University of Bologna

The University of Bologna (Italian: Università di Bologna, UNIBO) is a research university in Bologna, Italy. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students (hence studiorum), it is the oldest university in the world,[2] as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe.[3] It is one of the most prestigious Italian universities, commonly ranking in the first places of national rankings.[4][5]

University of Bologna
Università di Bologna
Latin: Universitas Bononiensis
MottoPetrus ubique pater legum Bononia mater[1] (Latin)
Motto in English
St. Peter is everywhere the father of the law, Bologna is its mother
TypePublic
Establishedc. 1088 (1088)
RectorFrancesco Ubertini
Academic staff
2,850
Students86,509
Undergraduates63,781
Postgraduates19,119
Doctoral students
3,877
Location
Bologna
,
Italy
CampusUrban (University Town)
Sports teamsCUSB
Colours     Red
AffiliationsCoimbra Group, Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities, Utrecht Network, UNIMED
Websitewww.unibo.it

It was the first place of study to use the term universitas for the corporations of students and masters, which came to define the institution (especially its famous law school) located in Bologna, Italy.[6] The university's emblem carries the motto Alma mater studiorum ("nourishing mother of studies") and the date A.D. 1088, and it has about 86,500 students in its 11 schools.[7]

It has campuses in Ravenna, Forlì, Cesena and Rimini and a branch center abroad in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[8] It also has a school of excellence named Collegio Superiore di Bologna. An associate publisher of the University of Bologna is the Bononia University Press.

History
The entry of some students in the Natio Germanica Bononiae, the nation of German students at Bologna; miniature of 1497.

The date of its founding is uncertain, but believed by most accounts to have been 1088.[6] The university was granted a charter (Authentica habita) by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the University back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously-operating university in the world.[9][10][11] However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that “it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s.”[12]

The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as universitates scholarium) of foreign students called "nations" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ars dictaminis (scrivenery).[13] The lectures were given in informal schools called scholae. In time the various universitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, or Studium—thus, the university. The Studium grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming collegia doctorum (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered public university.[14]

Bologna University Library

The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law;[15] indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the Digest,[16] a central text in Roman law, which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of medieval Roman law.[17] Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate.

In 1477, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, authorizing the creation of Uppsala University in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna - a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of theology, law (Canon Law and Roman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees.

Organization
Area above Bologna's old city centre.
Interior view of the Porticum and Loggia of its oldest College, the Royal Spanish College.

Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different "Laurea" or "Laurea breve" first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 "Laurea specialistica" or "Laurea magistrale" second-level degrees (two years). However, other 11 courses have maintained preceding rules of "Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico" or "Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry which requires six years of courses. After the "Laurea" one may attain 1st level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a Postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to 2nd level Master, specialisation schools (residency), or doctorates of research (PhD).

The 11 Schools (which replace the preexisting 23 faculties) are:

  • School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
  • School of Economics, Management and Statistics
  • School of Engineering and Architecture
  • School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Interpretation and Translation
  • School of Law
  • School of Arts, Humanities, and Cultural Heritage
  • School of Medicine and Surgery
  • School of Pharmacy, Biotechnologies and Sport Sciences
  • School of Political Sciences
  • School of Psychology and Education Sciences
  • School of Sciences

The university is structured in 33 departments[18] (there were 66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015.

The 33 departments are:

  • Architecture - DA
  • Cultural Heritage - DBC
  • Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" - CHIM
  • Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" - CHIMIND
  • Arts - DARvipem
  • Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FaBiT
  • Classical Philology and Italian Studies - FICLIT
  • Philosophy and Communication Studies - FILCOM
  • Physics and Astronomy - DIFA
  • Computer Science and Engineering - DISI
  • Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering - DICAM
  • Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI
  • Industrial Engineering - DIN
  • Interpreting and Translation - DIT
  • Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures - LILEC
  • Mathematics - MAT
  • Experimental Medicine, Diagnostic Medicine and Specialty Medicine - DIMES
  • Psychology - PSI
  • Agricultural Sciences - DipSA
  • Management - DiSA
  • Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences - BiGeA
  • Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM
  • Education Studies "Giovanni Maria Bertin" - EDU
  • Agricultural and Food Sciences - DISTAL
  • Economics - DSE
  • Legal Studies - DSG
  • Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC
  • Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET
  • Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI
  • Political and Social Sciences - SPS
  • Statistical Sciences "Paolo Fortunati" - STAT
  • Sociology and Business Law - SDE
  • History and Cultures - DiSCi

Affiliates and other institutions

In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in Bologna. In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate, and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (Società editrice il Mulino) was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo.

