Virtual memory T cell

Virtual Memory T cells (TVM) are a subtype of T lymphocytes. These are cells that have a memory phenotype but have not been exposed to a foreign antigen. They are classified as memory cells but do not have an obvious memory function. They were first observed and described in 2009.[1] The name comes from a computerized "virtual memory" that describes a working memory based on an alternative use of an existing space.

References
  1. Haluszczak C, Akue AD, Hamilton SE, Johnson LD, Pujanauski L, Teodorovic L, Jameson SC, Kedl RM (February 2009). "The antigen-specific CD8+ T cell repertoire in unimmunized mice includes memory phenotype cells bearing markers of homeostatic expansion". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 206 (2): 435–48. doi:10.1084/jem.20081829. PMC 2646575. PMID 19188498.
  2. White JT, Cross EW, Burchill MA, Danhorn T, McCarter MD, Rosen HR, O'Connor B, Kedl RM (April 2016). "Virtual memory T cells develop and mediate bystander protective immunity in an IL-15-dependent manner". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 11291. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711291W. doi:10.1038/ncomms11291. PMC 4844673. PMID 27097762.
  3. Akue AD, Lee JY, Jameson SC (March 2012). "Derivation and maintenance of virtual memory CD8 T cells". Journal of Immunology. 188 (6): 2516–23. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102213. PMC 3294185. PMID 22308307.
  4. Sosinowski T, White JT, Cross EW, Haluszczak C, Marrack P, Gapin L, Kedl RM (March 2013). "CD8α+ dendritic cell trans presentation of IL-15 to naive CD8+ T cells produces antigen-inexperienced T cells in the periphery with memory phenotype and function". Journal of Immunology. 190 (5): 1936–47. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1203149. PMC 3578102. PMID 23355737.
  5. Drobek A, Moudra A, Mueller D, Huranova M, Horkova V, Pribikova M, Ivanek R, Oberle S, Zehn D, McCoy KD, Draber P, Stepanek O (July 2018). "Strong homeostatic TCR signals induce formation of self-tolerant virtual memory CD8 T cells". The EMBO Journal. 37 (14): e98518. doi:10.15252/embj.201798518. PMC 6043851. PMID 29752423.
  6. White JT, Cross EW, Kedl RM (June 2017). "+ T cells: where they come from and why we need them". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 17 (6): 391–400. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.34. PMC 5569888. PMID 28480897.
  7. Lee JY, Hamilton SE, Akue AD, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC (August 2013). "Virtual memory CD8 T cells display unique functional properties". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (33): 13498–503. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11013498L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1307572110. PMC 3746847. PMID 23898211.
  8. Marusina AI, Ono Y, Merleev AA, Shimoda M, Ogawa H, Wang EA, Kondo K, Olney L, Luxardi G, Miyamura Y, Yilma TD, Villalobos IB, Bergstrom JW, Kronenberg DG, Soulika AM, Adamopoulos IE, Maverakis E (February 2017). "+ virtual memory: Antigen-inexperienced T cells reside in the naïve, regulatory, and memory T cell compartments at similar frequencies, implications for autoimmunity". Journal of Autoimmunity. 77: 76–88. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2016.11.001. PMC 6066671. PMID 27894837.
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