Psychomotor retardation
Psychomotor retardation involves a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual. Psychomotor retardation can cause a visible slowing of physical and emotional reactions, including speech and affect.[1]
| Psychomotor retardation | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Psychomotor impairment, motormental retardation, psychomotor slowing |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
Psychomotor retardation is most-commonly seen in people with major depression and in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder;[2] it is also associated with the adverse effects of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines.[3] Particularly in an inpatient setting, psychomotor retardation may require increased nursing care to ensure adequate food and fluid intake and sufficient personal care. Informed consent for treatment is more difficult to achieve in the presence of this condition.
Causes
- Psychiatric disorders – schizophrenia, severe depression, bipolar disorder, etc.
- Psychological disorders – eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, etc.
- Psychiatric medicines (if taken improperly, overdosed, or mixed with alcohol)
- Parkinson's disease[4]
Examples
Examples of psychomotor retardation include the following:
- Unaccountable difficulty in carrying out what are usually considered "automatic" or "mundane" self-care tasks for healthy people (i.e., without depressive illness) such as taking a shower, dressing, self-grooming, cooking, brushing one's teeth and exercising.
- Physical difficulty performing activities which normally would require little thought or effort such as walking up a flight of stairs, getting out of bed, preparing meals and clearing dishes from the table, household chores or returning phone calls.
- Tasks requiring mobility suddenly (or gradually) and inexplicably seem to be "impossible". Activities such as shopping, getting groceries, caring for the daily needs of one's children and meeting the demands of employment or school are commonly affected.
- Activities usually requiring little mental effort can become challenging. Balancing one's checkbook, making a shopping list or making decisions about mundane tasks (such as deciding what errands need to be done) are often difficult.
In schizophrenia, activity level may vary from psychomotor retardation to agitation; the patient will experience periods of listlessness and may be unresponsive, and at the next moment be active and energetic.[5]
See also
- Psychomotor learning
- Psychomotor agitation
References
- Tryon, W.W. 1991.Activity Measurement in Psychology and Medicine. Springer Publishing
- Buyukdura JS, McClintock SM, Croarkin PE (2011). "Psychomotor retardation in depression: biological underpinnings, measurement, and treatment". Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 35 (2): 395–409. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.019. PMC 3646325. PMID 21044654.
- Allgulander, C.; Bandelow, B.; Hollander, E.; Montgomery, SA.; Nutt, DJ.; Okasha, A.; Pollack, MH.; Stein, DJ.; et al. (Aug 2003). "WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder". CNS Spectr. 8 (8 Suppl 1): 53–61. doi:10.1017/S1092852900006945. PMID 14767398.
- "Psychomotor retardation". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- Christopher D. Frith (1 January 1995). The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Lawrence Erlbaum. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-86377-334-1. Retrieved 13 December 2010.