Preface

Disposal of household and light industrial and commercial wastes is a necessity. Although there are several technologies available to handle these wastes, the most common means of disposal remains the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. With thousands of MSW landfills across the nation, it is not surprising that over the past 15 years, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has received many requests for technical assistance and consultation about landfill issues. One of the most common requests is to evaluate the public health implications of landfill gas releases.

Landfill gas releases may represent physical (explosion), chemical (substances in ambient or indoor air), and/or physiologic or quality of life (odor) public health concerns for those who live and work near (or on) a landfill. This primer is intended to provide the environmental health professional, as well as the interested community member, with a basic understanding of landfill gases and how they should be viewed and evaluated from a public health perspective. It provides answers to questions that ATSDR has received from federal agencies, tribes, state and local health departments, and communities. Although the primer is thorough, the practical and applied guidance provided should be used to augment, and not replace, the multidisciplinary evaluation of public health issues related to landfill gas releases. Collaboration among the health and environmental entities and the community or tribe is necessary to address these issues. Such collaboration requires effective communication; the primer places special emphasis on communication as the key to successful implementation of any public health action or intervention.

Generally, well-maintained and operated MSW landfills will not be of public health concern or a nuisance to nearby neighbors. However, because much is left to be learned about the health effects that may result from exposures to low levels of ambient air contaminants and mixtures of these contaminants, environmental health professionals should exert care when assessing landfill gas issues. Several health studies are abstracted in this document to indicate the limited epidemiologic knowledge currently available to assist the environmental health professional in making public health decisions. The guidance and checklists are intended to prompt the health investigator to ask questions that shed light on the complexity of factors impacting the fate and transport of, and ultimately exposures to, landfill gases.

Our desire is for this primer to be a valuable resource for those who have questions and those who address questions about landfill gas releases.Your feedback to ATSDR will be helpful in defining what future guidance or revision is needed as we continue to address the myriad of public health questions that arise from the release of toxic and hazardous materials into the environment.

RADM Robert C. Williams, P.E., DEE
Assistant Surgeon General

Acknowledgments

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) was responsible for the preparation of this primer for environmental health professionals. The document was prepared by Eastern Research Group (ERG) under ATSDR Contract No. 205-95-0901. John H. Mann, ATSDR, served as the technical project leader for this effort—providing overall direction and coordination, offering technical assistance and guidance, and serving as a contributing author. Scientists, writers, and communication specialists at ERG conducted research, prepared the document, and provided the graphic design and artwork. Scientists with ATSDR and the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CTDPH) provided additional research information, case histories, and guidelines. This document was a team effort of many talented people. Listed below are the names of major authors, contributors, and reviewers.

Authors/Contributors	Internal Reviewers
Sherri Berger, ATSDR Sarah Dun, ERG Naida Gavrelis, ERG Jenny Helmick, ERG John Mann, ATSDR Richard Nickle, ATSDR Gary Perlman, ATSDR Scott Warner, ERG John Wilhelmi, ERG Robert Williams, ATSDR Gregory Zarus, ATSDR	Kimberly Chapman, ATSDR Debra Gable, ATSDR Douglas Gouzie, ATSDR Charles Grosse, ATSDR Steve Jones, ATSDR Peter J. Kowalski, ATSDR Ernest L. Martin, ATSDR Deborah Millette, ATSDR Germano Pereira, ATSDR Marie Socha, ATSDR Lynn Wilder, ATSDR Scott V. Wright, ATSDR Patrick Young, ATSDR

External Reviewers

Frank Dolan, Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Kenny Foscue, CTDPH
Gary Ginsberg, CTDPH
F. Robert Godbold, National Association of City and County Health Officials
Michele Laur, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Susan A. Thorneloe, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Brian Toal, CTDPH

Additional thanks are given to the staff at the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Health and Housing, City of Danbury Connecticut.

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