Appendix A: Overview of Outcome Assessments Available for Use with Children and Youth with TBI
ShareCompartir
Historical Document
Note: This publication ( Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Assessing Outcomes in Children) is from 2000 and is included for historical purposes. See the Get the Facts and Data & Statistics pages for the most current data.
Quality of Life
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHIP (Child Health & Illness Profile) | Assess physical & mental health | 11-17 | Child / youth | Self- administered | 153 | 30-45 | Yes | Yes | ----- | 12, 15, 22 | Can be used to assess change over time | Utilization questions within the health status scale; requires professional interpretation | |
| CHQ (Child Health Questionnaire) | Assess physical, emotional & social well-being | 5-17 10/12 & older 5 & younger | Parent Child Parent | Self-administered | 28 or 50 87 87 | ----- | Yes | Yes | Yes | 6, J. Landgraf | Specifically developed for children/youth; well normed; used in other pediatric populations; allows parallel child & parent reports; telephone interview scripted | Limited data on sensitivity to change; under 5 version not yet normed; may not be as sensitive as condition-specific instrument; paper-&- pencil version normed but telephone interview not normed | |
| COOP Charts (Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Info. Project) | Assess functioning and health-related quality of life | 8-12 13-18 | Child Youth | Self-administered | 9 14 | ----- | Yes | Yes | ----- | 12 | Floor and ceiling effects; relies on sample size for power | ||
| PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) | Assess health- related quality of life | 8-18 | Child/ youth Parent | Child: interview Youth & parent: self-administered | 15 core, 30 disease-specific | ----- | Yes | Yes | ----- | 25 | |||
| QWB (Quality of Well-Being) | Assess quality of life | 12 and older | Youth | Structured interview | ----- | 15 | For adults | Yes | ----- | 3, 8 | Weighted based on population preferences; adapted from adult measure; low parent/ youth correlation; not designed for a neurological population | ||
Epidemiology
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHIS (National Health Interview Survey) | Assess prevalence of certain health- related conditions in the US | 1988 Child Supp: 0-18 1994 Disability Supp: 0-18 | Parent Parent | Structured telephone interview Structured telephone interview | 65 ----- | ----- ----- | ----- ----- | ----- ----- | yes ----- | 12, 21 | ||
| OCHS (Ontario Child Health Survey) | Assess prevalence of emotional & behavioral disorders | 4-16 12-16 | Parent Youth | Interview & self-administered | 304 169 | ----- ----- | Yes | Yes | ----- | 12 |
Behavioral/Cognitive
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *BASC (Behavior Assessment System for Children) | Measure anxiety, depression, aggression, coping, social relationships | 2.5-18 8-18 | Parent/ teacher Child/ youth | Self- administered Self- administered | 130 152 child 186 youth | 10-20 30-45 | Yes | Yes | ----- | 14 | Normed; relatively brief | |||
| *BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) | Assess executive functioning including self-monitoring, organization-al control, & individual planning | 5-18 2.5-5 11-22 | Parent & teacher Parent Youth | Self-administered Self-administered Self-administered | 86 | 10 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 10 | 5-18 year parent version normed; more specific than some other measures | 2.5-5 year parent and 11-22 year youth versions still being normed; rather long | ||
| *CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist) | Assess children's competencies & behavioral/ emotional problems | 1.5-5 4-18 | Parent Parent | Self-administered Self-administered | 99 118 | ----- | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1, 20 | Designed to assess psychopathology; may not be appropriate for brain injured population; quite long; can give inconsistent results | |||
|
*FS-II(R) (Functional Status II(R)) |
Assess behavioral response to illness that interferes with normal social roles |
0-16 |
Parent |
Structured interview |
long: 43 short: 14 |
----- ----- |
Yes |
Yes |
----- ----- |
12, 15, 23 |
Can be used repeatedly to document change |
Designed for lower end of the functional continuum; permission must be obtained from authors |
||
Functional
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *PEDI (Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory) | Measure capability & performance of functional activities | 0.5-7.5 | Parents and/or physicians | Interview or direct observation | 41 | 45 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 2, 9 S. Haley | Incorporates more cognitive, behavioral, & safety components than WeeFIM | Primarily a rehab instrument; limited age range |
| *PEDI II (Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, Version II) | Measure ADLs, social/ behavioral activities & community participation | 0-18 | Clinical staff Parent | Self-administered | 44 | 45 | Planned | Planned | Designed for TBI | S. Haley | Focuses more on community participation than PEDI; some questions may be useful for TBI surveillance | Still in development; questionable inter-rater reliability; too detailed for surveillance; focuses on rehab, more severe injuries, people who receive services |
