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Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)

2-Furaldehyde

RTECS #

LT7000000

CAS #

98-01-1

Updated

September 201

Molecular Weight

96.09

Molecular Formula

C5H4O2

Synonyms

2-Formylfuran
2-Formylofuran (Polish)
2-Furanaldehyde
2-Furancarbonal
2-Furancarboxaldehyde
2-Furankarbaldehyd (Czech)
2-Furfural
2-Furil-metanale (Italian)
2-Furylaldehyde
2-Furylcarboxaldehyde
2-Furyl-methanal
alpha-Furole
Artificial ant oil
Artificial oil of ants
Fural
Furale
Furfural
Furfural (ACGIH:OSHA)
Furfuraldehyde
Furfurale (Italian)
Furfurol
Furfurole
Furole
NCI-C56177
Pyromucic aldehyde
RCRA waste number U125

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
eye /rabbit 100 mg/24H moderate85JCAE -,788,1986
skin /rabbit 20 mg/24H moderate85JCAE -,788,1986
skin /rabbit 500 mg/24H mildFCTXAV 16,759,1978

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic Analysislung/hamster1 gm/LMUREAV 227,117,1989
Cytogenetic Analysisovary/hamster2500 µmol/LCALEDQ 13,89,1981
DNA Damagemammary gland/human150 mg/L/24H (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 588,47,2005
DNA inhibitionHeLa cell/human3 mmol/LCRNGDP 13,2389,1992
DNA repair/Bacillus subtilis1700 µg/discDFSCDX 13,353,1986
mutation in mammalian somatic cellslymphocyte/mouse200 mg/LEMMUEG 11,91,1988
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium8094 µg/plate (+/-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 58,205,1978
other mutation test systemsoral/mouse100 mg/kgMUREAV 343,157,1995
other mutation test systemslung/hamster1 gm/LMUREAV 227,117,1989
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionparenteral/Drosophila melanogaster100 ppmENMUDM 7,677,1985
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionoral/Drosophila melanogaster5000 ppmMUREAV 280,75,1992
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionintraperitoneal/Drosophila melanogaster5000 ppmMUREAV 280,75,1992
sister chromatid exchangelymphocyte/human70 µmol/LMUREAV 156,233,1985
sister chromatid exchangeovary/hamster11700 µg/LNTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
specific locus testoral/Drosophila melanogaster5000 ppmMUREAV 280,75,1992
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisliver/human2 nmol/L/24HFCTOD7 39,999,2001

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intraperitoneal/rat 150 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)WDZAEK 6,290,1992
intraperitoneal/mouse 360 mg/kg (6D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)WDZAEK 8,129,1994

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 90125 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors		NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 90125 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors		NTIS** PB91-108662
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 90125 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors		NTIS** PB91-108662
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 30900 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Angiosarcoma		NTIS** PB91-108662
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 30900 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors		NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/Dog lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 370 ppm/6H34ZIAG -,279,1969
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 310 µg/m3GISAAA 26(6),3,1961
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 370 ppm/6H34ZIAG -,279,1969
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 175 ppm/6HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain		AIHAAP 50,A359,1989
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 640 mg/m3/6HFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 12.2 gm/m3/2HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory obstruction

Vascular: Other changes		TPKVAL 10,35,1968
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 184 mg/kg/3HFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
intramuscular/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 78 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
intraperitoneal/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 102 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 20 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
intravenous/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 250 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
intravenous/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 152 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
oral/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 950 mg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Ataxia

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting		34ZIAG -,279,1969
oral/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 541 mg/kgLiver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Hemorrhage		HYSAAV 32(5),158,1967
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kgTumorigenic: Active as anti-cancer agentBIJOAK 34,1196,1940
oral/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kgPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Eye: Mydriasis (pupilliary dilation)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation		JPETAB 21,65,1923
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 65 mg/kgBCTKAG 13,371,1980
oral/rat lowest published lethal dose: 192 mg/kgFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
parenteral/frog lowest published lethal dose: 23 gm/kgJPETAB 21,65,1923
skin/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 620 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 214 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 100 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 119 mg/kgFCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kgHYSAAV 32(5),158,1967
subcutaneous/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 148 mg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold34ZIAG -,279,1969

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m3/5H/12W- intermittentAutonomic Nervous System: Sympathomimetic

Endocrine: Other changes		BCTKAG 11,403,1978
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 10140 µg/m3/24H/60D- continuousBehavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field		GISAAA 26(6),3,1961
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m3/4H/4W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruliAEHLAU 7,574,1963
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m3/6H/28D- intermittentOlfaction: Other olfaction effectsFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m3/6H/28D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight		FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m3/6H/28D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depressionFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 160 mg/m3/3H/28D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 320 mg/m3/3H/28D- intermittentEndocrine: Changes in spleen weightFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 160 mg/m3/3H/28D- intermittentOlfaction: Other olfaction effectsFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 4800 mg/kg/16D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldNTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 4875 mg/kg/13W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightNTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3672 mg/kg/28D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weightFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 768 mg/kg/4D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1632 mg/kg/10D- intermittentBehavioral: Sleep

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes		FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2688 mg/kg/28D- intermittentEndocrine: Changes in spleen weightFCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 4190 mL/kg/17W- continuousLiver: Hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post- necrotic scarring)

Liver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight		APJAAG 36,1027,1986
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 91 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes		BCTKAG 15,241,1982
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/6W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count		AEHLAU 7,574,1963
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 33 mg/kg/13W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Blood: Luekopenia		AEHLAU 7,574,1963

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 2 ppm (skin)DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Limited EvidenceIMEMDT 63,409,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 63,409,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 564,179,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 39,69,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,394,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHUTOX* -,649,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 243,180,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 286,1,2011

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATIONFEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDESCancelledRBREV* -,184,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin)DTLVS* 3,120,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), Skin, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3), skin, carc, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCEVLE 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), C3 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYtime-weighted average 20 mg/m3, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANOccupational Exposure Limit 2.5 ppm (9.8 mg/m3), skin, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 10 ppm (40 mg/m3) (skin), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m3), skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 2 ppm (7,9 mg/m3), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 10 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 40 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAshort term exposure limit 10 mg/m3, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDENtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), Skin, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 2 ppm (8 mg/m3), skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 8 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m3), skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin)CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin)CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) (skin)CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 34120; Number of Industries 79; Total Number of Facilities 6447; Number of Occupations 66; Total Number of Employees Exposed 135914; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 6706
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 34120; Number of Industries 11; Total Number of Facilities 333; Number of Occupations 30; Total Number of Employees Exposed 5904

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);clear evidence:mouse
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);equivocal evidence:rat
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Aldehydes, screening, 2539
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Furfural, 2529
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);some evidence:rat NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-72

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