Peramivir

Peramivir (trade name Rapivab) is an antiviral drug developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of influenza. Peramivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor, acting as a transition-state analogue inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase and thereby preventing new viruses from emerging from infected cells. It is approved for intravenous administration.[1]

Peramivir
Clinical data
Trade namesRapivab
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
    Routes of
    administration    		Intravenous
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability100% (IV)
    Elimination half-life7.7 to 20.8 hours (in patients with normal renal function)
    ExcretionKidney
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC15H28N4O4
    Molar mass328.40722 g/mol g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
     NY (what is this?)  (verify)
    Influenza (Flu)
    Types
    Vaccines
    Treatment
    Pandemics
    Outbreaks
    See also

    In October 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the use of peramivir based on safety data from phase I, phase II, and limited phase III trial data. The emergency use authorization for peramivir expired in June 2010.[2][3] On 19 December 2014, the FDA approved peramivir to treat influenza infection in adults.[1]

    Peramivir has also been approved in Japan and South Korea and is available in Japan as Rapiacta and in South Korea as Peramiflu. As of 2015, it is the only intravenous option for treating swine flu.

    History

    An intramuscular (IM) peramivir phase II study for seasonal influenza in 2008–2009 found no effect for the primary endpoint of improvement in the median time to alleviation of symptoms in subjects with confirmed, acute, uncomplicated influenza infection versus placebo.

    In October 2009, it was reported that the experimental antiviral drug peramivir had been "life-saving" effective in intravenous treating 8 serious cases of swine flu.[4] On October 23, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization for peramivir, allowing the use of the drug in intravenous form for hospitalized patients only in cases where the other available methods of treatment are ineffective or unavailable;[5] for instance, if oseltamivir resistance develops and a person is unable to take zanamivir via the inhaled route. The U.S. government (department of Health and Human Services) gave BioCryst Pharmaceuticals more than $77 million to finish the Phase III clinical development of peramivir. In 2009 the department of Health and Human Services had already given about $180 million to the program.[6] Biocryst also donated 1200 courses of treatment to the US department of Health and Human Services.[7] The Emergency Use Authorization expired on June 23, 2010. In 2011 a phase III trial found the median durations of influenza symptoms were the same with 1 intravenous injection of peramivir against 5 days of oral oseltamivir for people with seasonal influenza virus infection.[8]

    In 2012 BioCryst reported that it should halt enrollment on its study for intravenous peramivir in potentially life-threatened people after an interim analysis led trial monitors to conclude that it would be futile to continue and the trial should be terminated. The difference between peramivir and control group (oral oseltamivir) for the primary endpoint, clinical or virologic, was small.[9] In 2013 the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA/HHS) released new funding under the current $234.8 million contract to enable completion of a New Drug Application filing for intravenous (IV) peramivir.[10]

    According to a research report published in June 2011, a new variant of swine flu had emerged in Asia with a genetic adaptation (a S247N neuraminidase mutation) giving some resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir, but no significant reduction in sensitivity to peramivir.[11][12] But a H274Y virus mutation showed resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir, but not to zanamivir, and only in N1 neuraminidases.[13] Ultimately 3.2% (19/599) of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between 2009 and 2012 had highly reduced peramivir inhibition due to the H275Y NA mutation.[14]

    BioCryst Pharmaceuticals submitted a new drug application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for intravenous peramivir in December 2013.[15] Peramivir (Rapivab) was approved for intravenous administration in Dec 2014.[16]

    References
    1. FDA: FDA approves Rapivab to treat flu infection (22 December 2014) (accessed 1 March 2015)
    2. Thorlund, Kristian; Awad, Tahany; Boivin, Guy; Thabane, Lehana (2011). "Systematic review of influenza resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitors". BMC Infectious Diseases. 11 (1): 134. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-134. PMC 3123567. PMID 21592407.
    3. "Peramivir authorized for Emergency use". LifeHugger. 2009-12-04. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
    4. "Life-Saving H1N1 Drug Unavailable to Most". CBS Evening News. Atlanta, GA, USA: CBS Interactive. 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
    5. "Emergency Use Authorization Granted For BioCryst's Peramivir". Reuters. 2009-10-24.
    6. "Feds hand BioCryst $77M for anti-viral trial". Fierce biotech. September 21, 2009.
    7. "FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of Intravenous Antiviral Peramivir for 2009 H1N1 Influenza for Certain Patients, Settings". Reuters. 2009-10-24.
    8. Kohno, S.; Yen, M.-Y.; Cheong, H.-J.; Hirotsu, N.; Ishida, T.; Kadota, J.-i.; Mizuguchi, M.; Kida, H.; Shimada, J. (8 August 2011). "Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing Single-Dose Intravenous Peramivir with Oral Oseltamivir in Patients with Seasonal Influenza Virus Infection". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (11): 5267–5276. doi:10.1128/AAC.00360-11. PMC 3195028.
    9. "BioCryst scraps $235M late-stage flu drug program backed by feds". Fierce Biotech. November 8, 2012.
    10. "BioCryst to File Peramivir NDA Supported by BARDA/HHS Funding". Fierce Biotech. July 11, 2013.
    11. Hurt, A.C. (9 June 2011). "Increased detection in Australia and Singapore of a novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 variant with reduced oseltamivir and zanamivir sensitivity due to a S247N neuraminidase mutation". Eurosurveillance.
    12. Hirschler, Ben (2011-06-10). "Swine flu starting to show resistance to drugs". Reuters.
    13. McKimm-Breschkin, JL (Jan 2013). "Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 7 Suppl 1: 25–36. doi:10.1111/irv.12047. PMC 4942987. PMID 23279894.
    14. Leang, Sook-Kwan; Kwok, Simon; Sullivan, Sheena G.; Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian; Kelso, Anne; Barr, Ian G.; Hurt, Aeron C. (March 2014). "Peramivir and laninamivir susceptibility of circulating influenza A and B viruses". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 8 (2): 135–139. doi:10.1111/irv.12187. PMC 4186459.
    15. "BioCryst Files Peramivir NDA for the Treatment of Influenza". BioCryst Pharmaceuticals. 2013-12-20.
    16. "FDA press announcement".
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