Relative risk reduction

In epidemiology, the relative risk reduction (RRR) or efficacy is the relative decrease in the risk of an adverse event in the exposed group compared to an unexposed group. It is computed as , where is the incidence in the exposed group, and is the incidence in the unexposed group. If the risk of an adverse event is increased by the exposure rather than decreased, term relative risk increase (RRI) is used, and computed as .[1][2] If the direction of risk change is not assumed, a term relative effect is used and computed as .[3]

The group exposed to treatment (left) has the risk of an adverse outcome (black) reduced by 50% (RRR = 0.5) compared to the unexposed group (right).

Numerical examples

Risk reduction

  Example of risk reduction
Experimental group (E) Control group (C) Total
Events (E) EE = 15 CE = 100 115
Non-events (N) EN = 135 CN = 150 285
Total subjects (S) ES = EE + EN = 150 CS = CE + CN = 250 400
Event rate (ER) EER = EE / ES = 0.1, or 10% CER = CE / CS = 0.4, or 40%
EquationVariableAbbr.Value
CER - EERabsolute risk reduction ARR0.3, or 30%
(CER - EER) / CER relative risk reduction RRR 0.75, or 75%
1 / (CER EER)number needed to treatNNT3.33
EER / CERrisk ratioRR0.25
(EE / EN) / (CE / CN)odds ratioOR0.167
(CER - EER) / CERpreventable fraction among the unexposedPFu0.75

Risk increase

  Example of risk increase
Experimental group (E) Control group (C) Total
Events (E) EE = 75 CE = 100 115
Non-events (N) EN = 75 CN = 150 285
Total subjects (S) ES = EE + EN = 150 CS = CE + CN = 250 400
Event rate (ER) EER = EE / ES = 0.5, or 50% CER = CE / CS = 0.4, or 40%
EquationVariableAbbr.Value
EER CER absolute risk increaseARI0.1, or 10%
(EER CER) / CER relative risk increaseRRI0.25, or 25%
1 / (EER CER) number needed to harmNNH10
EER / CERrisk ratioRR1.25
(EE / EN) / (CE / CN)odds ratioOR1.5
(EER CER) / EERattributable fraction among the exposedAFe0.2

See also

References

  1. "Dictionary of Epidemiology - Oxford Reference". doi:10.1093/acref/9780199976720.001.0001. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  2. Szklo, Moyses; Nieto, F. Javier (2019). Epidemiology : beyond the basics (4th. ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 97. ISBN 9781284116595. OCLC 1019839414.
  3. J., Rothman, Kenneth (2012). Epidemiology : an introduction (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780199754557. OCLC 750986180.
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