Hypoglycemia (peds)

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Background

Etiology

  • Inadequate oral intake
  • Excess insulin
    • Newborns of diabetic mothers
  • Deficient hyperglycemic hormones (GH or adrenal hormone deficiency)
  • Fatty acid oxidation or carbohydrate metabolism disorders
  • Prematurity (inadequate glycogen stores)
  • Sepsis
  • Etoh exposure (children have low glycogen stores)

Clinical Features

  • Most common features: vomiting, altered mental status, poor feeding
    • May also see lethargy, apnea, seizure

Differential Diagnosis

  • Ingestions (e.g. ETOH)
  • Metabolic disease^
  • Sepsis

Evaluation

  • Blood glucose <45 in symptomatic neonate
  • Blood glucose <35 in asymptomatic neonate

Work-Up

  • Blood glucose level
  • Urinalysis
    • If ketones: adrenal or GH deficiency, inborn errors of metabolism
    • If no ketones: Hyperinsulinemia, fatty acid oxidation defects

Management

See critical care quick reference for doses by weight

  • Glucose
    • Bolus D10W 2mL/kg; then infuse D10W at 0.06-0.08mL/kg/min
  • Glucagon
    • Used for persistent hypoglycemia despite glucose administration
    • Will not work with etoh exposure as glycogen stores are already low
    • 0.03mg/kg IM/IV

Pediatric Hypoglycemia Dextrose Chart

Category Age Glucose Treatment Initial IV Bolus Maintenance Dose
Neonatal <2mo <40 D10W 2.5-5 mL/kg 6 mL/kg/h
Pediatric 2mo-8yrs <60 D25W 2 mL/kg

D10W:

  • 6 mL/kg/h for first 10 kg
  • + 3 mL/kg/h for 11–20 kg
  • + 1.5 mL/kg/h for each additional kg >20 kg
Adult >8yrs <70 D50W 50mL (1 amp) OR 1 mL/kg
Recheck 5 minutes after dose and repeat dose if low.
Consider glucagon IM/SQ if IV access is not readily available

Disposition

See Also

References