Rubulavirus

Rubulavirus is a former genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales.[2][3] Humans, apes, pigs, and dogs serve as natural hosts. There are currently 17 species in the two genera Orthorubulavirus and Pararubulavirus.[3] Diseases associated with this genus include mumps.[4]

Rubulavirus
TEM micrograph of a Mumps rubulavirus particle
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Rubulavirus
Type species
Mumps rubulavirus
Species[1]
  • Achimota rubulavirus 1
  • Achimota rubulavirus 2
  • Bat mumps rubulavirus
  • Human rubulavirus 2
  • Human rubulavirus 4
  • Mammalian rubulavirus 5
  • Mapuera rubulavirus
  • Menangle rubulavirus
  • Mumps rubulavirus
  • Porcine rubulavirus
  • Simian rubulavirus
  • Sosuga rubulavirus
  • Teviot rubulavirus
  • Tioman rubulavirus
  • Tuhoko rubulavirus 1
  • Tuhoko rubulavirus 2
  • Tuhoko rubulavirus 3

Taxonomy
Genus Rubulavirus: species, and their viruses[5]
Species Virus (Abbreviation) NCBI Taxonomy Id
Achimota rubulavirus 1 Achimota virus 1 (AchPV-1) 1261100
Achimota rubulavirus 2 Achimota virus 2 (AchPV-2) 1261101
Bat mumps rubulavirus bat mumps virus (BMV)
Canine rubulavirus parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5) 11207
Human rubulavirus 2 human parainfluenza virus 2 (HPIV-2) 11212
Human rubulavirus 4 human parainfluenza virus 4a (HPIV-4a) 11224
human parainfluenza virus 4b (HPIV-4b) 11226
Mapuera rubulavirus Mapuera virus (MapV) 1979163
Menangle rubulavirus Menangle virus (MenPV) 152219
Mumps rubulavirus* mumps virus (MuV) 11161
Porcine rubulavirus La Piedad Michoacán Mexico virus (LPMV) 53179
Simian rubulavirus simian virus 41 (SV-41) 11228
Sosuga rubulavirus Sosuga virus 1452514
Teviot rubulavirus Teviot virus (TevPV)
Tioman rubulavirus Tioman virus (TioPV) 162013
Tuhoko rubulavirus 1 Tuhoko virus 1 (ThkPV-1) 798072
Tuhoko rubulavirus 2 Tuhoko virus 2 (ThkPV-2) 798073
Tuhoko rubulavirus 3 Tuhoko virus 3 (ThkPV-3) 798074

Table legend: "*" denotes type species.

Viruses of this genus appear to be most closely related to avulaviruses.[6]

Structure

Rubulavirions are enveloped, with spherical geometries. The diameter is around 150 nm. Rubulavirus genomes are linear, around 15kb in length. The genome codes for 8 proteins.[3][4]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
RubulavirusSphericalEnvelopedLinearMonopartite

The Disease

Rubulavirus causes mumps. Swollen and painful salivary glands are often a symptom of mumps, but swollen ovaries, testes, or pancreas can also caise symptoms. An infected person can even have no symptoms, which is the case for 20% of individuals who catch the disease. Other symptoms may include muscle aches, fatigue, headache, joint pain, loss of appetite, with infertility and hearing loss being the most serious complications.[7]

If not vaccinated against mumps, susceptible individuals catch the disease by breathing around an infected person who has coughed or sneezed, releasing their contaminated saliva. Those who have had mumps are usually immune to future infections of the disease. Children have the highest risk of catching mumps, and it is rare for an adult to contract mumps. The incubation period for mumps can range from a couple weeks to a month, while the illness period is a few weeks. The swelling of the salivary glands is caused when the virus travels from the respiratory tract to the salivary glands and multiplies within the glands, causing the glands to swell.[8]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cells is achieved after viral attachment to host cells. Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative-stranded RNA virus transcription, using polymerase stuttering, through co-transcriptional RNA editing is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by budding. Humans, apes, pigs, and dogs serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are respiratory and saliva.[3][4]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
RubulavirusHumans; apes; pigs; dogsNoneGlycoproteinBuddingCytoplasmCytoplasmAerosols; saliva

References
  1. "Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  2. Rima, B; Balkema-Buschmann, A; Dundon, WG; Duprex, P; Easton, A; Fouchier, R; Kurath, G; Lamb, R; Lee, B; Rota, P; Wang, L; ICTV Report Consortium (December 2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Paramyxoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 100 (12): 1593–1594. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001328. PMID 31609197.
  3. "ICTV Report Paramyxoviridae".
  4. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  5. Amarasinghe, Gaya K.; Bào, Yīmíng; Basler, Christopher F.; Bavari, Sina; Beer, Martin; Bejerman, Nicolás; Blasdell, Kim R.; Bochnowski, Alisa; Briese, Thomas (7 April 2017). "Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017". Archives of Virology. 162 (8): 2493–2504. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7. ISSN 1432-8798. PMC 5831667. PMID 28389807.
  6. McCarthy AJ, Goodman SJ (2010). "Reassessing conflicting evolutionary histories of the Paramyxoviridae and the origins of respiroviruses with Bayesian multigene phylogenies". Infect. Genet. Evol. 10 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.002. PMID 19900582.
  7. "rubulavirus". NCBI PubMed Search.
  8. "Mumps". For Healthcare Providers. Center for Disease Control.

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