Journal Articles About Sodium for Health Professionals
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Around Sodium
- Fang J, Cogswell ME, Park S, Jackson SL, Odom EC. Sodium intake behavior among US adults 2013–26 states, DC, and Puerto Rico, 2013. MMWR 2015; 64(25):695-698.
- Jackson, SL, Coleman-King S, Park S, Fang J, Odom E, Cogswell ME. Health professional advice and adult action to reduce sodium intake, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50(1):30-39. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.034.
- John K, Cogswell ME, Zhao L, Maalouf J, Gunn J, Merritt, R. US Consumer Attitudes Toward Sodium in Baby and Toddler Foods. Appetite. 2016;171-175.
- John KA, Cogswell ME, Zhao L, Tong X, Odom EC, Ayala C, Merritt R. Change in US adult consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to sodium. Am J Health Promot. 2016.
- Levings J, Maalouf J, Tong X, Cogswell ME. Reported use and perceived understanding of sodium information on US nutrition labels. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12:E48. doi:10.5888/pcd12.140522.
- Patel D, Cogswell ME, John K, Creel S, Ayala C. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to sodium intake and reduction among adult consumers in the United States. Am J Health Promot 2017:31(1): 68-75. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.150102-QUAN-650.
- Patel S, Gunn J, Merlo C, Tong X, Cogswell M. Consumer Support for Policies to Reduce the Sodium Content in School Cafeterias. Journal of Child Nutrition and Management 2014;38(1).
- Patel S, Gunn JP, Tong X, Cogswell ME. Consumer sentiment toward government actions related to reducing sodium in processed and restaurant foods: ConsumerStyles 2010. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46:516–24.
- Quader Z, Cogswell M, Coleman-King S, Fang J, Merritt R. Changes in primary healthcare providers’ attitudes and counseling behaviors related to dietary sodium reduction, DocStyles 2010 and 2015. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(5): e0177693.
Sodium Content of Foods
- Ahuja JK, Pehrsson PR, Cogswell ME. A comparison of concentrations of sodium and related nutrients (potassium, total dietary fiber, total and saturated fat, and total sugar) in private-label and national brands of popular sodium-contributing, commercially packaged foods in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:39-47.e5. Online 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.010
- Ahuja JK, Pehrsson PR, Haytowitz DB, Wasswa-Kintu S, Nickle M, Showell B, Thomas R, Roseland J, Williams J, Khan M, Nguyen Q, Hoy K, Martin C, Rhodes D, Moshfegh A, Gillespie C, Gunn J, Merritt R, Cogswell ME. Sodium monitoring in commercially processed and restaurant foods. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101(3):622-631. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084954.
- Ahuja JKC, Wasswa-Kintua S, Haytowitz DB, Daniela M, Thomas R, Showell B, Nickle M, Roseland JM, Pehrsson PR, Gunn J, Cogswell M, Pehrsson PR. Sodium Content of Popular Commercially Processed and Restaurant Foods in the United States. Prev Med Reports 2015; 2:962-967. doi.10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.11.003.
- Gillespie C, Maalouf J, Yuan K, Cogswell M, Gunn J, Levings J, Moshfegh A, Ahuja JK, Merritt R. Sodium content of US packaged foods, 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101(2):344-353. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.078980.
- Greer S. Schieb L. Schwartz G. Onufrak S, Park S. Association of the neighborhood retail food environment with sodium and potassium intake among US adults. PCD 2014;11:130340.
- Jackson SL, VanFrank BK, Lundeen E, Uncangco A, Alam L, Coleman-King S, Cogswell ME. Sodium in store and restaurant food environments – Guam, 2015. MMWR 2016; 65(20):519-513.
- John K, Maalouf J, Barsness CB, Yuan K, Cogswell ME, Gunn JP. Do lower calorie or lower fat foods have more sodium than their regular counterparts? Nutrients. 2016; 8(511):1-11. doi:10.3390/nu8080511.
- Maalouf J, Cogswell ME, Gunn JP, Curtis CJ, Rhodes D, Hoy K, et al. Monitoring the sodium content of restaurant foods: public health challenges and opportunities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(9):e21–30.
- Lee A, Schieb L, Yuan K, Maalouf J, Gillespie C, Cogswell ME. Sodium content of packaged foods by census division in the United States, 2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015; 12:E43. doi: 10.5888/pcd12.140500.
- Maalouf J, Cogswell ME, Bates M, Yuan K, Scanlon KS, Pehrsson P, Gunn JP, Merritt RK. Sodium, sugar and fat content of complementary infant and toddler foods sold in the United States, 2015. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 105(6): 1443-1452. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.142653.
Sodium Reduction Efforts
- Public health interventions to reduce sodium intake. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2014;20(suppl 1):S1–S58. Includes articles from the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program sites and CDC.
- Angell SY, Levings JL, Neiman A, Asma S, Merritt R. “How Policymakers Can Advance Cardiovascular Health.” Scientific American June 2014:24–29.
- Cogswell ME, Mugavero K, Bowman, BA, Frieden TR. Dietary Sodium and Cardiovascular Disease Risk – Measurement Matters. New England Journal of Medicine 2016; DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb1607161.
- Cogswell ME, Patel SM, Yuan K, Gillespie C, Juan W-Y, Curtis CJ, Vigneault M, Clapp J, Roach P, Moshfegh A, Ahuja J, Pehrsson P, Brookmire L, Merritt R. Modeled changes in U.S. sodium intake from reducing sodium concentrations of commercially-processed and prepared foods to meet voluntary standards established in North America: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. In Press.
- Coxson PG, Cook NR, Joffres N, Hong Y, Orenstein D, Schmidt SM, et al. Mortality benefits from population-wide reductions in sodium consumption: projections from three modeling approaches. Hypertension. 2013:61;564–70.
