Pichia pastoris

P. pastoris is frequently used as an expression system for the production of proteins. Several properties make P. pastoris suited for this task: P. pastoris has a high growth rate and is able to grow on a simple, inexpensive medium. P. pastoris can grow in either shake flasks or a fermenter, which makes it suitable for both small- and large-scale production.

P. pastoris has two alcohol oxidase genes, Aox1 and Aox2, which have a strongly inducible promoter.[2] These genes allow Pichia to use methanol as a carbon and energy source. The AOX promoters are induced by methanol and are repressed by e.g. glucose. Usually, the gene for the desired protein is introduced under the control of the Aox1 promoter, which means that protein production can be induced by the addition of methanol. In a popular expression vector, the desired protein is produced as a fusion product to the secretion signal of the α-mating factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). This causes the protein to be secreted into the growth medium, which greatly facilitates subsequent protein purification. Some commercially available plasmids have these features incorporated (such as the pPICZα vector).[3]

Pichia pastoris was used for the production of over 500 biotherapeutics like interferon gamma. However, one drawback of this protein expression system is the over-glycosylation with high mannose structure which is a potential cause of immunogenicity.[4][5] In 2006, a research group managed to create a strain YSH597 that produces erythropoietin in its normal glycosylation form. This was achieved by exchanging the enzymes responsible for the fungal type glycosylation, with the mammalian homologs. Thus, the altered glycosylation pattern allowed the protein to be fully functional.[6]

As some proteins require chaperonins for proper folding, Pichia is unable to produce a number of proteins for which the host lacks the appropriate chaperones. Introducing mammalian chaperonins into the yeast genome or overexpressing existing chaperonins improves production of these proteins and most secreted proteins in general.[7][8]

In standard molecular biology research, the bacterium Escherichia coli is the most frequently used organism for production of recombinant DNA and proteins, due to E. coli's fast growth rate, good protein production rate, and undemanding growth conditions. Protein production in E. coli is usually faster than in P. pastoris for several reasons: Competent E. coli cells can be stored frozen, and thawed immediately before use, whereas Pichia cells have to be produced immediately before use. Expression yields in Pichia vary between different clones, and usually a large number of clones needs to be screened for protein production before a good producer is found. Optimal induction times of Pichia are usually on the order of days, whereas E. coli usually reaches optimal yields within hours of induction. The major advantage of Pichia over E. coli is that Pichia is capable of producing disulfide bonds and glycosylations in proteins.[9] This means that in cases where disulfides are necessary, E. coli might produce a misfolded protein, that is usually inactive or insoluble.[10]

The well-studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also used as an expression system with similar advantages over E. coli as Pichia. However Pichia has two main advantages over S. cerevisiae in laboratory and industrial settings:

1. Pichia, as mentioned above, is a methylotroph, meaning it can grow with the simple alcohol methanol as its only source of energy — Pichia can easily be grown in cell suspension in reasonably strong methanol solutions that would kill most other micro-organisms, a system that is cheap to set up and maintain.
2. Pichia can grow to very high cell densities, and under ideal conditions can multiply to the point where the cell suspension is practically a paste. As the protein yield from expression in a microbe is roughly equal to the product of the protein produced per cell and the number of cells, this makes Pichia of great use when trying to produce large quantities of protein without expensive equipment.[9]

Compared to other expression systems such as S2-cells from Drosophila melanogaster or Chinese hamster ovary cells, Pichia usually gives much better yields. Cell lines from multicellular organisms usually require complex rich media, including amino acids, vitamins, and growth factors. These media significantly increase the cost of producing recombinant proteins. Additionally, since Pichia can grow in media containing only one carbon source and one nitrogen source, it is suitable for isotopic labelling applications in e.g. protein NMR.[9]

Another advantage of P. pastoris is its similarity to the well-studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a model organism for biology, and having been used by man for various purposes throughout history, S. cerevisiae is well studied, to say the least. The two yeast geni; Pichia and Saccharomyces, have similar growth conditions and tolerances; thus, the culture of P. pastoris can be readily adopted by labs without specialist equipment.

The P. pastoris GS115 genome has been sequenced by the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University, and published in Nature Biotechnology.[11] The genome sequence and gene annotation can be browsed through the ORCAE system.