Research and Studies

On this page you can find reports detailing how carbon monoxide can be produced by portable generators, motorboats, fires, and other emissions.

Power Outage Related

• Notes from the Field: Carbon Monoxide Exposures Reported to Poison Centers and Related to Hurricane Sandy – Northeastern United States, 2012. MMWR  2012; 61(44);905-905.
• Iqbal S, Clower JH, Hernandez SA, Damon SA, YipFY. A Review of Disaster-Related Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Opportunities for Prevention . American Journal of Public Health Epub ahead of print
• NIST Technical Note 1666: Modeling the Effects of Outdoor Gasoline Powered Generator Use on Indoor Carbon Monoxide Exposures – Phase II [PDF – 1M] . Wang, S. H.; Emmerich, S. J.; Powell, R; NIST Technical Note 1666; NIST TN 1666; 23 p. July 2010. A National Institute of Standards and Technology study determined that 15 feet is not an adequate distance for placement of portable generators to prevent carbon monoxide infiltration into a dwelling.
• Modeling the Effects of Outdoor Gasoline Powered Generator Use on Indoor Carbon Monoxide Exposures. Wang, S. H.; Emmerich, S. J.; NIST Technical Note 1637; NIST TN 1637; 23 p. August 2009.
• Lutterloh EC, Iqbal S, Clower JH, Spiller H, Riggs M, Suggs T, Humbaugh K, Cadwell BL, Thoroughman D. (2011).  Carbon monoxide poisoning after an ice storm – Kentucky, 2009. Public Health Reports 126: S(1): 108-115.
• Carbon Monoxide Exposures After Hurricane Ike — Texas, September 2008. MMWR August 14, 2009;58(31);845-849.
• Van Sickle D, Chertow DS, Schulte JM, Ferdinands JM, Patel PS, Johnson DR, Harduar-Morano L, Blackmore C, Ourso AC, Cruse KM, Dunn KH, Moolenaar RL. (2007).  Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Florida During the 2004 Hurricane Season. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32(4): 340-346.
• Hampson NB, Stock AL. (2006).  Storm-related carbon monoxide poisoning: lessons learned from recent epidemics. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 33(4):257-63.
• Monitoring Poison Control Center Data to Detect Health Hazards During Hurricane Season— Florida, 2003-2005. MMWR April 21, 2006;55(15):426-428.
• Carbon Monoxide Poisonings After Two Major Hurricanes — Alabama and Texas, August-October 2005. MMWR March 10, 2006;55(09):236-239.
• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning After Hurricane Katrina — Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, August-September 2005. MMWR October 7, 2005;54(39):996-998.
• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Hurricane-Associated Use of Portable Generators — Florida, 2004. MMWR July 22, 2005;54(28):697-700.
• Unintentional Non-Fire-Related Carbon Monoxide Exposures — United States, 2001-2003. MMWR January 21, 2005;54(02):36-39.
• Use of Carbon Monoxide Alarms to Prevent Poisonings During a Power Outage — North Carolina, December 2002. MMWR March 12, 2004;53(9):189-92.

Boat Related

• Carbon-Monoxide Poisoning Resulting from Exposure to Ski-Boat Exhaust — Georgia, June 2002. MMWR September 20, 2002;51(37):829-830.
• Carbon Monoxide Poisonings Resulting from Open Air Exposures to Operating Motorboats — Lake Havasu City, Arizona, 2003. MMWR April 23, 2004;53(15):314-318.
• Houseboat-Associated Carbon Monoxide Poisonings on Lake Powell — Arizona and Utah, 2000. MMWR December 15, 2000;49(49):1105-8.

Other

• Creswell PD, Meiman JG, Nehls-Lowe H, Vogt C, Wozniak RJ, Werner MA, Anderson H. “Exposure to Elevated Carbon Monoxide Levels at an Indoor Ice Arena – Wisconsin, 2014.” MMWR. 2015; 64(45); 1267-1270.
• Sircar K, Clower J, Shin Mk, Bailey C, King M, Yip F. “Carbon monoxide poisoning deaths in the United States, 1999 to 2012.” American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015 33 (9): 1140–1145.
• Rupert DJ, Poehlman JA, Damon SA, Williams PN (2013). “Risk and protective behaviours for residential carbon monoxide poisoning.” Injury Prevention; 19(2): 119-123.
• Carbon Monoxide Exposures — United States, 2000–2009. MMWR August 5, 2011 / 60(30);1014-1017.
• National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network – Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 
  The National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network is a system of integrated health, exposure, and hazard information and data from a variety of national, state, and city sources.
• Nonfatal, Unintentional, Non–Fire-Related Carbon Monoxide Exposures — United States, 2004–2006. MMWR August 22, 2008 / 57(33);896-899.
• Carbon Monoxide–Related Deaths — United States, 1999–2004. MMWR December 21, 2007 / 56(50);1309-1312.
• Carbon Monoxide Releases and Poisonings Attributed to Underground Utility Cable Fires — New York, January 2000-June 2004. MMWR October 8, 2004;53(39):920-922.
• National Vehicle Emissions Policies and Practices and Declining US Carbon Monoxide-Related Mortality [PDF – 91K] .
• Unintentional Poisoning Deaths — United States, 1999–2004. MMWR February 9, 2007 / 56(05);93-96.

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