Rickettsiaceae

Rickettsiaceae
	Rickettsia rickettsii (red dots) in the cell of a deer tick
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alphaproteobacteria
Order:	Rickettsiales
Family:	Rickettsiaceae; Pinkerton, 1936
Tribes and genera
	Rickettsieae Candidatus Cryptoprodotis ; Candidatus Gigarickettsia ; Candidatus Hemipteriphilus ; Candidatus Trichorickettsia ; Occidentia ; Orientia ; Rickettsia ; ; Rickettsiaceae incertae sedis Candidatus Megaira ; Candidatus Phycorickettsia ; ;

The Rickettsiaceae are a family of bacteria. The genus Rickettsia is the most prominent genus within the family. From this family, the bacteria that eventually formed the mitochondrion (an organelle in eukaryotic cells) is believed to have originated. Most human pathogens in this family are in genus Rickettsia. They spend part of their lifecycle in the bodies of arthropods such as ticks or lice, and are then transmitted to humans or other mammals by the bite of the arthropod. It contains Gram-negative bacteria, very sensitive to environmental exposure, thus is adapted to obligate intracellular infection. Rickettsia rickettsii is considered the prototypical infectious organism in the group.

Genomics

Comparative genomic analysis has identified three proteins, RP030, RP187 and RP192, which are uniquely found in members of the family Rickettsiaceae and serve as molecular markers for this family.[1] In addition, conserved signature indels in a number of proteins including a four-amino-acid insert in transcription repair coupling factor Mfd, a 10-amino-acid insert in ribosomal protein L19, one-amino-acid inserts each in the FtsZ protein and the major sigma factor 70, and a one-amino-acid deletion in exonuclease VII protein that are specific for the Rickettsiaceae species have been identified.[2]

Schematic ribosomal RNA phylogeny of Alphaproteobacteria

Magnetococcidae

Magnetococcus marinus

Caulobacteridae

	Rhodospirillales, Sphingomonadales, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhizobiales, etc.

	Holosporales

Rickettsidae

Pelagibacterales

Pelagibacteraceae

	Pelagibacter

Subgroups Ib, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV and V

Proto-mitochondria

Anaplasmataceae

	Ehrlichia

	Anaplasma

Wolbachia

Neorickettsia

Midichloriaceae

	Midichloria

Rickettsiaceae

	Rickettsia

	Orientia

The cladogram of Rickettsidae has been inferred by Ferla et al. [3] from the comparison of 16S + 23S ribosomal RNA sequences.

References

Gupta, R. S. and Mok, A. (2007). Phylogenomics and signature proteins for the alpha Proteobacteria and its main groups. BMC Microbiology. 7:106. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-106.
Gupta, R. S. (2005). Protein signatures distinctive of alpha proteobacteria and its subgroups and a model for alpha proteobacterial evolution. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 3:101-135. doi:10.1080/10408410590922393.
Ferla MP, Thrash JC, Giovannoni SJ, Patrick WM (2013). "New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability". PLOS One. 8 (12): e83383. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. PMC 3859672. PMID 24349502.

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[1] Gupta, R. S. and Mok, A. (2007). Phylogenomics and signature proteins for the alpha Proteobacteria and its main groups. BMC Microbiology. 7:106. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-106.

[2] Gupta, R. S. (2005). Protein signatures distinctive of alpha proteobacteria and its subgroups and a model for alpha proteobacterial evolution. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 3:101-135. doi:10.1080/10408410590922393.

[Ferla2013-3] Ferla MP, Thrash JC, Giovannoni SJ, Patrick WM (2013). "New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability". PLOS One. 8 (12): e83383. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. PMC 3859672. PMID 24349502.