Party and play

The practice is nicknamed "party 'n' play" ("PNP" or "PnP") by some participants. Others refer to it as "High 'n' Horny" ("HnH"). One academic study calls the practice "sexualized drug use" or SDU.[6]

The term PnP is commonly used by gay men[1] and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in North America, while the term chemsex is more associated with the gay scene in Europe.[7]

A selection of poppers

Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent aphrodisiac, euphoriant, and stimulant.[8] It has been further described that "an entire subculture known as party and play is based around methamphetamine use."[8] Gay men belonging to this subculture will typically meet up through internet dating sites to have sex.[8] On such sites, men often include notations such as "chems" or "PNP".[8] Since stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine drastically delay the need for sleep, increase sexual arousal, and tend to inhibit ejaculation, PNP sexual encounters can continue for many hours.[8]

Methamphetamine taken in excess of amounts prescribed or recommended will prolong symptoms of intoxication for up to eight hours.[9] In some cases, these sexual encounters will sometimes occur continuously for several days along with repeated methamphetamine use.[8] Methamphetamine is used to create euphoria, "heighten sexual appetite", and increase sexual stamina.[10] The crash following the use of methamphetamine in this manner is very often severe, with marked hypersomnia.[8]

Ketamine is very different from the main chemsex drugs, as it is a dissociative hallucinogen that distorts perceptions and creates a sense of detachment. Ketamine is used in chemsex encounters to "improve the experience of receptive anal intercourse or fisting".[10]

A study of sauna participants in Barcelona, Spain, in 2016, found that the most commonly used drugs in chemsex are "GHB/GBL, cocaine, ecstasy, silver bars (MDMA), poppers and Viagra".[11]

A 2014 study on chemsex in London, UK, indicated that the drugs associated with chemsex include mephedrone, GHB/GBL, crystal meth, ketamine, and cocaine.[10]

Internet posts by men seeking PNP experiences often resort to slang to identify what drug they are partying with.[12][13] These drugs tend to inhibit penile erection,[8][9] a phenomenon known by the slang term crystal penis or tweaker dick. Consequently, many men who engage in PNP use erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil.[14]

For some PNP participants, substance use may facilitate a process of "cognitive disengagement" from the fears and stipulations associated with sex in the time of HIV/AIDS. Popular discourses of "disinhibition" provide a commonly accepted alibi for activities engaged in when under the influence of stimulants.[14]

The same drug-induced loss of inhibitions makes PNP enthusiasts more vulnerable to more immediate threats, such as robbery, date rape, or assault, or murder, by someone whom they meet for sex.[15] Men in the chemsex scene have stated that sexual consent is not clearly defined and there can be a perception that anyone at a "party and play" get-together is assumed to consent.[16]

The term party and play - and pay has emerged as a warning that partying and playing may result in neurological damage[17], and leads to bareback sex which increases the chances of contracting HIV, and of resistance to HIV drugs.[12]

The use of crystal methamphetamine and/or mephedrone for chemsex is associated with "high-risk sexual behaviour...with little regard to consequences, poor ARV adherence for HIV, poor use of condoms, extended episodes of (often traumatic) sexual pursuits (e.g. fisting) typically lasting two to three days, [and] multiple sexual partners. Men who have sex with men in the chemsex scene who inject drugs tend to use "clumsy injecting practices and knowledge", which increases the risks of injection problems. As well, since most chemsex takes place in private home parties, it is hard for public health staff to reach these participants to inform them of safer practices, as compared to reaching gay men in nightclubs, who can be approached by outreach workers.[18]

Methamphetamine suppresses autonomic response and can cause sores and abrasions in the mouth. Open wounds or damaged mucous membranes can turn typically low-HIV-risk sex acts such as oral sex into much-higher-risk sexual activity[19] unless all HIV-positive participants are undetectable on HAART, or all HIV-negative participants are taking TRUVADA for PrEP in strict accordance with prescription instructions.

Men who PNP with methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, and ketamine are twice as likely to have unprotected sex (meaning sex without using a condom), according to British research from 2006. The study also found that up to 20% of gay men from central London gyms had tried methamphetamine, the drug most associated with PNPing.[20]

Party and play has been associated with the sauna and bathhouse scene. Pictured is the Club Z bathhouse in Seattle.

Subcultures of psychoactive drug use have long existed within urban gay communities, since the disco era and before. These substances have been used for dancing, socializing, communal celebration and other purposes.[21] The rise of online websites and hookup apps in the 1990s gave men new ways of cruising and meeting sexual partners, including the ability to arrange private sexual gatherings in their homes.[22]

From the early 2000s, historic venues of gay socialization such as bars, clubs, and dance events reduced in number in response to a range of factors, including gentrification, zoning laws, licensing restrictions, and the increased number of closeted or under the influence sexually labile men, and the increasing popularity of digital technologies for sexual and social purposes.[23]

In this context, PNP emerged as an alternative form of sexualized partying that enabled participants to avoid the public scrutiny and potentially judgmental and anxiety provoking nature of the "public space". Newly popular drugs such as methamphetamine and GHB/GBL replaced dance drugs such as ecstasy within this context.

While PNP sessions tend to be organized around sex, there is some evidence that they can serve a range of social purposes for their participants, including the opportunity to meet other gay men, become friends, and engage in erotic play and experimentation. In some instances, PNP sessions play a part in the formation of loose social networks that are valued and relied upon by participants.[22] For other men, increasing reliance on hookup apps and websites to arrange sex may result in a sense of isolation that may exacerbate the risk of drug dependence, especially in the context of a lack of other venues for gay socializing and sexual community-formation.[23]

A 2014 study found that one of the key reasons for taking drugs before and during sex was to boost sexual confidence and reduce feelings of self-doubt, regarding feelings of "internalised homophobia" from society, concerns about an HIV diagnosis, or "guilt related to having or desiring gay sex. A key self-confidence issue for study participants was "body image", a concern that was heightened by the focus on social networking apps on appearance, because on these apps, there is a focus on idealized male bodies that are "toned and muscular". Men were also anxious about their sexual performance, and as such, taking drugs can reduce these anxieties and enable them to enjoy sex more[10][24].

It has been observed that reliable data and relevant research are generally lacking and this situation is generating a climate of moral panic. In an article published by The Guardian, it has been argued that an exaggerated reporting might give the public a distorted impression of the magnitude of this phenomenon – and that can only increase the level of collective anxiety.[25]

• DANCE OF DEATH, First of three parts, CRYSTAL METH FUELS HIV Christopher Heredia, May 4, 2003, SF Gate
• "Chemsex study: exploring sex and drugs among gay men in south London | Sigma Research". sigmaresearch.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
• "Frederick, Brian Jay (2016) Exploring the (Sub)Cultural Dynamics of Gay, Bisexual and Queer Male Drug Use in Cyberspace. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent, University of Hamburg".
• "Frederick, B.J. (2012). Partying with a purpose: Finding meaning in an online "party 'n' play" subculture [Masters thesis]. California State University, Long Beach". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
• "The Internet and Drug Markets -Study" (PDF). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
• "Duwe, Justin (2018) The Truth About Chemsex: Understanding and Overcoming Chemsex Addiction".

• Thanki, D. & Frederick, B. (2016). 'Social media and drug markets', The internet and drug markets (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: Insights 21), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.