Notable people
The Pope Alexander VI
Petrarch
Carlo Goldoni
Guglielmo Marconi

Alumni
  • Cardinal Alberto Bolognetti;
  • Albrecht Dürer[19][20];
  • Pope Alexander VI[21];
  • Augusto Righi, pioneer in the study of electromagnetism[22][23];
  • Carlo Goldoni[24];
  • Carlo Severini[25];
  • Saint Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan[26];
  • Diego Della Valle;
  • Enzo Ferrari;
  • Erasmus of Rotterdam[27];
  • Gabriele Paleotti[28];
  • Gasparo Tagliacozzi, pioneer of plastic and reconstructive surgery[29][30][31];
  • Giacomo Matteotti[32][33];
  • Giovanni Pascoli[34][35];
  • Pope Gregory XIII (Ugo Boncompagni)[36][37];
  • Pope Gregory XV[38];
  • Guglielmo Marconi[39][40];
  • Henry of Susa (Hostiensis)[41];
  • Pope Innocent IX[42];
  • Irnerius, founder of the School of Glossators[43];
  • Laura Bassi, the world's first woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies[44][45];
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani[46];
  • Leon Battista Alberti[47];
  • Luigi Galvani[48][49][50];
  • Manuel Olivencia, lawyer and academic[51];
  • Marcello Malpighi[52][53];
  • Michelangelo Antonioni[54][55][56];
  • Nicolaus Copernicus, formulator of the heliocentric universal model[57][58];
  • Cardinal Paolo Burali d'Arezzo[59];
  • Paracelsus, founder of the discipline of toxicology[60];
  • Petrarch[61];
  • Pico della Mirandola[62][63];
  • Pier Paolo Pasolini[64][65];
  • Pietro Mengoli[66];
  • Romano Prodi;
  • Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket[67];
  • Torquato Tasso[68];
  • Ulisse Aldrovandi[69][70];
  • Umberto Eco.

Faculty and staff

See: Serafino Mazzetti, Repertorio di tutti I professori antichi e moderni della famosa Università...di Bologna (Bologna 1848).

  • 11th century
    • Irnerius
  • 12th century
    • Bulgarus
    • Gratian
    • Martinus Gosia
    • Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem
    • William of Tyre
  • 13th century
    • Benvenutus Scotivoli
    • Bettisia Gozzadini
    • Guido Guinizelli
    • Henry of Susa (Hostiensis)
    • Paul, Dominican martyr
    • Rambertino Buvalelli
    • Sylvester Gozzolini
    • William of Saliceto
  • 14th century
    • Coluccio Salutati
    • Francesco Petrarca (also known as Petrarch)
    • Giovanni de' Marignolli
    • Manuel Chrysoloras
  • 15th century
    • Albrecht Dürer
    • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
    • Leon Battista Alberti
    • Lippo Bartolomeo Dardi
    • Nicolaus Copernicus
    • Yuriy Drohobych (also known as Georgius de Drohobycz)
  • 16th century
    • Camillo Baldi
    • Giovanni Antonio Magini
    • Giovanni Della Casa
    • Girolamo Cardano
    • Girolamo Maggi
    • Ignazio Danti
    • Paracelsus
    • Ulisse Aldrovandi
    • Virgilio Malvezzi
  • 17th century
    • Giovanni Cassini
    • Marcello Malpighi
    • Niall Ó Glacáin
    • Pietro Mengoli
  • 18th century
    • Carlo Goldoni
    • Laura Bassi
    • Luigi Galvani
    • Maria Gaetana Agnesi
  • 19th century
    • Augusto Righi
    • Francesco Selmi
    • Giacomo Ciamician
    • Giosuè Carducci
    • Giovanni Pascoli
    • Pellegrino Rossi
  • 20th century
    • Guglielmo Marconi
    • Pier Paolo Pasolini
    • Romano Prodi
    • Umberto Eco
  • 21st century
    • Emilio Tomasini
    • Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
    • Hamida Barmaki
    • Özalp Babaoğlu
    • Pier Cesare Bori

Rankings and reputation
University rankings
Global
ARWU World[71] 201-300 (2019)
THE World[72] 168 (2020)
USNWR World[73] 116 (2020)
QS World[74] 177 (2020)

The 2020 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Bologna 177th in the world,[75] as well as 74th (1st in Italy) with reference to "academic reputation". In the 2020 THE World University Rankings, it gained the 168th place globally.[76]

In 2019, the Italian newspaper La Repubblica, in collaboration with CENSIS, has awarded the University of Bologna the 1st place in its academic ranking of Italian mega-universities (>40,000 students) for the tenth year in a row, recording its primacy in the fields of internationalization, academic structures and digital services.[4]

Points of interest

See also
  • Bologna
  • Bologna declaration
  • Bologna process
  • Coimbra Group (a network of leading European universities)
  • Collegio Superiore di Bologna (school of excellence of the University of Bologna)
  • List of Italian universities
  • List of medieval universities
  • Medieval university
  • Palazzo Poggi
  • Utrecht Network

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