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Difference between revisions of "Phenytoin toxicity"
From WikEM
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==Clinical Features== | ==Clinical Features== | ||
| − | |||
*CV (only with IV form) | *CV (only with IV form) | ||
**Bradycardia | **Bradycardia | ||
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**[[Nausea and vomiting]] | **[[Nausea and vomiting]] | ||
*Skin | *Skin | ||
| − | **tissue infiltration (IV) → " | + | **tissue infiltration (IV) → "[[Purple glove syndrome]]" |
**edema, pain, ischemia, tissue necrosis, compartment syndrome | **edema, pain, ischemia, tissue necrosis, compartment syndrome | ||
*Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome | *Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome | ||
| Line 27: | Line 26: | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
| + | |||
==Evaluation== | ==Evaluation== | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
**POC glucose, rule out hypoglycemia as cause of AMS | **POC glucose, rule out hypoglycemia as cause of AMS | ||
**[[Acetaminophen]] and [[salicylate toxicity|salicylate]] levels, rule out common coingestion | **[[Acetaminophen]] and [[salicylate toxicity|salicylate]] levels, rule out common coingestion | ||
| − | ** Urine pregnancy test | + | **Urine pregnancy test |
==Management== | ==Management== | ||
| − | *Supportive care | + | *Supportive care is mainstay of treatment |
| − | + | *If intubation needed, standard RSI meds ok, avoid lidocaine (same antidysrhythmic properties as phenytoin) | |
| − | + | *If symptomatic bradydysrhythmia: | |
| − | + | **[[ACLS: Bradycardia]], Atropine, epinephrine, dopamine are first line | |
| − | + | **May consider [[transcutaneous pacing|transcutaneous]] or [[transvenous pacing]] | |
| − | + | *Hypotension | |
| − | + | **IVF bolus | |
*Detoxification | *Detoxification | ||
**[[Activated charcoal]] PO | **[[Activated charcoal]] PO | ||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| + | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Toxicology]] | [[Category:Toxicology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:18, 10 May 2017
Contents
Background
- Mortality is extremely rare after intentional overdose if good supportive care is provided
- Rapid IV dosing carries greatest risk (due to propylene glycol constituent of IV form → myocardia depression & cardiac arrest)
- 90% protein bound; dialysis ineffective
Clinical Features
- CV (only with IV form)
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Vfib
- Asystole
- Neuro
- Nystagmus
- First only with forced lateral gaze; later becomes spontaneous
- May disappear at higher levels
- Ataxia
- Decreased LOC
- Nystagmus
- GI
- Skin
- tissue infiltration (IV) → "Purple glove syndrome"
- edema, pain, ischemia, tissue necrosis, compartment syndrome
- Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome
- Fever, eosinophilia, rash, pseudolymphoma, SLE, pancytopenia, hepatitis, pneumonitis, pharyngitis, rhabdomyolysis
- Mortality rate of 10%
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Toxicity symptoms by phenytoin level^
| Level | Sypmtoms |
| >10 | Usually no symptoms |
| 10-20 | Occasional mild nystagmus |
| 20-30 | Nystagmus |
| 30-40 | Ataxia, slurred speech, Nausea/vomiting |
| 40-50 | Lethargy, confusion |
| >50 | Coma, seizure (rare) |
^Provides a rough guide only; neither sensitive nor specific
- Correct for albumin level
- Free phenytoin concentration determines toxicity
- Hypoalbuminemia results in higher free phenytoin concentration
- Other laboratory testing
- LFTs, hepatic dysfunction increases risk of phenytoin toxicity
- CBC, frequently show eosinophilia or marked leukocytosis
- Total CK
- ECG, may see arrhythmias, AV block, or sinus arrest with junctional or ventricular escape
- POC glucose, rule out hypoglycemia as cause of AMS
- Acetaminophen and salicylate levels, rule out common coingestion
- Urine pregnancy test
Management
- Supportive care is mainstay of treatment
- If intubation needed, standard RSI meds ok, avoid lidocaine (same antidysrhythmic properties as phenytoin)
- If symptomatic bradydysrhythmia:
- ACLS: Bradycardia, Atropine, epinephrine, dopamine are first line
- May consider transcutaneous or transvenous pacing
- Hypotension
- IVF bolus
- Detoxification
- Activated charcoal PO
- Gastric lavage and whole bowel irrigation are NOT recommended
Disposition
- Cannot base on phenytoin level (erratic absorption after PO overdose)
- Consider discharge if patient has only mild symptoms and serial phenytoin levels decline
