Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Rhodbacter sphaeroides is a kind of purple bacterium; a group of bacteria that can obtain energy through photosynthesis. Its best growth conditions are anaerobic phototrophy (photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic) and aerobic chemoheterotrophy in the absence of light.[1] R. sphaeroides is also able to fix nitrogen.[2] It is remarkably metabolically diverse, as it is able to grow heterotrophically via fermentation and aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Rhodbacterales
Family:
Rhodbacteraceae
Genus:
Rhodbacter
Species:
R. sphaeroides
Binomial name
Rhodbacter sphaeroides
(van Niel, 1944) Imhoff et al., 1984

Rhodbacter sphaeroides has been isolated from deep lakes and stagnant waters.[2]

Rhodbacter sphaeroides is one of the most pivotal organisms in the study of bacterial photosynthesis. It requires no unusual conditions for growth and is incredibly efficient. The regulation of its photosynthetic machinery is of great interest to researchers, as R. sphaeroides has an intricate system for sensing O2 tensions.[3] Also, when exposed to a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen, R. sphaeroides develops invaginations in its cellular membrane. The photosynthetic apparatus is housed in these invaginations.[3] These invaginations are also known as chromatophores.

The genome of R. sphaeroides is also somewhat intriguing. It has two chromosomes, one of 3 Mb (CI) and one of 900 Kb (CII), and five naturally occurring plasmids. Many genes are duplicated between the two chromosomes but appear to be differentially regulated. Moreover, many of the open reading frames (ORFs) on CII seem to code for proteins of unknown function. When genes of unknown function on CII are disrupted, many types of auxotrophy result, emphasizing that the CII is not merely a truncated version of CI.[4]

Small non-coding RNA

Bacterial small RNAs have been identified as components of many regulatory networks. Twenty sRNAs were experimentally identified in Rhodbacter spheroids, and the abundant ones were shown to be affected by singlet oxygen (1O2) exposure.[5] 1O2 which generates photooxidative stress, is made by bacteriochlorophyll upon exposure to oxygen and light. One of the 1O2 induced sRNAs SorY (1O2 resistance RNA Y) was shown to be induced under several stress conditions and conferred resistance against 1O2 by affecting a metabolite transporter.[6] SorX is the second 1O2 induced sRNA that counteracts oxidative stress by targeting mRNA for a transporter. It also has an impact on resistance against organic hydroperoxides.[7] A cluster of four homologous sRNAs called CcsR for conserved CCUCCUCCC motif stress-induced RNA has been shown to play a role in photo-oxidative stress resistance as well.[8] PcrZ (photosynthesis control RNA Z) identified in R. sphaeroides, is a trans-acting sRNA which counteracts the redox-dependent induction of photosynthesis genes, mediated by protein regulators.[9]

Accepted name

  • Rhodbacter sphaeroides (van Niel 1944) Imhoff et al., 1984[10]

Synonyms

  • Rhodcoccus minor Molisch 1907
  • Rhodcoccus capsulatus Molisch 1907
  • Rhodsphaera capsulata (Molisch) Buchanan 1918
  • Rhodsphaera minor (Molisch) Bergey et al. 1923
  • Rhodrhagus minor (Molisch) Bergey et al. 1925
  • Rhodrhagus capsulatus (Molisch) Bergey et al. 1925
  • Rhodrrhagus capsulatus Bergey et al. 1939
  • Rhodpseudomonas sphaeroides van Niel 1944
  • Rhodpseudomonas spheroides van Niel 1944
  • Rhodrrhagus spheroides (van Niel) Brisou 1955

References

  1. Mackenzie C, Eraso JM, Choudhary M, Roh JH, Zeng X, Bruscella P, et al. (2007). "Postgenomic adventures with Rhodbacter sphaeroides". Annu Rev Microbiol. 61: 283–307. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093402. PMID 17506668.
  2. De Universiteit van Texas over Rhodbacter sphaeroides Archived 2009-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Oh, JI.; Kaplan, S. (Mar 2001). "Generalized approach to the regulation and integration of gene expression". Mol Microbiol. 39 (5): 1116–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02299.x. PMID 11251830.
  4. Mackenzie, C; Simmons, AE; Kaplan, S. "Multiple chromosomes in bacteria. The yin and yang of trp gene localization in Rhodbacter sphaeroides 2.4.1". Genetics. 153: 525–38. PMC 1460784. PMID 10511537.
  5. Berghoff, Bork A.; Glaeser, Jens; Sharma, Cynthia M.; Vogel, Jörg; Klug, Gabriele (2009-12-01). "Photooxidative stress-induced and abundant small RNAs in Rhodbacter sphaeroides". Molecular Microbiology. 74 (6): 1497–1512. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06949.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 19906181.
  6. Adnan, Fazal; Weber, Lennart; Klug, Gabriele (2015-01-01). "The sRNA SorY confers resistance during photooxidative stress by affecting a metabolite transporter in Rhodbacter sphaeroides". RNA biology. 12 (5): 569–577. doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1031948. ISSN 1555-8584. PMC 4615379. PMID 25833751.
  7. Peng, Tao; Berghoff, Bork A.; Oh, Jeong-Il; Weber, Lennart; Schirmer, Jasmin; Schwarz, Johannes; Glaeser, Jens; Klug, Gabriele (2016-10-02). "Regulation of a polyamine transporter by the conserved 3' UTR-derived sRNA SorX confers resistance to singlet oxygen and organic hydroperoxides in Rhodbacter sphaeroides". RNA biology. 13 (10): 988–999. doi:10.1080/15476286.2016.1212152. ISSN 1555-8584. PMC 5056773. PMID 27420112.
  8. Billenkamp, Fabian; Peng, Tao; Berghoff, Bork A.; Klug, Gabriele (May 2015). "A cluster of four homologous small RNAs modulates C1 metabolism and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Rhodbacter sphaeroides under various stress conditions". Journal of Bacteriology. 197 (10): 1839–1852. doi:10.1128/JB.02475-14. ISSN 1098-5530. PMC 4402390. PMID 25777678.
  9. Mank, Nils N.; Berghoff, Bork A.; Hermanns, Yannick N.; Klug, Gabriele (2012-10-02). "Regulation of bacterial photosynthesis genes by the small noncoding RNA PcrZ". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (40): 16306–16311. doi:10.1073/pnas.1207067109. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3479615. PMID 22988125.
  10. Bacteriology Insight Orienting System over Rhodbacter sphaeroides

Bibliography

  • Inomata Tsuyako, Higuchi Masataka (1976), Incorporation of tritium into cell materials of Rhodpseudomonas spheroides from tritiated water in the medium under aerobic conditions ; Journal of Biochemistry 80(3), p569-578, 1976-09
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