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Contents
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Transmission
Bicycle-Related Head Injuries
Influenza Among Elderly Persons
Breast Cancer
Low Birthweight
Cervical Cancer
Neural Tube Defects
Childhood Lead Poisoning
Perinatal Hepatitis B
Childhood Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Pneumococcal Disease
Chlamydia-Related Infertility
Sickle Cell Screening in Newborns
Colorectal Cancer
Smoking
Coronary Heart Disease
Tuberculosis
Dental Caries
Summary Table
Diabetic Retinopathy
As the nation moves toward the twenty-first century, the fundamental challenge facing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the same as it was in its early days over 50 years ago --- improving the quality of peoples lives by preventing disease, injury, and disability through collaboration with public and private partners throughout the world.
CDC seeks to improve health, but to do so in economically responsible ways. When human and financial resources are limited, public health efforts must focus on prevention strategies that yield the most benefit for the investment. Fortunately, many current prevention strategies already offer excellent opportunities to promote good health at a reasonable cost.
Measuring the CostsThis report outlines 19 strategies and demonstrates how spending money to prevent disease and injury and promote healthy lifestyles makes good economic sense. Each prevention strategy was evaluated based on ---
the health impact of the related disease, injury, or disability
on U.S. society;the effectiveness of the
prevention strategy;the costs of the disease,
injury, or disability; andthe cost-effectiveness of the
strategy.
Some childhood vaccines, for example, save up to $29 in direct medical costs for each dollar spent. Other strategies, such as yearly mammograms, carry a net cost but are considered cost-effective because they give considerable value in return for the money invested.
By using a standardized method to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of each strategy, the authors have established a starting point for comparing the variety of information. The result is a sound economic guideline for making prevention decisions and allocating money.
To reach their conclusions, the authors reviewed an array of research studies. Although these studies were chosen through extensive search and rigorous evaluation, the information presented is limited by the methods, assumptions, and accuracy of the original research. Many studies were conducted in specific populations, for example, and the reader should exercise caution in generalizing the findings. Because of these limitations, continued research is needed to further demonstrate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these and other public health strategies.
A summary of the assumptions and variables used in the original studies is provided on the inside back cover. For more information regarding particular studies or prevention strategies, please consult the cited references.
As the nation moves toward the twenty-first century, the fundamental challenge facing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the same as it was in its early days over 50 years ago --- improving the quality of peoples lives by preventing disease, injury, and disability through collaboration with public and private partners throughout the world.
CDC seeks to improve health, but to do so in economically responsible ways. When human and financial resources are limited, public health efforts must focus on prevention strategies that yield the most benefit for the investment. Fortunately, many current prevention strategies already offer excellent opportunities to promote good health at a reasonable cost.
Inquiries regarding "An Ounce of Prevention....What Are the Returns? Second Edition" may be directed to:Chief, Prevention Effectiveness Branch
Division of Prevention Research and Analytic Methods
Epidemiology Program Office
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4770 Buford Highway, MS K73
Atlanta, GA 30341
Phone: 770-488-8185
E-mail address: epopeb@cdc.gov
The material presented in this publication
was published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicines April 1999 issue. |
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An Ounce of Prevention....What Are the Returns? Second Edition, Revised October 1999