| *SIB (Scales of Independent Behavior) | Assess adaptive & maladaptive behavior | 0-80+ | Parent | Structured interview or checklist | long: 259 short: 40 | 45-60 15-20 | Yes | Yes | ----- | 11, 18, 19 | Global index of independence; considers initiation of activity | |
| *VABS (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) | Survey activities the child/youth habitually demonstrates in the environment | 0-18 | Parent | Semi-structured interview | 297 | 30-60 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 11, 16 | Short form has global index of independence | Complicated interview process |
| *WeeFIM (Functional Independence Measure for Children) | Assess functional independence by focusing on dependence | 0.5-7 | Parent | Interview or direct observation | 18 | 15-20 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 9, 15, 24 | Can be used repeatedly to document change | Difficult to teach to interviewers with no rehab experience; designed for inpt assessment of kids with serious injury; ceiling effect; under represents cognitive defects |
Educational/Vocational/Recreation
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *PPSC (Play Performance Scale for Children) | Assess play performance | 0.5-16 | Parent or clinician | Self-administered | Single scale | 2 | Yes | Yes | ----- | 13, 15 | Assessment can be done by non-professionals; easy to administer, analyze & interpret | Used primarily in oncology studies |
| *PSO (Post-Secondary Outcomes) | Assess educational & vocational status | post-high school | Youth & parent | Structured interview | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | Designed for TBI | Bonnie Todis | ||
| *SFA (School Function Assessment) | Assess ability to perform functional tasks necessary for the academic & social aspects of education | K-6th grade | ----- | Interview / evaluation | ----- | ----- | ----- | Yes | ----- | 7 | May have useful elements | Long |
Family Functioning
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *FAD (McMaster Family Assessment Device) | Assess global family functioning | na | Parents / family members | Self-administered | 53 | 15-20 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 9, 27 | Not designed to measure impact on family; not sensitive to change over time | |
| *FBII (Family Burden of Injury Interview) | Assess burden of pediatric TBI on families | na | Parent | Interview | 27 | ----- | Yes | Yes | Yes | 4, 27 | Sensitive to change over time | May not be applicable to non-TBI groups; rather long |
| *IOF-G (Impact on the Family Scale, Version G) | Measure impact of pediatric disability on family | na | Parent | Interview | 34 | ----- | ----- | Yes | Yes | 15, 27 | Brief, useful; designed to be more sensitive to change | Difficult to get; may not be as useful as FBII |
**Depression
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) | Evaluate depressive symptoms | Youth | Youth | Self-administered | 21 | 5-10 | Yes | Yes | ----- | 17, 20 | Measuring depression may not be as important in children/ youth as in adults | ||
| CDI (Child Depression Inventory) | Assess frequency of depressive symptoms | 8-17 | Child / youth | Self-administered | 27 | ----- | ----- | Yes | ----- | 26 | Measuring depression may not be as important in children/ youth as in adults | ||
| CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) | Measure current depressive symptoms | Youth | Youth | Self-administered | 20 | ----- | Yes | Yes | ----- | 9 | Measuring depression may not be as important in children/ youth as in adults | ||
**PTSD
| Title | Purpose | Age Range (yrs) | Parent or child response | Administration mode | Number of items | Time (min) | Reliability studies? | Validity studies? | Used in child / youth TBI studies? | Ref. | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAPS-CA (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Child/ Adolescent version) | Measure PTSD-related symptoms | 7-18 | Child/ youth | Structured interview | 33 | 30-120 | ----- | ----- | Yes | 5 | Can assess impact of symptoms on functioning; extremely detailed and thorough | Requires a longer time period than other assessments; requires administration by a trained professional |
| CPTS-RI (Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index) | Measure PTSD-related symptoms | 6-17 | Child/ youth Parent | Semi-structured interview | 20 | 20-45 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5, 28 | Relatively brief and easy to administer | Does not inquire about all DSM-IV symptoms; parent version not yet validated |
| TESI (Traumatic Events Screening Inventory) | Assess trauma history | 4-18 | Child/ youth Parent | Semi-structured interview Interview or self-administered | 15 19 | 10-30 10-30 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5 | Requires administration by a trained professional |
- Page last reviewed: January 22, 2016
- Page last updated: January 22, 2016
- Content source:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention