References and Resources

Resources

Disease-related Resources

• Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book), 12th edition: Chapter 21. Varicella [24 pages]
• CDC. Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG—United States, 2013. MMWR. 2013;62(28):574-6.
• Chickenpox: the Disease and the Immunization
  American Academy of Pediatrics
• Chickenpox: the Disease, the Vaccine and the Parties
  The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Vaccine-related Resources

• Prevention of Varicella—Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 2007 June
  Recommendations adopted in 2005 and 2006 include implementation of a routine 2-dose varicella vaccination program for children; a second dose catch-up varicella vaccination for children, adolescents, and adults who previously had received 1 dose; and routine vaccination of all healthy persons older than 13 years and without evidence of immunity.
• Use of Combination Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella Vaccine—Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices 2010 May
  Recommendations adopted in 2009 regarding use of MMRV vaccine for the first and second doses and identification of a personal or family (i.e., sibling or parent) history of seizure as a precaution for use of MMRV vaccine.

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References

Journal Articles

Serious Infection and Death following VZV Infection

• CDC. Varicella death of an unvaccinated, previously healthy adolescent—Ohio, 2009. MMWR. 2013;62(14):261-3.
• CDC. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcus associated with varicella in a childcare center—Boston, Massachusetts, 1997. MMWR. 1997;46(40):944-8.
• CDC. Varicella-related deaths—United States, January 2003-June 2004. MMWR. 2005;54(11):272-4.
• CDC. Varicella-related deaths among adults—United States, 1997. MMWR. 1997;46(19):409-12.
• Kriner P, Lopez K, Leung J, Harpaz R, Bialek SR. Notes from the field: varicella-associated death of a vaccinated child with leukemia—California, 2012. MMWR. 2014;63(07);161.
• Leung J, Bialek SR, Marin M. Trends in varicella mortality in the United States: Data from vital statistics and the national surveillance system. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(3):662-8.
• Marin M, Zhang JX, Seward JF Near elimination of varicella deaths in the US after implementation of the vaccination program. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(2):214-20
• Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF. Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:450-8.
• Zhou F, Harpaz R, Jumaan AO, Winston CA, Shefer A. Impact of varicela vaccination on health care utilization. JAMA. 2005;294: 797-802.

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Varicella Surveillance, Epidemiology, Outbreaks

• CDC. Evolution of varicella surveillance—selected states, 2000–2010. MMWR. 2012; 61(32):609-12.
• CDC. Varicella outbreak among vaccinated children—Nebraska 2004. MMWR. 2006;55(27);749–752.
• CDC. Outbreak of varicella among vaccinated children—Michigan 2003. MMWR. 2004;53:389–92.
• Chaves SS, Zhang J, Civen R, Watson BM, Carbajal T, Perella D, et al. Varicella disease among vaccinated persons: clinical and epidemiological characteristics, 1997-2005. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S127-31.
• Civen R, Lopez AS, Zhang J, Garcia-Herrera J, Schmid DS, Chaves SS, Mascola L. Varicella outbreak epidemiology in an active surveillance site, 1995-2005. J Infect Dis. 2008. Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S114-9.
• Galil K, Lee B, Strine T, et al. Outbreak of varicella at a day-care center despite vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1909–15.
• Gould PL, Leung J, Scott C, Schmid DS, Deng H, et al. An outbreak of varicella in elementary school children with two-dose varicella vaccine recipients—Arkansas, 2006. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Aug;28(8):678–81.
• Guris D, Jumaan AO, Mascola L, et al. Changing varicella epidemiology in active surveillance sites—United States, 1995–2005. J Infect Dis (Suppl). 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S71–5.
• Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Carrington D, et al. Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) infection in pregnancy. BJOG. 2011 May 18; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02983.x.
• LaRussa P. Clinical manifestations of varicella. In: Arvin A, Gershon A, eds. Varicella-zoster virus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2000:206–19.
• Leung J, Harpaz R, Baughman AL et al. Evaluation of laboratory methods for diagnosis of varicella. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 1;51(1):23-32.

