Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.
Appendix A
Summary of ACIP Recommendations for Prevention of
Pertussis, Tetanus and Diphtheria Among Pregnant and Postpartum
Women and Their Infants
Use of Td or Tdap in Women Who Have Not Received Tdap Previously
Routine postpartum Tdap. Pregnant women (including women who are breastfeeding) who have not received a dose
of Tdap previously should receive Tdap after delivery
and before discharge from the hospital or birthing center if 2 years
or more have elapsed since the most recent administration of Td; shorter intervals may be used (see Special Situations).
If Tdap cannot be administered before discharge, it should be administered as soon as feasible thereafter. The dose of
Tdap substitutes for the next decennial dose of Td.
Simultaneous administration. Tdap should be administered with other vaccines that are indicated. Each vaccine
should be administered using a separate syringe at a different anatomic site.
Contraindications to Administration of Td and Tdap
The following conditions are contraindications to administration of Td and Tdap:
a history of serious allergic reaction (i.e., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine, or
for Tdap (but not Td), a history of encephalopathy (e.g., coma or prolonged seizures) not attributable to an
identifiable cause within 7 days of administration of a vaccine with pertussis components.
Precautions and Reasons to Defer Administration of Td or Tdap
The following conditions are reasons to defer administration of Td or Tdap:
Guillain-Barré syndrome with onset 6 weeks or less after a previous dose of tetanus toxoid--containing vaccine;
moderate or severe acute illness;
a history of an Arthus reaction to tetanus toxoid-- and/or diphtheria toxoid--containing vaccine less than 10
years previously;
for adults, unstable neurologic conditions (e.g., cerebrovascular events or acute encephalopathic conditions); or
for adolescents, any progressive neurologic disorder,
including progressive encephalopathy or uncontrolled epilepsy
(until the condition has stabilized).
Special Situations
Deferring Td During Pregnancy to Substitute Tdap in the Immediate Postpartum Period
ACIP recommends administration of Td for booster vaccination during pregnancy if 10 years or more have elapsed since
a previous Td booster. To add protection against pertussis, health-care providers may defer the Td vaccination during
pregnancy and substitute Tdap as soon as feasible after delivery if the woman is likely to have sufficient tetanus and diphtheria
protection until delivery. Sufficient tetanus protection is likely if:
a pregnant woman aged <31 years has received a complete childhood series of immunization (4--5 doses of pediatric
DTP, DTaP, and/or DT) and >1 Td booster dose during adolescence or as an adult (a primary series consisting of 3 doses of
Td (or TT) administered during adolescence or as an adult substitutes for the childhood series of immunization),*
a pregnant woman aged >31 years has received a complete childhood series of immunization (4--5 doses of pediatric
DTP, DTaP, and/or DT) and >2 Td booster doses,
a primary series consisting of 3 doses of Td (or TT) was administered during adolescence or as an adult substitute for
the childhood series of immunization,* or
a pregnant woman has a protective level of serum tetanus antitoxin
(>0.1 IU/mL by ELISA).
A woman should receive Td during pregnancy if she
does not have sufficient tetanus immunity to protect against maternal and neonatal tetanus, or
requires booster protection against diphtheria (e.g., for travel to an area in which diphtheria is
endemic).
Alternatively, health-care providers may choose to administer Tdap instead of Td during pregnancy (see Considerations
for Use of Tdap in Pregnant Women in Special Situations).
Postpartum Tdap When <2 Years Have Elapsed Since the Most Recent Dose of Td
Health-care providers should obtain a history of adverse reaction after previous doses of vaccines containing tetanus
and diphtheria toxoids. Limited information is available concerning the risk for local and systemic reactions after Tdap at
intervals of <2 years. Providers may choose to administer Tdap to these women postpartum for protection against pertussis
after excluding a history of moderate to severe adverse reactions following previous tetanus and
diphtheria-toxoids--containing vaccines.
Health-care providers should encourage vaccination of household and child care provider contacts of infants aged
<12 months. Women should be advised of the symptoms of pertussis and the effectiveness of early antimicrobial prophylaxis,
if pertussis is suspected.
Considerations for Use of Tdap in Pregnant Women in Special Situations
ACIP recommends that Td be administered when booster protection is indicated during pregnancy. Health-care
providers may choose to administer Tdap instead of Td during pregnancy to add protection against pertussis in situations when
Td cannot be delayed until delivery or when the risk for pertussis is increased. In such cases, the women should be informed
of the lack of data on safety, immunogenicity, and pregnancy outcomes for pregnant women who receive Tdap.
Whether administration of Tdap to pregnant women results in protection of the infant against pertussis through
transplacental maternal antibodies is unknown. Maternal antibodies might interfere with the infant's immune response to infant doses
of DTaP or conjugate vaccines containing tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid.
If Tdap is administered, the second or third trimester is
preferred unless protection is needed urgently. Providers
are encouraged to report Tdap administrations regardless of
trimester to the appropriate manufacturers'
pregnancy registry: for ADACEL,® to sanofi pasteur, telephone
1-800-822-2463 (1-800-VACCINE) and for
BOOSTRIX,® to GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, telephone 1-888-825-5249.
Tetanus Prophylaxis for Wound Management
ACIP recommends administration of a Td booster for wound management in pregnant women in certain situations if
>5 years have elapsed since the previous Td. Health-care providers may choose to administer Tdap instead of Td
during pregnancy to add protection against pertussis in these situations. In such cases, the women should be informed of the lack
of data on safety, immunogenicity, and pregnancy outcomes for pregnant women who receive Tdap (see Considerations for
Use of Tdap in Pregnant Women in Special Situations).
Pregnant Women with Unknown or Incomplete Vaccination
Pregnant women who have not received 3 doses of a vaccine containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids should complete
a series of three vaccinations, including 2 doses of Td during pregnancy, to ensure protection against maternal and
neonatal tetanus. The preferred schedule in pregnant women is 2 doses of Td separated by 4 weeks and 1 dose of Tdap administered
6 months after the second dose (postpartum). Health-care providers may choose to substitute a single dose of Tdap for a dose
of Td during pregnancy. In such cases, the women should be informed of the lack of data on safety, immunogenicity,
and pregnancy outcomes for pregnant women who receive Tdap (see Considerations for Use of Tdap in Pregnant Women
in Special Situations).
Reporting Adverse Events after Vaccination
All clinically significant adverse events should be reported to VAERS even if a causal relation to vaccination is
uncertain. VAERS reporting forms and information are available at
http://www.vaers.hhs.gov or by telephone,
1-800-822-7967. Providers are encouraged to report adverse events electronically at
https://secure.vaers.org/VaersDataEntryintro.htm.
* Women who have had a 3-dose series as TT instead of Td will likely have protection against tetanus but might not be protected against diphtheria.
A protective titer of diphtheria antitoxin is >0.1 IU/mL by ELISA.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.
All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from typeset documents.
This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version.
Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr)
and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.
An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371;
telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.
**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to
mmwrq@cdc.gov.
