Levobupivacaine

Levobupivacaine (rINN) /liːvoʊbjuːˈpɪvəkeɪn/ is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine.[1]

Levobupivacaine
Clinical data
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Pregnancy
category
    Routes of
    administration    		Parenteral
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailabilityn/a
    MetabolismHepatic
    Elimination half-life2–2.6 hours
    ExcretionRenal 70%, faecal 24%
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC18H28N2O
    Molar mass288.43 g/mol g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
     NY (what is this?)  (verify)

    Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AbbVie under the trade name Chirocaine.[2]

    Clinical use

    Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 percent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine and has a longer motor block onset time.[3]

    Indications

    Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children.

    Contraindications

    Levobupivacaine is contraindicated for IV regional anaesthesia (IVRA).

    Adverse effects

    Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when it is administered correctly. Most ADRs relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, however allergic reactions can rarely occur.

    Systemic exposure to excessive quantities of bupivacaine mainly result in central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular effects – CVS effects usually occur at lower blood plasma concentrations and additional cardiovascular effects present at higher concentrations, though cardiovascular collapse may also occur with low concentrations. CNS effects may include CNS excitation (nervousness, tingling around the mouth, tinnitus, tremor, dizziness, blurred vision, seizures) followed by depression (drowsiness, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression and apnea). Cardiovascular effects include hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and/or cardiac arrest – some of which may be due to hypoxemia secondary to respiratory depression.[2]

    Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis

    Levobupivacaine is toxic to cartilage and their intra-articular infusions can lead to postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis.[4]

    References
    1. Burlacu CL, Buggy DJ (April 2008). "Update on local anesthetics: focus on levobupivacaine". Ther Clin Risk Manag. 4 (2): 381–92. PMC 2504073. PMID 18728849.
    2. Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3
    3. Gulec D (Apr 2014). "Intrathecal bupivacaine or levobupivacaine: which should be used for elderly patients?". J Int Med Res. 42 (2): 376–385. doi:10.1177/0300060513496737. PMID 24595149.
    4. Gulihar, Abhinav; Robati, Shibby; Twaij, Haider; Salih, Alan; Taylor, Grahame J.S. (December 2015). "Articular cartilage and local anaesthetic: A systematic review of the current literature". Journal of Orthopaedics. 12: S200–S210. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2015.10.005. PMC 4796530. PMID 27047224.
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