• Leung J, Lopez AS, Blostein J, Thayer N, Zipprich J, Clayton A, Buttery V, Andersen J, Thomas CA, Del Rosario M, Seetoo K, Woodall T, Wiseman R, Bialek SR. Impact of the US Two-dose Varicella Vaccination Program on the Epidemiology of Varicella Outbreaks: Data from Nine States, 2005-2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Oct;34(10):1105-9.

• Leung J, Lopez AS, Tootell E, Baumrind N, Mohle-Boetani J, Leistikow B, Harriman KH, Preas CP4, Cosentino G, Bialek SR, Marin M. Challenges with controlling varicella in prison settings: experience of California, 2010 to 2011. J Correct Health Care. 2014 Oct;20(4):292-301.
• Lopez AS, Lichtenstein M, Schmid SD, Bialek S. Assessment of varicella surveillance and outbreak control practices - United States, 2012. MMWR 2014 Sep 12;63(36):785-8.
• Lopez AS, Guris D, Zimmerman L, et al. One dose of varicella vaccine does not prevent school outbreaks: is it time for a second dose? Pediatrics. 2006;117:e1070–7.
• Lopez AS, Zhang J, Brown C, Bialek S. Varicella-related hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2006: the 1-dose varicella vaccination era. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):238-45.
• Mahamud A, Wiseman R, Grytdal S, Basham C, Asghar J, Dang T, Leung J, Lopez A, Schmid DS, Bialek SR. Challenges in confirming a varicella outbreak in the two-dose vaccine era. Vaccine. 2012 Nov 6;30(48):6935-9.
• Marin M, Meissner HC, Seward JF. Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges. Pediatrics. 2008 Sep;122(3):e744–51. Review.
• Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF. Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:450–8.
• Parker AA, Reynolds M, Leung J, et al. Challenges to implementing second dose varicella vaccination during an outbreak in the absence of a routine two-dose vaccination requirement—Maine, 2006. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S101–7.
• Reynolds MA, Kruszon-Moran D, Jumaan A, Schmid DS, McQuillan GM. Varicella seroprevalence in the U.S.: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Public Health Rep. 2010 Nov-Dec;125(6):860-9.
• Seward J, Galil K, Wharton M. Epidemiology of varicella. In: Arvin A, Gershon A, eds. Varicella-zoster virus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2000:187–205.
• Wharton M. The epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infections. Infect Dis Clin N Amer. 1996;10:571–81.

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Varicella Vaccine Impact

• Bialek SR, Perella D, Zhang J, Mascola L, Viner K, Jackson C, et al. Impact of a routine two-dose varicella vaccination program on varicella epidemiology. Pediatrics. 2013;132(5):e1134-40.
• CDC. Varicella-related deaths-United States, January 2003-June 2004. MMWR. 2005; 54(11):272-4.
• Chaves SS, Lopez AS, Watson TL, Civen R, Watson B, Mascola L, Seward JF. Varicella in infants after implementation of the US varicella vaccination program. Pediatrics. 2011 Dec;128(6):1071-7.
• Davis MM, Patel MS, Gebremariam A. Decline in varicella-related hospitalizations and expenditures for children and adults after introduction of varicella vaccine in the United States. Pediatrics. 2004;114:786–92.
• Galil K, Brown C, Lin F, Seward J. Hospitalizations for varicella in the United States, 1988 to 1999. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:931–5.
• Kattan JA, Sosa LE, Bohnwagner HD, Hadler JL. Impact of 2-dose vaccination on varicella epidemiology: Connecticut–2005-2008. J Infect Dis. 2011 Feb;203(4):509-12.
• Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:132–7.
• Leung J, Harpaz R. Impact of the Maturing Varicella Vaccination Program on Varicella and Related Outcomes in the United States: 1994-2012. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015 Aug 12.
• Leung J, Bialek SR, Marin M. Trends in varicella mortality in the United States: Data from vital statistics and the national surveillance system. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(3):662-8.
• Leung J, Lopez AS, Blostein J, Thayer N, Zipprich J, Clayton A, Buttery V, Andersen J, Thomas CA, Del Rosario M, Seetoo K, Woodall T, Wiseman R, Bialek SR. Impact of the US Two-dose Varicella Vaccination Program on the Epidemiology of Varicella Outbreaks: Data from Nine States, 2005-2012. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Oct;34(10):1105-9.
• Lopez AS, Zhang J, Brown C, Bialek S. Varicella-related hospitalizations in the United States, 2000-2006: the 1-dose varicella vaccination era. Pediatrics. 2011 Feb;127(2):238-45.
• Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF. Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:450–8.
• Schmid DS, Jumaan AO. Impact of varicella vaccine on varicella-zoster virus dynamics. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jan;23(1):202-17.
• Singleton RJ, Holman RC, Person MK, Steiner CA, Redd JT, Hennessy TW, Groom A, Holve S, Seward JF. Impact of varicella vaccination on varicella-related hospitalizations among American Indian/Alaska Native people.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Mar;33(3):276-9.
• Zhou F, Harpaz R, Jumaan AO, Winston CA, Shefer A. Impact of varicella vaccination on health care utilization. JAMA. 2005;294: 797–802.

