Marine toxins and envenomations

Types

Marine toxins and envenomations

• Toxins
  • Scombroid
  • Ciguatera
  • Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
  • Paralytic shellfish poisoning
  • Tetrodotoxin (e.g. pufferfish)
• Stingers
  • Stingray injury
• Venomous fish (catfish, zebrafish, scorpion fish, stonefish)
  • Lionfish
  • Sea urchins
  • Cone shells
• Nematocysts
  • Jellyfish (Cnidaria)
    • Box jellyfish
  • Portuguese man-of-war
  • Coral reef
  • Fire Corals
  • Sea anemones
  • Sea wasps
• Bites
  • Octopus

Common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca)

Differential Diagnosis

Water-related injuries

• Immersion pulmonary edema
• Submersion injury (drowning and near-drowning)
• Scuba diving emergencies
• Lightning injuries
• Hypothermia
• Marine toxins and envenomations
• Spinal cord trauma

Envenomations, bites and stings

• Mammalian bites
  • Closed fist infection (Fight bite)
• Hymenoptera stings (bees, wasps, ants)
• Spider bites
  • Brown recluse
  • Black widow
  • Tarantula
• Scorpion envenomation
• Marine toxins and envenomations
• Snake bites
  • Crotaline (Pit Vipers)
  • Elapidae (Coral Snakes)

Management

• See specific injury type for management

See Also

• Envenomations, bites and stings
• Water-related injuries

References

Authors

Daniel Ostermayer, Ross Donaldson, Michael Holtz, Justin Arndt, Neil Young