Stomatococcus mucilaginosus

Stomatococcus mucilaginous (now known as Rothia mucilaginosa) is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs that is a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora.[1] Belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, it was first isolated from the mucous membrane of the cheek and gingiva.[2] It is an oral commensal, that has been linked to causing severe bacteremia in immunocompromised patients.[3] This bacterium has also been shown to form biofilms, similar to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. mucilaginous is a cohabitant in the lower airways of patient with bronchiectasis [4]

Stomatococcus mucilaginosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Actinobacteria
Class:
Actinobacteria
Order:
Actinomycetales
Family:
Micrococcaceae
Genus:
Stomatococcus
Species:
S. mucilaginosus
Binomial name
Stomatococcus mucilaginosus
Bergan and Kocur 1982
Synonyms

Rothia mucilaginosa (Bergan and Kocur 1982)

Morphology

Stomatococcus mucilaginous is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs.[5] S. mucilaginous can easily be confused for the bacteria from the genera Micrococcus and Staphylococcus. One way that it can be distinguished from those two is by its strong adherence to the solid medium substrate that its colonies form. Another way is by its weak or absent catalase reaction, failure to grow on 5% NaCl media or its glucose and sucrose fermentation.[6]

Pathology

Stomatococcus mucilaginous has been linked to Bronchiectasis, showing that an inhibition of the COX-2 inhibitor is largely related to an increased production of PGE2, which has been shown to be immunosuppressive in animal models of bacterial pneumonias and sepsis. The inhibition of COX-2 improved survival in mice, suggesting that the pathogenic effects of S. mucilaginous are related to the induction of COX-2[7] It is also closely associated with Bacteremia, sepsis, and endocarditis.[8]

Antibiotics

Stomatococcus mucilaginous is resistant to the quinolone class of antibiotics, with extreme resistance to fluoroquinolones. Sensitivity, as of 2003, is still found in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin and bacitracin.[9]

References
  1. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 9 (10): 1068–1072. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00772.x.
  2. Eiff, Christof von; Herrmann, Mathias; Peters, Georg (January 1995). "Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and of Micrococcus spp". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 39 (1): 268–270. doi:10.1128/aac.39.1.268. PMC 162524. PMID 7695321.
  3. Sadikot, Ruxana T.; Yuan, Zhihong; Panchal, Dipti; Syed, Mansoor Ali; Mehta, Hiren; Joo, Myungsoo; Hadid, Walid (October 2013). "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Highlights the Pathogenic Potential of an Oral Commensal". The Journal of Immunology 191 (7): 3810-3817.
  4. Sadikot, Ruxana T.; Yuan, Zhihong; Panchal, Dipti; Syed, Mansoor Ali; Mehta, Hiren; Joo, Myungsoo; Hadid, Walid (October 2013). "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Highlights the Pathogenic Potential of an Oral Commensal". The Journal of Immunology 191 (7): 3810-3817.
  5. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 9 (10): 1068–1072. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00772.x.
  6. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9 (10): 1068-1072. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  7. Sadikot, Ruxana T.; Yuan, Zhihong; Panchal, Dipti; Syed, Mansoor Ali; Mehta, Hiren; Joo, Myungsoo; Hadid, Walid (October 2013). "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Highlights the Pathogenic Potential of an Oral Commensal". The Journal of Immunology. 191 (7): 3810–3817.
  8. Ascher, David P.; Zbick, Chris; White, Chris; Fischer, Gerald W. (Dec 1991). "Infections Due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus: 10 Cases and Review". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 13 (6): 1048–1052. doi:10.1093/clinids/13.6.1048.
  9. Fanourgiakis, P.; Georgala, A.; Vekemans, M.; Daneau, D.; Heymans, C.; Aoun, M. (October 2003). "Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute". Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9 (10): 1068-1072. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
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