Prenatal care

There is not a lot of evidence behind the number of antenatal visits, pregnant women receive and what care and information is given at each visit.[6] It has been suggested that women who have low-risk pregnancies should have a less antenatal visits.[6] However, when this was tested, women with less visits had babies who were much more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care and stay there for longer (though this could down to chance results).[6] 14% more babies died compared with those whose mothers had a standard number of visits.[6] Women who had less antenatal visits were not as satisfied with the care they received compared with women who had the standard number of visits.[6] A new alternative for some of the routine prenatal care visits is Telemedicine.[7]

Group antenatal care has a couple of obvious benefits: it costs less than one-to-one visits and the women have more hours of care as a group than on their own.[8] Only small studies have been conducted looking at group care but they have found that mothers’ knew more about pregnancy, birth and parenting in the group setting.[8] The mothers reported liking the group care and the review found no difference between how the pregnancies developed between the group and individual setting.[8]

Midwife-led care for low-risk women is where a midwife team (and GP if needed) is leading the care a woman receives and she does not usually see a specialist doctor in her pregnancy.[9] Women with midwife-led pregnancies are more likely to give birth without being induced but have natural labours. However they are less likely to have their waters broken, an instrumental delivery, episiotomy or preterm birth.[10] Around the same number of women in each group had a caesarean section.[10]

At the initial antenatal care visit and with the aid of a special booking checklist the pregnant women become classified into either normal risk or high risk.

In many countries, women are given a summary of their case notes including important background information about their pregnancy for example their medical history, growth charts and any scan reports.[11] If the mother goes to a different hospital for care or to give birth the summary of her case notes can be used by the midwives and doctors until her hospital notes arrive.[11]

A review looking into women keeping their own case notes shows they have more risk of having a caesarean section.[11] However the women reported feeling more in control having their notes and would like to have them again in future pregnancies.[11] 25% of women reported their hospital notes were lost in hospital though none of the women forgot to take their own notes to any appointments.[11]

Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening (note that "Prenatal Diagnosis" and "Prenatal Screening" refer to two different types of tests) is testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Obstetricians and midwives have the ability to monitor mother's health and prenatal development during pregnancy through series of regular check-ups.

Physical examinations generally consist of:

• Collection of (mother's) medical history
• Checking (mother's) blood pressure
• (Mother's) height and weight
• Pelvic exam
• Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring
• (Mother's) blood and urine tests
• Discussion with caregiver

In some countries, such as the UK, the symphysial fundal height (SFH) is measured as part of antenatal appointments from 25 weeks gestation.[12] (The SFH is measured from the woman’s pubic bone to the top of the uterus[13]). A review into this practice found only one piece of research so there is not enough evidence to say whether measuring the SFH helps to detect small or large babies.[14] As measuring the SFH is not costly and is used in many places, the review recommends carrying on this practice.[14]

Growth charts are a way of detecting small babies by the measuring the SFH.[15] There are two types of growth chart:

1. Population based chart which shows a standard growth and size for each baby
2. Customized growth chart which is worked out by looking at the mother’s height and weight, and the weights of their previous babies.[15]

A review looking into which of these charts detected small babies found that there is no good quality research to show which is best.[15] More research is needed before the customized growth charts are recommended because they cost more money and take more time for the health care workers to make.[15]

Ultrasound Obstetric ultrasounds are most commonly performed during the second trimester at approximately week 20. Ultrasounds are considered relatively safe and have been used for over 35 years for monitoring pregnancy. Among other things, ultrasounds are used to:

• Diagnose pregnancy (uncommon)
• Check for multiple fetuses
• Assess possible risks to the mother (e.g., miscarriage, blighted ovum, ectopic pregnancy, or a molar pregnancy condition)
• Check for fetal malformation (e.g., club foot, spina bifida, cleft palate, clenched fists)
• Determine if an intrauterine growth retardation condition exists
• Note the development of fetal body parts (e.g., heart, brain, liver, stomach, skull, other bones)
• Check the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord for possible problems
• Determine due date (based on measurements and relative developmental progress)

Generally an ultrasound is ordered whenever an abnormality is suspected or along a schedule similar to the following:

• 7 weeks — confirm pregnancy, ensure that it's neither molar or ectopic, determine due date
• 13–14 weeks (some areas) — evaluate the possibility of Down syndrome
• 18–20 weeks — see the expanded list above
• 34 weeks (some areas) — evaluate size, verify placental position

A review looking at routine ultrasounds past 24 weeks found that there is no evidence to show any benefits to the mother or the baby.[16]

Early scans mean that multiple pregnancies can be detected at an early stage of pregnancy[17] and also gives more accurate due dates so that less women are induced who do not need to be.[17]

Levels of feedback from the ultrasound can differ. High feedback is when the parents can see the screen and are given a detailed description of what they can see.[18] Low feedback is when the findings are discussed at the end and the parents are given a picture of the ultrasound.[18] The different ways of giving feedback affect how much the parents worry and the mother’s health behaviour although there is not enough evidence to make clear conclusions.[18] In a small study, mothers receiving high feedback were more likely to stop smoking and drinking alcohol however the quality of the study is low and more research is needed to say for certain which type of feedback is better.[18]

Women experiencing a complicated pregnancy may have a test called a Doppler ultrasound to look at the blood flow to their unborn baby.[19] This is performed to detect signs that the baby is not getting a normal blood flow and therefore is ‘at risk’. A review looked at performing Doppler ultrasounds on all women even if they were at ‘low-risk’ of having complications.[19] The review found that routine Doppler ultrasounds may have reduced preventable numbers of baby deaths but the evidence was not strong enough to recommend that they should be made routine for all pregnant women.[19]

Proper prenatal care affects all women of various social backgrounds. While availability of such services have considerable personal health and social benefits, socioeconomic problems prevent its universal adoption in both developing and developed nations, such as the US. Although women can benefit by utilizing prenatal care services, there exists various levels of health care accessibility between different demographics throughout the United States.

• Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition

• Pregnancy Education
• CDC US prenatal care statistics
• EngenderHealth-Prenatal Care and Planning
• Care and Planning