506. [Quoting Abstract: The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB6 has been described as a mitochondrial porphyrin transporter essential for heme biosynthesis, but it is also suspected to contribute to anticancer drug resistance, as do other ABC transporters located at the plasma membrane. We identified ABCB6 as the genetic basis of the Lan blood group antigen expressed on red blood cells but also at the plasma membrane of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and we established that ABCB6 encodes a new blood group system (Langereis, Lan). Targeted sequencing of ABCB6 in 12 unrelated individuals of the Lan(-) blood type identified 10 different ABCB6 null mutations. This is the first report of deficient alleles of this human ABC transporter gene. Of note, Lan(-) (ABCB6(-/-)) individuals do not suffer any clinical consequences, although their deficiency in ABCB6 may place them at risk when determining drug dosage.]CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. Daniels, G.; Ballif, B. A.; Helias, V.; Saison, C.; Grimsley, S.; Mannessier, L.; Hustinx, H.; Lee, E.; et al. (20 April 2015). "Lack of the nucleoside transporter ENT1 results in the Augustine-null blood type and ectopic mineralization". Blood. 125 (23): 3651–3654. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-03-631598. PMC 4458803. PMID 25896650.
  7. National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Society, Fukushima Medical University and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (2019-08-05) 新たなヒト血液型「KANNO」の国際認定―国立国際医療研究センターなど、日本の研究グループとして初めての登録― (in Japanese)
  8. "Omae, Y.; Ito, S.; Takeuchi, M.; Isa, K.; Ogasawara, K.; Kawabata, K.; Oda, A.; Kaito, S.; Tsuneyama, H.; Uchikawa, M.; Wada, I.; Ohto, H.; Tokunaga, K. (2019). "Integrative genome analysis identified the KANNO blood group antigen as prion protein" Transfusion. 2019 Jul;59(7):2429-2435. DOI:10.1111/trf.15319. Epub 2019 Apr 24.

Further reading
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