Dual flush toilet

A dual-flush toilet is a variation of the flush toilet that uses two buttons or a handle mechanism to flush different amounts of water.

Dual flush toilet

The system was developed by Japanese sanitary product manufacturer TOTO in 1960.[1] It was equipped with two levers and built-in hand-washer, and was also revolutionary in that it reused the water in the hand-washer for flushing. However, it was not well known outside, or even within, Japan. In 1976, American industrial designer Victor Papanek proposed the dual flush system in his book Design for the real world,[2] but the first practical implementation was designed in 1980, by staff at the Australian sanitary-ware company Caroma, with flush volumes of 11 and 5.5 litres.[3] The design caught on, and a redesign in 1994 cut water usage to 6 and 3 litres.[3]

The dual-flush toilet has become almost universally adopted in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Israel, with its use in new buildings often mandated by legislation in those countries.[4] The more complex dual-flush mechanism is more expensive than many other types of low-flush toilets.[5]

Mechanism

Because it is a development of the traditional Australian flushing toilet, the push-button dual-flush toilet differs from siphon-flush toilets in that it relies on gravity to remove waste from the toilet. In addition to its dual-flush feature, the lack of siphoning also means that the toilet requires less water to operate.[5] The lack of siphoning means that the waterline is considerably lower than that in siphon-flush toilets. The main feature of the toilet is the two buttons on the cistern, which release different volumes of water: one button delivers 3 litres and the other 6 litres.[6] The lesser quantity is designed to flush liquid waste and the larger is designed to flush solid waste. It also uses a larger 10 cm trapway in the bowl, allowing for water to come out faster and clear the bowl efficiently.[6]

Dual-flush siphon toilets have also been introduced, with a 6l full flush, and a 3l half-flush if the flush handle is held down instead of being released immediately after flushing.[7]

Advantages

The dual-flush toilet, due to its water-saving ability, was promoted by the Australian Government under its "Target 155" campaign.[8] The first dual-flush toilets had a 4.5 litre (half) and 9 litre (full) flush, but innovations by Caroma brought that down to 3 litres and 4.5 litres respectively, achieving a WELS rating of 4 and 5 stars in Australia.

Australian governments have used rebates to encourage the replacement of old single-flush toilets with more water-efficient ones.[9] For dual-flush toilets, with a star rating of 4 or higher, owners may be able to qualify to claim a rebate from the State Government in Victoria,[10] New South Wales, or South Australia. Sydney Water’s rebate program ended on 30 June 2011.[11]

In Britain, the cost of a dual-flush mechanism which can be retro-fitted to an existing toilet was estimated to be about £15 in 2007.[12]

Disadvantages

As with most design changes, improvements often involve a trade-off with other factors. In this case, although the toilet achieves its goal of saving water, it may cost somewhat more than a single-flush toilet. If retrofitting in place of an existing toilet, there could be some additional cost involving building modifications, but retrofitting systems have brought the price down significantly, costing about US$30.[5][13]

The lower water level in a dual-flush toilet bowl may be slightly off-putting to visitors to Australia from countries where toilets with a full tank and one lever/button are the norm. However, the lower water level in the bowl was a standard feature of Australian toilets before the introduction of the dual-flush feature, and was not affected by the new type of cistern.

References
  1. "【歴史】手洗付隅付ロータンク". Japan Toilet Association.
  2. Papanek, Victor (January 1976). Design for the real world:Human ecology and social change (PDF). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-0897331531. Retrieved 25 July 2014. Because what one does while sitting on a toilet differs in both quantity and quality, it seemed simple to redesign the apparatus so that one could select whether a great deal or only a minimal amount of water was needed for flushing. This concept again was rejected by my client - a man who makes his living manufacturing toilet bowls - as being 'in bad taste'
  3. "Dual Flush Technology". Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
  4. Household and clothing: Dual flush toilet, Powerhouse Museum. Accessed: 15 February 2015.
  5. "How the Dual Flush Toilet Handles Waste". How Stuff Works. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  6. "The Lowdown on Low-Flow Toilets". HGTV. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  7. Allan Hanson (8 September 2017). "How a dual flush syphon works". Https:. Retrieved 4 January 2019.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  8. "Our Water, Our Future". State Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-07-08. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Toilet Rebates Archived April 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  10. "Our Water, Our Future - Eligible Products". State Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-08. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. "Dual Flush Toilet Rebate". Sydney Water. Archived from the original on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2012-11-19. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. Callard, Sarah (2007-09-29). "Is it worth it? Installing dual flush". Daily Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  13. "Dual Flush Toilet for $30". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
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