Resection margin

A resection margin or surgical margin is the margin of apparently non-tumorous tissue around a tumor that has been surgically removed, called "resected", in surgical oncology. The resection is an attempt to remove a cancer tumor so that no portion of the malignant growth extends past the edges or margin of the removed tumor and surrounding tissue. These are retained after the surgery and examined microscopically by a pathologist to see if the margin is indeed free from tumor cells. If cancerous cells are found at the edges the operation is much less likely to achieve the desired results.[1]

Micrograph of a stained slide of a resected myopericytoma, the resection margin stained brown

Margins are classified by the pathologist as:

  • R0 - no cancer cells seen microscopically at the resection margin
  • R1 - cancer cells present microscopically at the resection margin (microscopic positive margin)
  • R2 - gross examination by the naked eye shows tumor tissue present at the resection margin (macroscopic positive margin)
Micrograph showing a positive cauterized surgical margin in an adenocarcinoma (center-top of image). H&E stain.

R0 may also be called "clean", "tumor negative", "tumor free margin", "free margin", "normal skin/tissue margin", or "negative margin"; R1 and R2 are "tumor positive".[2] The presence of abnormal cells that are not part of the main tumor, such as lymphatic invasion, atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ in breast tissue, may not prevent a margin being graded as R0.[2]

The size of the margin is an important issue in areas that are functionally important (i.e., large vessels like the aorta or vital organs) or in areas for which the extent of surgery is minimized due to aesthetic concerns (i.e., melanoma of the face or squamous cell carcinoma of the penis).[3] The desired size of margin around the tumor can vary. In resections for breast cancer, there appears to be a difference between European and American radiation oncologists, with the former preferring larger margins of over 5 mm.[2]

Apart from traditional methods looking at stained "shaves" (thin slices of tissue removed from the edge of the margin) or smeared and stained imprints, more recent techniques used to assess margins include x-rays with compression, frozen specimens, and new techniques such as optical coherence tomography and quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.[4]

Definition

Surgical margin in a surgery report defines the visible margin or free edge of "normal" tissue seen by the surgeon with the naked eye. Surgical margin as read in a pathology report defines the histological measurement of normal or unaffected tissue surrounding the visible tumor under a microscope on a glass mounted histology section.[5][6] A "narrow" surgical margin implies that the tumor exists very close to the surgical margin, and a "wide" surgical margin implies the tumor exists far from the cut edge or the surgical margin. Narrow surgical margin using the bread loafing technique suggests that residual cancer might be left due to false negative error. A surgeon often will perform a second surgery if a narrow surgical margin is noted on a pathology report.

Associated errors and recurrence rate

This determination is made with the full understanding of "false negative error" intrinsic in the bread loafing technique of histology (also known as POMA - a term used by the NCCN).[7] The higher the false negative error is, the higher the recurrence rate of a cancer or tumor at the surgical margin. This is due to the misreading of a pathology specimen as being clear of residual tumor when there is actually residual tumor left where the specimen was not cut and mounted on the histology slide. The "false negative error" is very low in the CCPDMA method of histology processing, and can be very high in the bread loafing (POMA) method of histology processing.[7] In the bread loafing method of processing, one will note a high false negative error rate with narrow surgical margin; and one will note a low false negative error with a wide surgical margin[8] Surgical margin has a much less significant effect on the false negative error rate of CCPDMA methods, allowing the surgeon to routinely use very narrow surgical margins (1 to 2 mm for non-melanoma skin cancer).[8]

Notes
  1. Emmadi 2013, p. sections 1-2.
  2. Emmadi 2013, p. section 2.
  3. Marc Sabatine (2007). Sabatine's Essentials of Internal Medicine.
  4. Emmadi 2013, p. sections 5-6.
  5. Maloney, ME., et al. Surgical Dermatopathology. Blackwell Science, 1999. pp. 107-121.
  6. Maxwell, JH; Thompson, LD; Brandwein-Gensler, MS; Weiss, BG; Canis, M; Purgina, B; Prabhu, AV; Lai, C; Shuai, Y; Carroll, WR; Morlandt, A; Duvvuri, U; Kim, S; Johnson, JT; Ferris, RL; Seethala, R; Chiosea, SI (1 December 2015). "Early Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Sampling of Margins From Tumor Bed and Worse Local Control". JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 141 (12): 1104–10. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.1351. PMC 5242089. PMID 26225798.
  7. Tri-Service General Hospital
  8. Kimyai-Asadi, Arash; Katz, Tracy; Goldberg, Leonard H.; Ayala, Gabriel B.; Wang, Steven Q.; Vujevich, Justin J.; Jih, Ming H. (2007). "Margin Involvement after the Excision of Melanoma in Situ: The Need for Complete En Face Examination of the Surgical Margins". Dermatologic Surgery. 33 (12): 1434–9, discussion 1439–41. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33313.x. PMID 18076608.

References

Further reading
  • Upile, T.; Fisher, C.; Jerjes, W.; El Maaytah, M.; Searle, A.; Archer, D.; Michaels, L.; Rhys-Evans, P.; Hopper, C.; Howard, D.; Wright, A. (2007). "The uncertainty of the surgical margin in the treatment of head and neck cancer". Oral Oncology. 43 (4): 321. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.08.002. PMID 17112772.
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