Efficacy of face shields against cough aerosol droplets from a cough simulator.
Authors
Lindsley-WG; Noti-JD; Blachere-FM; Szalajda-JV; Beezhold-DH
Source
J Occup Environ Hyg 2014 Aug; 11(8):509-518
Abstract
Healthcare workers are exposed to potentially infectious airborne particles while providing routine care to coughing patients. However, much is not understood about the behavior of these aerosols and the risks they pose. We used a coughing patient simulator and a breathing worker simulator to investigate the exposure of healthcare workers to cough aerosol droplets, and to examine the efficacy of face shields in reducing this exposure. Our results showed that 0.9% of the initial burst of aerosol from a cough can be inhaled by a worker 46 cm (18 inches) from the patient. During testing of an influenza-laden cough aerosol with a volume median diameter (VMD) of 8.5 mum, wearing a face shield reduced the inhalational exposure of the worker by 96% in the period immediately after a cough. The face shield also reduced the surface contamination of a respirator by 97%. When a smaller cough aerosol was used (VMD = 3.4 mum), the face shield was less effective, blocking only 68% of the cough and 76% of the surface contamination. In the period from 1 to 30 minutes after a cough, during which the aerosol had dispersed throughout the room and larger particles had settled, the face shield reduced aerosol inhalation by only 23%. Increasing the distance between the patient and worker to 183 cm (72 inches) reduced the exposure to influenza that occurred immediately after a cough by 92%. Our results show that healthcare workers can inhale infectious airborne particles while treating a coughing patient. Face shields can substantially reduce the short-term exposure of healthcare workers to large infectious aerosol particles, but smaller particles can remain airborne longer and flow around the face shield more easily to be inhaled. Thus, face shields provide a useful adjunct to respiratory protection for workers caring for patients with respiratory infections. However, they cannot be used as a substitute for respiratory protection when it is needed.
Keywords
Face-masks; Face-shields; Health-care-personnel; Medical-personnel; Disease-prevention; Disease-transmission; Infection-control; Infectious-diseases; Personal-protective-equipment; Respiratory-infections; Respiratory-protection; Respiratory-protective-equipment; Airborne-particles; Microorganisms; Health-standards; Aerosol-particles; Simulation-methods; Breathing; Air-contamination; Inhalants; Short-term-exposure;
Author Keywords: Protective devices; Respiratory infections/prevention; Healthcare workers; Infectious disease transmission; Airborne particulate matter; Universal precautions
Contact
Dr. William G. Lindsley, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, M/S 4020, Morgantown, WV 26505-2845
Document Type
Journal Article
Email Address
wlindsley@cdc.gov
NIOSH Division
HELD; NPPTL
Priority Area
Healthcare and Social Assistance
Source Name
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
