Tracheobronchomalacia

Tracheobronchomalacia or TBM is a condition characterized by flaccidity of the tracheal support cartilage which leads to tracheal collapse.[1] This condition can also affect the bronchi. There are two forms of this rare condition: primary TBM and secondary TBM. Primary TBM is congenital and starts as early as birth. It is mainly linked to genetic causes. Secondary TBM is acquired and starts in adulthood. It is mainly developed after an accident or chronic inflammation.[2]

Tracheobronchomalacia
Trachea anatomy
SpecialtyRheumatology 

On 28 May 2013, it was reported that a cure had been developed via a 3D printed windpipe.[3] This cure has currently saved the lives of at least 3 infants.

Signs and symptoms

Initially symptoms asymptomatic or some patients do not experience symptoms at all. In a progressive TBM case symptoms include:

  • shortness of breath
  • a cough
  • mucus build up
  • wheezing
  • difficulty in breathing
  • bluish coloration to skin around the nose and mouth[4]

Symptoms may become worse if the patient is stressed, sick, lying down, or forcing a cough.

  • Chronic cough[5]

Cause

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is conducted according to the severity of the symptoms. Initially pulmonary function tests[6] are administered. These tests include the lungs' capability of air intake and outtake, and gas flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and environment. Following these function tests a CT scan or bronchoscopy will be ordered. The results to the scan and bronchoscopy [7] will display the status of the rare condition. A mild case of tracheobronchomalacia would be if the patient's trachea condenses 50% of its normal space when exhaling. Moderate tracheobronchomalacia would be 25% of the normal trachea space constricting and a severe case would be if the walls touch each other.

Treatment

To properly treat a patient with tracheobronchomalacia, the subtype must be determined (primary or secondary). After the type is named, the cause must be identified, whether it is from genetics, a trauma accident, or chronic tracheal illness. If a trauma case or chronic tracheal illnesses were the cause, the first steps of treatment would be to fix or help these underlying issues. If the cause is genetic or the previous underlying issues could not be fixed, other treatments would be assessed. More severe treatments include silicone stenting to prevent tracheal constriction, surgery to strengthen or attempt to rebuild the walls, continuous positive airway pressure[8] that has a machine blow small amounts of air into the trachea to keep it open (mainly at night), or a tracheostomy,[9] which is surgically put into your neck that leads to your trachea to help with breathing. People with tracheobronchomalacia who do not experience symptoms do not need treatment and are often undiagnosed.[2]

See also

References
  1. Lee, EY; Boiselle, PM (July 2009). "Tracheobronchomalacia in infants and children: multidetector CT evaluation". Radiology. 252 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1148/radiol.2513081280. PMID 19561247. Archived from the original on 2015-05-14.
  2. "Tracheobronchomalacia | Disease | Prognosis | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  3. "3-D printed windpipe gives infant breath of life". Retrieved 2015-09-09.
  4. "Tracheaobronchomalacia - Cedars-Sinai". www.cedars-sinai.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  5. Baroni, RH; Feller-Kopman, D; Nishino, M; Hatabu, H; Loring, SH; Ernst, A; Boiselle, PM (May 2005). "Tracheobronchomalacia: comparison between end-expiratory and dynamic expiratory CT for evaluation of central airway collapse". Radiology. 235 (2): 635–41. doi:10.1148/radiol.2352040309. PMID 15798155.
  6. "Pulmonary function tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  7. "Bronchoscopy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  8. "What Is CPAP? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  9. "What Is a Tracheostomy? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
Classification
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.