Health care in Poland

Health care in Poland is free and is delivered through a publicly funded health care system called the Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia, which is free for all the citizens of Poland provided they fall into the "insured" category (usually meaning that they have their health insurance paid for by their employer, or are the spouse or child of an insured person). According to Article 68 of the Polish Constitution everyone has a right to have access to health care. Citizens are granted equal access to the publicly funded healthcare system. In particular, the government is obliged to provide free health care to young children, pregnant women, disabled people and to the elderly.[1] However, private healthcare use is very extensive in Poland. Patients who are uninsured have to pay the full cost of medical services. According to a study conducted by CBOS in 2016, out of 84% patients taking part in survey, 40% declared use of both private and public health services, 37% use only public health care and 7% use only private health services. 77% of all responders declared using private health care is caused by long waiting for public health care services.[2]

Inflancka Street Hospital in Warsaw, Poland, 2015

Financing and health expenses

The main financing source is health insurance in the National Health Fund. Citizens are obligated to pay insurance fee (redistributed tax) which is 9% deducted from personal income (7,75% is deducted from the tax, 1,25% covered by insured goes directly to the National Health Fund). National budget covers around 5% of all health care expenses. Since 2007 emergency rescue services are financed in total from national budged. Total health expenses in Poland are covered in 70% by health insurience in the National Health Fund, where the remaining 30% comes from private healthcare [3]

Structure

The management of the public health system is divided between the Minister of Health and three levels of territorial self-government. It has been suggested that this delays response to problems.[4]

The structure of the health system in Poland is regulated by these laws:[5][6][7]

Legislation Act no
The Act on Medical Activity (pol. Ustawa o działalności leczniczej) Dz.U. z 2018 r. poz. 160
The Act on Public Founding of Health Care Services (pol.Ustawa o świadczeniach opieki zdrowotnej finansowanych ze środków publicznych) Dz.U. z 2018 r. poz. 1510
The Act on Patients Rights and Patients Ombudsman (pol. Ustawa o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta) Dz.U. z 2017 r. poz. 1318

The Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia is the National Health Fund of Poland.

Health service providers
  • Health care units functioning as economic operators
  • Self-sufficient public health care units: research institutes, foundations, associations and church.
  • Private health care: medical, nursing, birth attendant, dentistry
  • Drug stores

Primary care

The basis of health care system is the primary care physician, who is most commonly a specialist in family health. They are responsible for conducting treatment and taking preventive actions for assigned patients. If sickness requires the intervention of a specialist, the first contact doctor issues referral to hospital or other health care unit. Primary care surgeries are open from Monday to Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. At other times the Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia has contracts with 24 hour medical service units. Addresses and telephone numbers of units providing 24 hour-medical service are available in primary healthcare surgeries. Referral is not needed for oncology, gynecology, psychiatry, dentistry or sexually transmitted diseases. Not all dental treatment is covered by the health insurance scheme.[8]

Control and supervising institutions
  • National Sanitary Inspection (pol. sanepid)
  • National Pharmacological Inspection
  • Patients Ombudsman
  • Voivodeship centres of public health
  • Ministry of Health responsible for creating and executing national health programs, control and supervision on general health situation

Access to health services

According to The Act 240 dated 27.08.2004 about Health Care Public Founding, access to health care services can be provided if patient is able to confirm having health insurance by presenting a document such as an Insurance card, an Insurance card for employee family members or a Pensionary card [9]

Referral is required to get access to:

  • hospital treatment
  • recovery treatment
  • rehabilitation
  • chronic disease care

Referral is not required for patients:

  • suffering from tuberculosis
  • infected with HIV
  • combatants, war invalids and repression victims
  • blind civilians if they are victims of war
  • privileged soldiers, veterans in case of treatment of injuries and infections during fulfilling duties outside country borders
  • drugs and alcohol addicted
  • taking medical examination for organ donation

Emergency medical services
Ambulance in Poland
Main article: Emergency medical services in Poland

Emergency Medical Services (Polish: Ratownictwo Medyczne, RM) in Poland are a service of public, pre-hospital emergency healthcare, including ambulance service, provided by the individual Polish cities and counties. These services are typically provided by the local, publicly operated hospital, and are generally funded by the government of Poland. In a number of cases, the hospitals contract these services to private operators. In addition to publicly funded services, there are a variety of private-for-profit ambulance services operating independently.

Problems in health system in Poland

The health care system in Poland has had problems for many years. According to the Euro health consumer index 2016, Poland was on 31st place out of 35.[10] The main problems listed in Health Consumer Index 2016 are:

  • difficult access to specialist physician (especially to hospital treatment) and long time of waiting for health services: planned, serious surgery: more than 90 days, cancer treatment: more than 21 days, tomography: more than 7 days
  • bad results in cancer treatment - no access to modern medicines and high level of mortality
  • digital structure of health information: difficulties with electronic prescriptions and referrals, no access to examination results or list of authorised physicians

References
  1. "PolishConstitution". Polish Parliament. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  2. https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2016/K_112_16.PDF
  3. http://www.sdgs.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/sytuacja-zdrowotna-ludnosci-w-polsce-2016-s.pdf
  4. "Poland HiT (2019)". European Observatory. 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  5. http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180000160
  6. http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180001510
  7. http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20170001318
  8. "General information concerning access to health care during a temporary stay in Poland". NFZ. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  9. http://www.nfz.gov.pl/dla-pacjenta/ubezpieczenia-w-nfz/
  10. https://piu.org.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Europejski-Konsumencki-Indeks-Zdrowia-2016.pdf
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