Esophagitis

Reflux esophagitis

For decades it has been assumed that inflammation from acid reflux was caused by the irritation of acid itself. A recent study, however, points toward a cause and effect relationship that is less clear, and demonstrated that inflammation may not be caused by acid reflux, but that both reflux and inflammation could be caused by an underlying third factor. It is a common misconception that reflux has been proven to cause inflammation in the esophagus.[3]

Microscopic Slide of Infectious Esophagitis

Infectious esophagitis

Esophagitis that happens due to a viral, fungal, parasitic or bacterial infection. More likely to happen to people who have an immunodeficiency. Types include:

Fungal

• Candida (Esophageal candidiasis)

Viral

• Herpes simplex (Herpes esophagitis)
• Cytomegalovirus

Drug-induced esophagitis

Damage to the esophagus due to medications. If the esophagus is not coated or if the medicine is not taken with enough liquid, it can damage the tissues.

Microscopic Slide of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis

This esophagitis is caused by a high concentration of eosinophils in the esophagus. The presence of eosinophils in the esophagus may be due to an allergen, and is often correlated with GERD. The direction of cause and effect between inflammation and acid reflux is poorly established, with recent studies (in 2016) hinting that reflux does not cause inflammation.[3] This esophagitis can be triggered by allergies to food or to inhaled allergens. This type is still poorly understood.

Lymphocytic esophagitis

Lymphocytic esophagitis is a rare and poorly understood entity associated with an increased amount of lymphocytes in the lining of the esophagus.[1] It was first described in 2006. Disease associations may include Crohn's disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and coeliac disease. It causes similar changes on endoscopy as eosinophilic esophagitis including esophageal rings, narrow-lumen esophagus, and linear furrows.

Caustic esophagitis

Caustic esophagitis is the damage of tissue via chemical origin. This occasionally occurs through occupational exposure (via breathing of fumes that mix into the saliva which is then swallowed) or through pica. It occurred in some teenagers during the fad of intentionally eating Tide pods.

The symptoms of esophagitis include:[2]

• Heartburn – a burning sensation in the lower mid-chest
• Nausea
• Dysphagia – swallowing is painful, with difficulty passing or inability to pass food through the esophagus
• Vomiting (emesis)
• Abdominal pain
• Cough

Esophagitis cannot be spread. However, infections can be spread by those who have infectious esophagitis. Esophagitis can develop due to many causes. GERD is the most common cause of esophagitis because of the backflow of acid from the stomach, which can irritate the lining of the esophagus.

Other causes include:

• Medicines – Can cause esophageal damage that can lead to esophageal ulcers
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) – aspirin, naproxen sodium, and ibuprofen. Known to irritate the GI tract.
  • Antibiotics – doxycycline and tetracycline
  • Quinidine
  • Bisphosphonates – used to treat osteoporosis
  • Steroids
  • Potassium chloride
• Chemical injury by alkaline or acid solutions
• Physical injury resulting from nasogastric tubes.
• Alcohol abuse – Can wear down the lining of the esophagus.
• Crohn's disease – a type of IBD and an autoimmune disease that can cause esophagitis if it attacks the esophagus.
• Stress – Can cause higher levels of acid reflux
• Radiation therapy-Can affect the immune system.
• Allergies (food, inhalants) – Allergies can stimulate eosinophilic esophagitis.
• Infection-People with an immunodeficiencies have a higher chance of developing esophagitis.
• Vitamins and supplements (iron, Vitamin C, and potassium) – Supplements and minerals can be hard on the GI tract.
• Vomiting – Acid can irritate esophagus.
• Hernias – A hernia can poke through the diaphragm muscle and can inhibit the stomach acid and food from draining quickly.
• Surgery

The esophagus is a muscular tube made of both voluntary and involuntary muscles. It is responsible for peristalsis of food. It is about 8 inches long and passes through the diaphragm before entering the stomach. The esophagus is made up of four layers: from the inside out, they are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and the serosa. The mucosa, the inner most layer and lining of the esophagus, is composed of stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally prevents stomach acid from enteringthe esophagus.

If the sphincter is not sufficiently tight, it may allow acid to enter the esophagus, causing inflammation of one or more layers. Esophagitis may also occur if an infection is present, which may be due to bacteria, viruses, or fungi; or by diseases that affect the immune system.[4]

Irritation can be caused by GERD, vomiting, surgery, medications, hernias, and radiation injury.[4] Inflammation can cause the esophagus to narrow, which makes swallowing food difficult and may result in food bolus impaction.

Esophagitis can be diagnosed by an upper endoscopy, biopsy, upper GI series (or barium swallow), and laboratory tests.[4]

An upper endoscopy is a procedure to look at the esophagus by using an endoscope. While looking at the esophagus, the doctor is able to take a small biopsy. The biopsy can be used to confirm inflammation of the esophagus.

An upper GI series uses a barium contrast, fluoroscopy, and an X-ray. During a barium X-ray, a solution with barium or pill is taken before getting an X-ray. The barium makes the organs more visible and can detect if there is any narrowing, inflammation, or other abnormalities that can be causing the disease. The upper GI series can be used to find the cause of GI symptoms. An esophagram is if only the throat and esophagus are looked at.[5]

Laboratory tests can be done on biopsies removed from the esophagus and can help determine the cause of the esophagitis. Laboratory tests can help diagnose a fungal, viral, or bacterial infection. Scanning for white blood cells can help diagnose eosinophil esophagitis.

Some lifestyle indicators for this disease include: stress, unhealthy eating, smoking, drinking, family history, allergies, and an immunodeficiency.

Since there can be many causes underlying esophagitis, it is important to try to find the cause to help to prevent esophagitis. To prevent reflux esophagitis, avoid acidic foods, caffeine, eating before going to bed, alcohol, fatty meals, and smoking. To prevent drug-induced esophagitis, drink plenty of liquids when taking medicines, take an alternative drug, and do not take medicines while lying down, before sleeping, or too many at one time. Esophagitis is more prevalent in adults and does not discriminate.

The prognosis for a person with esophagitis depends on the underlying causes and conditions. If a patient has a more serious underlying cause such as a digestive system or immune system issue, it may be more difficult to treat. Normally, the prognosis would be good with no serious illnesses. If there are more causes than one, the prognosis could move to fair.