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Varicella Vaccine Coverage, Effectiveness, and Safety

• CDC. National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13-17 Years--United States, 2014. MMWR. 2015 Jul 31;64(29):784-92.
• CDC. National, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19-35 Months - United States, 2014. MMWR. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):889-96.
• Chaves SS, Haber P, Walton K, Wise RP, Izurieta HS, Schmid DS, Seward JF. Safety of varicella vaccine after licensure in the United States: experience from reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system, 1995-2005. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S170-7.
• Haddad MB, Hill MB, Pavia AT, et al. Vaccine effectiveness during a varicella outbreak among schoolchildren: Utah, 2002–2003. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1488–3.
• Hechter RC, Chao C, Li Q, Jacobsen SJ, Tseng HF. Second-dose varicella vaccination coverage in children and adolescents in a managed care organization in California, 2006-2009. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Jan 28. E-pub ahead of print.
• Izurieta HS, Strebel PM, Blake PA. Postlicensure effectiveness of varicella vaccine during an outbreak in a child care center. JAMA. 1997;278:1495–9.
• Lopez AS, Cardemil C, Pabst LJ, Cullen KA, Leung J, Bialek SR; Division of Viral Diseases; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two-dose varicella vaccination coverage among children aged 7 years--six sentinel sites, United States, 2006-2012. MMWR 2014 Feb 28;63(8):174-7.
• Lopez AS1, Kolasa MS, Seward JF. Status of school entry requirements for varicella vaccination and vaccination coverage 11 years after implementation of the varicella vaccination program. J Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S76-81.
• Seither R, Calhoun K, Knighton CL, Mellerson J, Meador S, Tippins A, Greby SM, Dietz V. Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten - United States, 2014-15 School Year. MMWR. 2015 Aug 28;64(33):897-904.
• Seward JF, Marin M, Vasquez M. Varicella vaccine effectiveness in the United States vaccination program: a review. J Infect Dis (Suppl). 2008 Mar 1;197 Suppl 2:S82–9. Review.
• Shapiro ED, Vazquez M, Esposito D. et al. Effectiveness of 2 doses of varicella vaccine in children. J Infect Dis. 2011 Feb;203(3):312-5.
• Son M, Shapiro ED, LaRussa P, Neu N, Michalik DE, Meglin M, et al. Effectiveness of varicella vaccine in children infected with HIV. J Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 15;201(12):1806-10.
• Thomas CA1, Shwe T, Bixler D, del Rosario M, Grytdal S, Wang C, Haddy LE, Bialek SR. Two-dose varicella vaccine effectiveness and rash severity in outbreaks of varicella among public school students. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Nov;33(11):1164-8.
• Vázquez MD, LaRussa PS, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, Freudigman KF, Shapiro E. The effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:955–60.

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