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INFLUENZA (FLU) IN THE WORKPLACE
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NIOSH Activities: 2009 H1N1 Influenza-related Health Hazard Evaluations
The 2009-2010 influenza season saw the emergence of the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus (sometimes referred to as "2009 H1N1", "pH1N1", or "novel H1N1" in the following NIOSH reports). This virus caused the first influenza pandemic (global outbreak of disease caused by a new flu virus) in more than 40 years. During this period NIOSH conducted several health hazard evaluations. These reports helped identify ways of reducing risks to workers during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic. Their applicability to workplaces during the current influenza season may vary.
Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Influenza Vaccination Among Employees in a School District; NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 2013-0064-3191; August 2013; Revised January 2014 expanded
General Description: The HHE Program examined influenza (flu) vaccination coverage and attitudes and beliefs about vaccination among school district employees. Investigators surveyed 412 of 841 school district employees. Of the respondents, 58% reported getting the flu vaccine for the 2012-2013 season. Most employees reported getting the vaccine at the central school district office. Investigators found that employees who had positive attitudes and perceptions about the flu vaccine and those who had received the flu vaccine the year before were more likely to have been vaccinated. The most common reasons for not getting the flu vaccine were beliefs that employees did not need the vaccine, that the vaccine did not work, and that the employees did not have time to get vaccinated. A total of 120 responding employees reported influenza-like illness symptoms between August 2012 and March 2013. Of these, 92 reported working while feeling sick. The two most common main reasons cited for working while sick were “I have a professional obligation to my students” and “I did not think I was contagious or could make other people sick”. HHE Program investigators recommended that the employer work with local vaccine providers to offer the flu vaccine to employees at each of the schools. The employer was encouraged to educate employees about the flu and the flu vaccine, emphasizing employees’ risk of infection, vaccine effectiveness, and vaccine safety. Employees were encouraged to get the flu vaccine, stay informed, and get information about the flu and the flu vaccine from reliable sources. Investigators recommended that employees not go to work when ill with flu-like symptoms, which include fever, cough, and sore throat.
Status: Influenza vaccination coverage among school employees: assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors; de Perio-MA; Wiegand-DM; Brueck-SE; J Sch Health 2014 Sep; 84(9): 586-592, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25117893
Status: This NIOSH HHE final report was published in January 2014. A complete copy of the final report may be obtained at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs
Point of Contact: CDC-INFO
NIOSH Investigation of 3M Model 8000 Filtering Facepiece Respirators as Requested by the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Division of Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation 2010-0044-3109; May 2010 collapsed
General Description: NIOSH provided technical assistance to the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The concern that prompted this evaluation was if there were any defects in the N95 NIOSH certified respirators obtained from the California Department of Public Health respirator stockpile. The concern arose following the identification of N95 respiratory fit testing failures for 60-100% of the healthcare workers fit tested by a large healthcare organization. NIOSH did not include efforts to evaluate the California healthcare organization’s fit testing program or to conduct additional fit testing on the actual healthcare workers who failed the California fit tests.
Relevance to worker safety and health: The purpose of this evaluation was to determine if the fit test pass rate reported by a California healthcare organization’s facilities was due to defects. The evaluation aimed to determine if this resulted in non-compliance with the NIOSH requirements for air filtration and airflow (breathing) resistance. The performance tests and review of manufacturing quality assurance records and inspections revealed compliance with applicable approval requirements for the N95 respirators. The evaluation did not identify a need for any further actions. A description of the five-part assessment and the complete findings are presented in the final report available below.
Status: This NIOSH HHE final report was published in May 2010. A complete copy of the final report may be obtained at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2010-0044-3109.pdfPoint of Contact: CDC-INFO
Review of Employer Program to Reduce Occupational Exposure Risk to Novel Influenza A (H1N1) for Transportation Security Administration Employees (TSA): NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation 2009-0213; January 2010 collapsed
General Description: In August 2009, NIOSH received a request for assistance in classifying and managing the occupational exposure risk of transportation security employees to 2009 H1N1 influenza. The investigation consisted of a written program review and interviews with agency occupational safety and health management. The medium exposure risk category (i.e., employees with high-frequency contact with the general population) previously identified by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the selected PPE made available to the employees were determined to be appropriate. Actions taken by TSA for the medium risk category agreed with current Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) pandemic influenza guidance.
Relevance to Worker Safety and Health: This NIOSH HHE addressed the appropriateness of the risk category identified by the agency for its transportation security employees using the OSHA "Occupational Risk Pyramid for Pandemic Influenza" [OSHA 2009].
Status: This NIOSH HHE was closed in January 2010 with an informational letter
Link: Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic
Point of Contact: CDC-INFO
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Influenza Vaccination Among Employees at Child Care Centers — Ohio: NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation 2010-0025-3121: February 2011 collapsed
General Description: NIOSH provided technical assistance evaluating vaccination rates for seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza among workers at child care centers in an Ohio county. NIOSH also evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of these workers regarding influenza vaccination.
Relevance to worker safety and health: This NIOSH HHE concerned the extent to which child care workers were knowledgeable and capable of protecting themselves from seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza infections in the daycare setting. Measures that can be implemented to correct identified problems are listed in the final report of the evaluation.
Status: This NIOSH HHE final report was published in February 2011. A complete copy of the final report may be obtained at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2010-0025-3121.pdf
A peer-reviewed journal article from this evaluation is available: Low influenza vaccination rates among child care workers in the United States: assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. J Community Health 2012 Apr; 37(2):272-281.
Point of Contact: CDC-INFO
Environmental Assessment for the Presence of Influenza Viruses (2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1 and Seasonal) in Dental Offices–Ohio: NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation 2010-0019 & 2010-0021-3120; January 2011 collapsed
General Description: NIOSH received requests for health hazard evaluations at two separate dental offices in a metropolitan area of Ohio. Management at each dental office was concerned about transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus to dental staff. Both offices wanted to participate in a workplace exposure assessment of influenza virus transmission.
Relevance to worker safety and health: This NIOSH HHE represented an opportunity to characterize the exposure of dental staff to 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Dental staff may be at increased risk of exposure to influenza virus through their close work with the public.
Status: Field work for this HHE is complete. This NIOSH HHE final report was published in January 2011. A complete copy of the final report may be obtained at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2010-0019-0021-3120.pdfPoint of Contact: CDC-INFO
NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) Program Technical Assistance Response Concerning an Attendance Policy Instituted for Hospital Employees: NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation 2010-0003; December 2009 collapsed
General Description: NIOSH received a request from employees of a hospital in Alaska concerning an attendance policy instituted in November 2008. The employees believed that the leave policy encouraged employees to come to work when they were ill and remain at work when they were experiencing symptoms. They were specifically concerned about the employee leave policy conflicting with CDC guidelines concerning 2009 H1N1 influenza and sick leave [http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/business/guidance/ Note: This website is now an archival page, no longer maintained. Reader is referred to: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/].
Relevance to Worker Safety and Health: To reduce the likelihood that employees avoid bringing illness into the workplace and are able to attend appropriately to their illness, employers should establish non-punitive workplace policies regarding reporting of illness and sick leave.
Status: This NIOSH HHE was closed with an informational letter.
Point of Contact: CDC-INFO
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- Page last reviewed: November 24, 2015
- Page last updated: January 5, 2017
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office of the Director