- Gunn JP, Barron JL, Bowman BA, Merritt RK, Cogswell ME, Angell SY, et al. Sodium reduction is a public health priority: reflections on the Institute of Medicine’s report, Sodium Intake in Populations: Assessment of Evidence. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26;1178–80.
- Kane H, Strazza K, Losby JL, Mugavero K, Lane R,; Anater AS, Frost C,; Margolis M, Hersey J. Lessons Learned from Community-Based Approaches to Sodium Reduction. Amer J Health Promotion February 2014.
- Levings JL, Gunn JP. From menu to mouth: opportunities for sodium reduction in restaurants. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:130237.
- Levings JL, Gunn JP. Sodium and Potassium Intake: Implications for Dietetic Practice. JAND 2014; 114(6):838–841.
- Levings J, Cogswell M, Curtis C, Gunn J, Neiman A, Angell S. Progress toward sodium reduction in the United States. Pan American Journal of Public Health 2012; 32(4).
- Mugavero K, Losby J, Gunn J, Levings J, Lane R. Reducing Sodium Intake at the Community Level: The Sodium Reduction in Communities Program. Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:120081.
- Wang G, Bowman BA. Recent economic evaluations of interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing sodium intake. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15:349.
Studies of Sodium Intake
- Allen NB, Zhao L, Loria C, Van Horn L, Wang C-Y, Pfeiffer CM, Cogswell M, Wright J, Liu K. The Validity of predictive equations to estimate 24-hour sodium excretion: the MESA and CARDIA Urinary Sodium Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2017; 1-11. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx056
- Cogswell ME, Maalouf J, Elliott P, Loria C, Patel SM, Bowman BA. Use of urine biomarkers to assess sodium intake – Challenges and opportunities. Annu Rev Nutr 2015; 35:349-387. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034322.
- Cogswell ME, Wang CE, Chen TC, Pfeiffer C, Elliott P, Gillespie C, Swanson C, Perrine C, Carriquiry A, Sempos C, Liu K, Loria C. Validity of predictive equations for 24-hour urine sodium excretion in adults aged 18-39 years. AJCN 2013; 10.3945/ajcn.113.059436 [E pub ahead of print].
- Harnack LJ, Cogswell ME, Shikany JM, Gardner CD, Gillespie C, Loria CM, Zhou X, Yuan K, Steffen LM. Sources of sodium in US adults form three geographic regions. Circulation 2017;135:1775-1783. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx056.1784.
- Jackson SL, Coleman-King S, Zhao L, Cogswell ME. Prevalence of excess sodium intake in the United States – NHANES, 2009-2012. MMWR 2016; 64(52):1393-1397.
- Maalouf J, Cogswell ME, Yuan K, Martin C, Gunn JP, Pehrsson P, Merritt R, Bowman B. Top Sources of Dietary Sodium from Birth to 24 months, United States, 2003-2010. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101(5):1021-1028. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.099770.
- Pfeiffer CM, Hughes JP, Cogswell ME, Burt VL, Lacher DA, LaVoie DJ, Rabinowitz DJ, Johnson CL, Pirkle JL. Urine Sodium Excretion Increased Slightly Among U.S. Adults between 1988 and 2010. J Nutr 2014;144(5):698-705.
- Quader ZS, Gillespie C, Sliwa SA, Mugavero K, Gunn JP, Ahuja JKC, Pehrsson PR, Moshfegh A, Burdg JP, Cogswell ME. Sodium Intake among U.S. School-Aged Children: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017; 117(1):39-47. Online 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.010
- Quader ZS, Zhao L, Gillespie C, Cogswell ME, Terry AL, Moshfegh A, Rhodes D. Sodium Intake Among Persons Aged ≥2 Years — United States, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:324–238. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6612a3
- Quader ZS, Patel S, Gillespie C, Cogswell ME, Gunn JP, Perrine CG, Mattes RD, Moshfegh A. Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health Examination Survey 2003-2012. Pub Health Nutr. 2016; 19(12):2195-2203. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016000392.
- Terry AL, Cogswell ME, Wang CY, Chen TC, Loria CM, Wright JD, Zhang X, Lacher DA, Merritt RK, Bowman B. Feasibility of collecting 24-hour urine to monitor sodium intake in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104(2):480-488. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.121954.
- Tian N, Zhang Z, Loustalot F, Yang Q, Cogswell ME. Sodium and potassium intake among infants and preschool children, United States, 2003–2010. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:1113–22.
- Wang C-Y, Carriquiry AL, Chen T-C, Loria CM, Pfeiffer CM, Liu K, Sempos CT, Perrine CG, Cogswell ME. Estimating the population distribution of usual 24-hour sodium excretion from timed urine void specimens using a statistical approach accounting for measurement errors. J Nutr 2015; 145(5):1017-1024. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.206250.
- Wang C-Y, Cogswell ME, Loria CM, Chen T-C, Pfeiffer CM, Swanson CA, Caldwell KL, et al. Urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride, but not iodine, varies by timing of collection in a 24-hour calibration study. J Nutr 2013; [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.3945/jn.113.175927.
- Yang Q, Zhang Z, Kuklina EV, Fang J, Ayala C, Hong Y, et al. Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, by weight status. Pediatrics. 2012;130:611–9.
- Zhang Z, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Fang J, Loustalot F, Dai S, et al. Association between usual sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure and hypertension among U.S. adults: NHANES 2005–2010. PLoS ONE. 2013;10:e75289.
Health professionals can find additional information about sodium reduction in peer-reviewed journal articles authored by CDC researchers.
- Page last reviewed: June 29, 2017
- Page last updated: June 29, 2017
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